开发一个简易可行的化学动力学实验

介绍如何用实验探究亚硝酸钠和氯化铵在弱酸催化条件下的化学反应级数、反应速率常数、活化能等化学动力学参数,并讨论了该反应作为普通化学和物理化学动力学教学实验的操作条件。     

热动力学对比参量法 --简单级数反应

根据化学反应动力学和热动力学基本理论, 建立了简单级数反应的热动力学对比参量方程, 提出了一种新的热动力学研究法--对比参量法. 利用该法可以从一张热谱图上同时解析出化学反应的速率常数、半衰期和热动力学体系的冷却常数. 实验结果验证了方法的正确性.     

用过渡态理论研究O(3P)原子和酮类分子反应速率常数

酮类分子反应是大气化学反应中的一个中间反应.在300--500K范围内,我们对酮类分子和O(~3P)原子反应速率常数作了系列测定.为了估算大气化学和燃烧化学反应条件下的反应速率常数,本文用过渡态理论将实验结果外推到200—2000K范围内.同时对     

用数据处理新模型测定H2O2分解的活化能

对H2O2催化分解传统实验的数据处理方法和实验手段中存在的问题进行了分析,并通过优化配置,结合一级反应数据处理新模型不用测定V∝的理论和皂膜流量计短时间量气稳定性好的优点,共同完成了H2O2催化分解的动力学测定实验,不仅解决了实验过程的稳定性问题,而且打破了传统实验中只能测定一个温度下的速率常数的局限,同时在准确测定多个温度下的速率常数基础上求出了该反应的活化能,从而丰富了实验内容,提升了实验水平,从根本上改善了传统实验中存在的诸多问题。     

直接曲线拟合法确定反应速率方程

从实验数据确定反应速率方程是化学动力学的重要内容之一。物理化学教材与文献中多依据反应物浓度或者分压进行直线拟合,这些方法的数据处理工作量大。很多化学反应是通过测量系统的物理性质来研究化学反应动力学过程,在教材和文献中缺少从物理性质直接拟合得到速率方程的普遍适用的方法。本文提出了一种由浓度-时间数据或物理性质-时间数据直接曲线拟合得到简单级数反应速率方程的新方法,通过曲线拟合同时求出反应级数与速率常数,利用实例对简单级数反应进行了验证。本文提出的方法是化学动力学"速率方程的确定"内容的创新,对确定简单级数反应速率方程具有重要意义。     

用变分过渡态理论研究NH_3+NH→2NH_2反应动力学

利用变分过渡态理论的“直接动力学”方法对ＮＨ３分子和基态ＮＨ（Ｘ３∑）自由基的反应进行了理论研究；利用从头算计算得到反应体系的电子结构能和能量梯度等信息，计算了２００～２５００Ｋ温度范围该反应的速率常数和穿透系数，分析了影响隧道效应和反应速率常数的一些因素．结果表明，在低温情况下，变分对于此反应影响较大，隧道效应特别明显．计算得到的速率常数和实验值符合得很好．     

动力学反应瓶的研制及其在物理化学实验教学中的应用

化学反应速率常数受温度影响很大,动力学实验教学中常先预热后取液,溶液转移过程中的室温暴露使体系温度失衡,易导致初始数据误差大,动力学曲线变形;定量移液、启动计时、混合溶液等需同步操作,学生不熟练易忙乱出错;溶液预热时试剂过量,易造成浪费等。针对上述问题,本实验室自制了“裤型”动力学反应瓶及其配套装置,使溶液的移取、预热和混合逐步进行,实验步骤更加合理,减少了温度失衡引起的实验误差及学生的操作失误,并可节约试剂。该瓶已实际应用于本校的物理化学实验教学中,改进和丰富了实验内容,更好地锻炼了学生的操作能力,并对培养学生综合分析与解决问题的能力、提高学生科研素养、提升实验教学效果起到了一定作用。     

O（^3P）原子与丙醛和正丁醛化学反应动力学研究

我们已对O(~3p)原子和酮类分子化学反应速率常数进行了系列测定,分析讨论了羰基对O(~3p)抽提氢原子反应速率的影响,关于O(~3p)与醛类分子反应速率的测定也有报道。本文用流动微波放电-化学发光光子计数方法测定O(~3p)原子与丙醛和正丁醛化学反应速率常数及其与温度的关系,并由动力学数据对醛基中C—H键的离解能进行了讨论。     

碱性溶液中酚酞褪色的动力学研究

酚酞是最常见的酸碱指示剂之一,在pH12.0时,酚酞会慢慢褪色,直至呈无色.利用酚酞在碱性溶液中慢慢褪色的过程,通过测定溶液吸光度的变化,测定酚酞在碱性溶液中反应的速率常数和反应级数,使学生进一步理解化学反应动力学的基本概念.     

基于相平衡与化学动力学的综合实验教学*

介绍了一个综合性物理化学实验:赖氨酸钠溶液吸收CO2的气液相平衡与化学动力学。针对物理化学中相平衡和化学动力学2章内容,开展实验教学。本实验以易得的赖氨酸、氢氧化钠和CO2为原材料,通过试剂配制、气液吸收和数据采集等实验操作,分析得到赖氨酸钠-CO2体系的相平衡数据(温度、压力、溶解度)和吸收过程的化学动力学特性(表观速率常数)。结合基本参数测量(质量、温度、压力与时间等)和热力学与动力学函数计算,既提高学生的综合实验能力,又加强其对多章节知识点的融会贯通,激发其科研兴趣和探索精神。     

Determination of a Gas-Phase Bimolecular Rate Coefficient Using a Discharge Flow Tube

A laboratory experiment for senior undergraduate students, the determination of the rate coefficient for the reaction of oxygen atoms with hexafluoropropene, is presented. This reaction has the advantage of not having any important secondary reactions. This laboratory experiment introduces the undergraduate physical chemistry student to advanced kinetic techniques and provides a test of the fundamental principles of chemical kinetics.     

物理化学实验Belousov-Zhabotinsky(B-Z)反应的新设计

针对现有物理化学实验教材中的“B-Z振荡反应实验”进行了重新设计,加入了基于反应机理的复杂反应动力学数学处理及B-Z反应在分析检测中的应用。新的实验设计使用的仪器、试剂等与原方案相同,在保留原实验趣味性、前沿性的基础上增加了更多的理论知识点,提高了实验的自主性、设计性,加大了实验的难度。在教学模式上新的实验设计更易于课上、课下相结合:课下完成理论模拟探究振荡周期的影响因素,初步确定实验方案(反应条件),课上实施、验证、优化实验设计,并拓展B-Z振荡反应的应用。新实验设计更能加深学生对非线性非平衡态动力学与耗散结构的认识,理解B-Z振荡反应分析检测应用与反应机理间的联系。关于非线性动力学的数学处理方法可以应用于科学研究与生产实践中。     

Use of competition kinetics with fast reactions of grignard reagents

Competition kinetics are useful for estimation of the reactivities of Grignard reagents if the reaction rates do not differ widely and if exact rates are not needed. If the rate of mixing is slower than the rate of reaction, the ratios between the rates of fast and slow reagents are found to be too small. This is concluded from experiments in which results obtained by competition kinetics are compared with results obtained directly by flow stream procedures. A clearer picture of the reactivity ratios is obtained when the highly reactive reagent is highly diluted with its competitor. A fast reagent may account for almost all the product even when present as only 1 part in 100 parts of the competing agent. In this way allylmagnesium bromide is estimated to react with acetone, benzophenone, benzaldehyde, and diethylacetaldehyde ca. 1.5 x 10(5) times faster than does butylmagnesium bromide. The rates found for the four substrates do not differ significantly, and it seems possible that there is a ceiling over the rate of reaction of this reagent, for example, caused by diffusion control. This may explain that competition kinetics using allylmagnesium bromide have failed to show kinetic isotope effects or effects of polar substituents with isotopically or otherwise substituted benzophenones. A recently reported alpha-deuterium secondary kinetic isotope effect for the reaction of benzaldehyde with allylmagnesium bromide was observed at -78 degrees C, but was absent at room temperature. It is suggested that the reaction of benzophenone and benzaldehyde with allylmagnesium bromide has a radical-concerted mechanism since no radical-type products are produced and since no color from an intermediate ketyl is observed even at -78 degrees C.     

D_4/N-β-氨乙基-γ-氨丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷本体共聚反应聚合度变化的Monte Carlo模拟

用MonteCarlo方法模拟八甲基环四硅氧烷 (D4 )与N β 氨乙基 γ 氨丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷(APAEDMS)的本体开环共聚动力学 .模拟过程采用自由体积理论简化处理扩散效应并与本征反应动力学耦合 .本征动力学常数通过模拟主要共聚基元反应得到 ,基于优化的动力学常数通过模拟从分子水平揭示D4 APAEDMS本体开环共聚反应过程主要表现为活性阴离子聚合行为 ,同时又伴有部分逐步聚合特征 .     

Millisecond kinetics on a microfluidic chip using nanoliters of reagents

This paper describes a microfluidic chip for performing kinetic measurements with better than millisecond resolution. Rapid kinetic measurements in microfluidic systems are complicated by two problems: mixing is slow and dispersion is large. These problems also complicate biochemical assays performed in microfluidic chips. We have recently shown (Song, H.; Tice, J. D.; Ismagilov, R. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 768-772) how multiphase fluid flow in microchannels can be used to address both problems by transporting the reagents inside aqueous droplets (plugs) surrounded by an immiscible fluid. Here, this droplet-based microfluidic system was used to extract kinetic parameters of an enzymatic reaction. Rapid single-turnover kinetics of ribonuclease A (RNase A) was measured with better than millisecond resolution using sub-microliter volumes of solutions. To obtain the single-turnover rate constant (k = 1100 +/- 250 s(-1)), four new features for this microfluidics platform were demonstrated: (i) rapid on-chip dilution, (ii) multiple time range access, (iii) biocompatibility with RNase A, and (iv) explicit treatment of mixing for improving time resolution of the system. These features are discussed using kinetics of RNase A. From fluorescent images integrated for 2-4 s, each kinetic profile can be obtained using less than 150 nL of solutions of reagents because this system relies on chaotic advection inside moving droplets rather than on turbulence to achieve rapid mixing. Fabrication of these devices in PDMS is straightforward and no specialized equipment, except for a standard microscope with a CCD camera, is needed to run the experiments. This microfluidic platform could serve as an inexpensive and economical complement to stopped-flow methods for a broad range of time-resolved experiments and assays in chemistry and biochemistry.     

Tenua化学动力学模拟软件在大学化学教学中的应用

介绍了化学动力学模拟软件Tenua的基本功能与使用步骤,并结合大学化学课程教学内容,将其应用于常见的0、1、2级反应动力学曲线,单底物酶促反应动力学,气相可逆反应动力学等内容的教学中.Tenua的应用不仅增强了学生对动力学中反应速率及其方程表达的理解,还丰富了课堂教学形式,提升了感性认识,激发了学生对反应动力学的学习兴趣.     

The Kinetic Isotope Effect as a Probe of Spin Crossover in the CH Activation of Methane by the FeO+ Cation

Two‐state reactivity (TSR) is often used to explain the reaction of transition‐metal–oxo reagents in the bare form or in the complex form. The evidence of the TSR model typically comes from quantum‐mechanical calculations for energy profiles with a spin crossover in the rate‐limiting step. To prove the TSR concept, kinetic profiles for C? H activation by the FeO⁺ cation were explored. A direct dynamics approach was used to generate potential energy surfaces of the sextet and quartet H‐transfers and rate constants and kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) were calculated using variational transition‐state theory including multidimensional tunneling. The minimum energy crossing point with very large spin–orbit coupling matrix element was very close to the intrinsic reaction paths of both sextet and quartet H‐transfers. Excellent agreement with experiments were obtained when the sextet reactant and quartet transition state were used with a spin crossover, which strongly support the TSR model.     

The Kinetic Isotope Effect as a Probe of Spin Crossover in the C?H Activation of Methane by the FeO+ Cation

Two‐state reactivity (TSR) is often used to explain the reaction of transition‐metal–oxo reagents in the bare form or in the complex form. The evidence of the TSR model typically comes from quantum‐mechanical calculations for energy profiles with a spin crossover in the rate‐limiting step. To prove the TSR concept, kinetic profiles for C H activation by the FeO⁺ cation were explored. A direct dynamics approach was used to generate potential energy surfaces of the sextet and quartet H‐transfers and rate constants and kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) were calculated using variational transition‐state theory including multidimensional tunneling. The minimum energy crossing point with very large spin–orbit coupling matrix element was very close to the intrinsic reaction paths of both sextet and quartet H‐transfers. Excellent agreement with experiments were obtained when the sextet reactant and quartet transition state were used with a spin crossover, which strongly support the TSR model.     

Br?nsted酸性离子液体催化合成乙酸丁酯的化学动力学研究——一个物理化学综合实验

综合了物理化学和有机化学等实验的原理和基本操作,以Br?nsted酸性离子液体作催化剂制备乙酸丁酯,探讨了实验的化学动力学原理、动力学方程式及有关计算。结果显示,假设的动力学方程与实验结果相符。