平朔煤和生物质共热解实验研究

利用热重分析技术对平朔煤、生物质及两者混合物的热解特性进行了研究,考察了生物质掺混比例对平朔煤热解的影响。结果表明,不同掺混比例下生物质与平朔煤共热解时,平朔煤的挥发分析出温度和最大热解速率对应的温度呈现出规律性变化。将混合样品热解时的实际失重速率曲线与按比例折算后的曲线进行对比,发现实际失重速率曲线与折算曲线有所偏差,并不是平朔煤与生物质热解失重速率的简单加和,说明混合热解过程中有协同作用。同时,利用Coats-Redfern法,对平朔煤、生物质及两者混合物的热解主要阶段用一级反应过程描述,计算其动力学参数,发现反应活化能E和指前因子A随着生物质掺混比例不同呈现出规律性变化,对其规律进行了机理分析,证明了掺混生物质对平朔煤热解起到了促进作用,认为平朔煤与生物质共热解过程存在协同效应。     

水热炭化生物质与煤共热解和共气化特性研究

煤和生物质共热化学转化有助于当前化石能源系统的低碳化发展。本研究以烟煤和木质生物质为原料,研究煤和生物质共热解和共气化特性,并考察了不同水热炭化温度和生物质掺混比的影响。利用热重分析仪和在线质谱分析共热解和共气化的协同作用和氢气释放特性。采用Model-fitting方法,单独分析热解和气化阶段的整体反应动力学。结果表明,煤和生物质共气化阶段的协同作用显著强于共热解阶段。生物质比例越高,共气化协同作用越明显,水热炭化会削弱共气化的协同作用。共热解过程,H₂的产生受抑制。共气化过程可采用一级模型描述,而共热解过程需遵循n级反应模型。未处理的或轻度水热炭化的生物质与煤的混合物,共热解整体活化能和反应级数大于加权平均值,而其共气化的活化能变化趋势相反。重度水热炭化生物质与煤的混合物,共热解和共气化的活化能均接近加权平均值。     

煤与生物质热重分析及动力学研究

利用热重分析仪对稻秆、麦秆、木屑和煤单独及混合热解特性进行了研究。通过对不同混合比例热解与单独热解对比表明,混合热解中不同生物质起始热解温度、生物质挥发分最大析出温度、煤挥发分最大析出温度随着煤混合比例的变化呈规律性变化。对混合热解实验数据与单独热解参数按混合比例后特性参数分析表明,混合热解导致固体产物产率提高。实验通过对稻秆两种方式的脱灰及脱挥发分处理后混合热解分析,脱挥发分稻秆与脱灰分稻秆对煤的热解都起到了促进作用,证明了生物质中的碱/碱土金属能促进煤在较低温度下热解,硅元素对热解速率起抑制作用。推测生物质与褐煤的共热解中存在协同作用。     

基于TG-FTIR的生物质催化热解试验研究

运用热重－傅里叶红外光谱联用技术(TG-FTIR),以麦秸为研究对象,探讨催化与非催化条件下生物质的热解挥发分析出特性,分析研究热解温度、催化剂种类对生物质热解主要析出产物的影响。通过热重TG和DTG曲线,获得了相关热解特性参数及动力学参数。结果表明,添加NiO和CaO存在两个失重峰,并促进麦秸热解反应进行,降低表观活化能,其中NiO对提高热解析出产率作用更显著。通过红外光谱对热解产物实时测量的分析表明,CO与CO2的析出与失重峰基本一致,而CH4的析出滞后于前两者。添加NiO和CaO有利于减少热解产物中的CO2的浓度,促进挥发分产物CO、CH4的生成。其中CaO更有利于生物质在温度800℃以下的热解性能改善,而NiO在800℃以上具有更好的催化作用。     

采用焦分离方法研究共热解时煤与生物质的相互作用及对焦结构和CO2气化反应性的影响

煤与生物质的相互作用已被广泛研究。但是，其相互作用机制通常是基于混合焦样的物理化学结构和反应性而提出。在这项工作中，基于不同形状和粒度将无烟煤与生物质共热解后的混合焦分离，然后通过分析分离后煤焦的结构和反应性来揭示煤与生物质相互作用机制。在热解温度为600和900℃条件下，在固定床反应器中制备了混合有不同比例的秸秆（CS）的无烟煤焦样。采用了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）和X射线衍射（XRD）对煤焦的AAEM浓度和微晶结构进行了检测。利用TGA设备分析了分离后的煤焦与CO₂的气化反应性。结果表明，随着掺混比例从0增加到80%，煤焦中活性K和Mg的浓度逐渐增加，并形成更为无序的碳结构。共热解过程中，更多的AAEM种类被混合物中的煤焦通过挥发分-焦相互作用捕获，而不是随生物质挥发分逸出。同时，热解温度的升高引起了K和Na挥发和失活，也导致石墨化度的降低。而且，CS的添加和更低的热解温度均可提高煤焦的气化反应性。此外，在煤焦的碱性指数AI与反应性指数R_0.5之间建立了较好的线性关系（R²=0.9009），表明在煤与生物质共气化过程中，AAEMs对提高煤焦气化反应活性起主导作用。     

生物质热解、加氢热解及其与煤共热解的热重研究

在加压热天平上用非等温热重法进行生物质（锯末、稻壳）在Ｎ２气氛下的热解和加氢热解研究。考察了升温速率（５～２５℃／ｍｉｎ）和压力（０．１～７ＭＰａ）的影响，求取了热解动力学参数，并研究了生物质与煤在常压Ｎ２气下的共热解过程。研究结果表明：生物质在４００℃左右即完成热解反应，总失重率大于７０％（Ｗ％，ｄａｆ．），热解时仅一个峰位于３００℃左右；与煤热解行为相同，随升温速率及压力的升高，转化率下降，ＤＴＧ峰移向高温，但由于热解反应在较低温度下进行，氧气的存在对生物质热解ＴＧ和ＤＴＧ的影响远小于煤热解。证明生物质热解以其内部氢对自由基的饱和及分子重排反应为主。生物质热解可用一级反应动力学处理，主要热解阶段及表现活化能分别为：锯末，２６７～３１４℃，６９．６６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ；稻壳，２８３～３１０℃，５３．４５ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ；生物质由于与煤的热分解温度相差很大，因而在其共热解过程中无协同作用。     

采用焦分离方法研究共热解时煤与生物质的相互作用及对焦结构和CO_2气化反应性的影响（英文）

煤与生物质的相互作用已被广泛研究。但是,其相互作用机制通常是基于混合焦样的物理化学结构和反应性而提出。在这项工作中,基于不同形状和粒度将无烟煤与生物质共热解后的混合焦分离,然后通过分析分离后煤焦的结构和反应性来揭示煤与生物质相互作用机制。在热解温度为600和900℃条件下,在固定床反应器中制备了混合有不同比例的秸秆(CS)的无烟煤焦样。采用了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)和X射线衍射(XRD)对煤焦的AAEM浓度和微晶结构进行了检测。利用TGA设备分析了分离后的煤焦与CO_2的气化反应性。结果表明,随着掺混比例从0增加到80%,煤焦中活性K和Mg的浓度逐渐增加,并形成更为无序的碳结构。共热解过程中,更多的AAEM种类被混合物中的煤焦通过挥发分-焦相互作用捕获,而不是随生物质挥发分逸出。同时,热解温度的升高引起了K和Na挥发和失活,也导致石墨化度的降低。而且,CS的添加和更低的热解温度均可提高煤焦的气化反应性。此外,在煤焦的碱性指数AI与反应性指数R_(0.5)之间建立了较好的线性关系(R~2=0.9009),表明在煤与生物质共气化过程中,AAEM s对提高煤焦气化反应活性起主导作用。     

生物质在微型流化床中热解动力学与机理

利用微型流化床反应分析仪(MFBRA)研究了生物质在氩气氛中的热解反应,通过在线反应物供给和生成气组成变化监测,实现了设定温度下生物质热解反应速率的测试、动力学参数的求算和反应机理的分析。应用该仪器测定的生物质在800℃的热解时间为10s,明显小于传统文献报道值。测试的气体释放顺序与反应动力学参数初步证实了生成的不同气体间存在耦合反应,且各气体生成难易程度存在差异。测试的反应级数为1.62,以整体挥发分为基准的活化能与指前因子分别是11.77kJ/mol和1.45s-1,明显小于常规热重方法的测试值。     

油棕废弃物热解的TG-FTIR分析

利用热重分析(TGA)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)联用技术对油棕废弃物的热解特性及其气体产物的释放特性进行了研究，采用一级反应计算了油棕废弃物的热解动力学参数。研究表明，油棕废弃物较易于热解，失重集中在220℃～400℃，其热解活化能较小，约为60kJ/mol；气体产物的析出与生物质的热解失重有着相似的特性，气体产物主要在200℃～400℃析出，主要成分为H2O、CO2、CO、CH4和有机碳水化合物的混合物, 其中CO2和有机混合物的析出温度较低，而CO和CH4的析出温度相对较高。随着温度的进一步升高(>400℃)，除少量的CO2和CO外，无其他气体产物析出。气体产物的析出量与生物质样品的化学组成和结构有关，CO2和有机混合物的析出与生物质的热解失重曲线(DTG)有着相似的特性，是引起油棕废弃物热解失重的主要原因。     

焦煤与不同种类废塑料共焦化的研究

采用10g常压固定床反应器、热天平和偏光显微镜,对太钢炼焦煤中添加不同种类废塑料（如HDPE,LDPE,PP和PS）后热解的产品分布、半焦的光学特性以及热重行为进行了研究。结果表明：煤和塑料的热解温度范围和峰温的差异决定二者协同作用的程度;四种塑料的添加对净焦煤的半焦收率无明显影响;当添加HDPE、LDPE、PP时,焦煤的焦油收率增加,热解水收率下降,但添加PS时的情况正相反;除了PP外,添加其它各类的塑料能增加半焦中的光学各向异性组织的含量。     

Co-pyrolysis behaviors and kinetics of plastics–biomass blends through thermogravimetric analysis

Co-pyrolysis behaviors of plastics–biomass blends were investigated using a thermogravimetric (TG) analysis from room temperature to 873 K with a heating rate of 5–40 K min^?1 in an inert atmosphere. The selected biomass sample was sawdust of pine wood (WS). Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP) were selected as plastic samples. The difference of mass loss between experimental and theoretical ones (calculated as arithmetic sums of those from each separated component) was used as a criterion of synergetic effect. The experimental results indicated that a significant synergetic effect existed during the high-temperature region of plastics and WS co-pyrolysis process, specially, the dehydrochlorination reaction of PVC and the degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose in the WS during the co-pyrolysis process showed synergetic effect, as well as the reaction of plastics (LDPE, HDPE, and PP) and WS. Based on the TG data with different heating rates, the kinetics parameters, especially activation energy, were calculated using the Friedman method. The activation energy of plastics, WS, and their blends were from 92.8 to 359.5 kJ mol^?1. The activation energy of the PVC–WS blends was at a range of 180.2–254.5 kJ mol^?1 in the second stages. The activation energies range of LDPE–WS, HDPE–WS, and PP–WS blends were 164.5–229.6, 213.2–234.3, and 198.4–263.6 kJ mol^?1, respectively.     

Study on pyrolysis behavior and kinetics of waste plastics with spent FCC catalyst

Pyrolysis is the most promising method for treating plastic waste since it can convert waste plastics into high value-added products, which have significant application potential. In this study, kinetic and thermodynamic analyses of spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts were performed for testing their applicability in catalytic cracking of mixed plastics. Thermogravimetric analysis data were obtained at different heating rates under an inert atmosphere, and the synergistic effect between the mixed plastics and activation energy reduction before and after pretreatment of the spent FCC catalysts was discussed. Through a variety of model-free methods (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Starink, and Kissinger methods), it is proved that the spent FCC catalyst facilitates the reduction in activation energy required for the pyrolysis of plastics, which is reduced by approximately 13% from 278 to 242 kJ/mol. The catalytic performance of spent FCC catalyst was improved after pretreatment, while its activation energy decreased by approximately 21% from 278 to 220 kJ/mol. The Friedman-Reich-Levi method was used to fit the curve, and the number of mechanism functions in plastic pyrolysis was determined according to the slope of the fitting curve. The C-R method was used in combination with the Malek method to determine the optimal mechanism function. Moreover, kinetic parameters of the spent FCC catalyst for catalytic cracking of plastics were obtained via kinetic studies on the pyrolysis of mixed plastics, which provided theoretical guidance for industrialization of plastic pyrolysis.     

Co-pyrolysis of biomass and waste plastics for production of chemicals and liquid fuel: A review on the role of plastics and catalyst types

The increasing global fuel consumption and growing environmental concerns are the impetuses to explore alternative energy that is clean and renewable for fuel production. Converting biomass and plastic waste into high-value fuel and chemicals via co-pyrolysis technique may provide a sustainable remediation to this problem. This review critically discussed the influence of various types of plastic wastes as co-reactant in co-pyrolysis with biomass on the product distribution, synergistic effect, and quality of bio-oil. The outcome of this review revealed that the addition of plastic enhanced the yield and quality of bio-oil and inhibited the production of oxygenated compound and coke formation. Next, the critical role of zeolite-based catalyst (microporous, mesoporous, hierarchical, and metal modified zeolite) and low-cost mineral-based catalyst in upgrading the yield and quality of liquid fuel were compared and discussed. The characteristic, synthesis method, strength, and limitation of each catalyst in upgrading the products were summarized. Hierarchical zeolites can resolve the problems of mass transfer, and diffusion limitation of large molecules into active sites associated with conventional zeolite due to the combination of two levels of porosity. Finally, the potential challenges and future directions for this technique were also suggested.     

混合废塑料与煤共热解液体产物中氯的含量与赋存形态

采用离子色谱等方法测定了不同热解条件下液体产物（包括焦油和水）中氯的质量分数,讨论了影响煤与废塑料共热解过程中,热解温度、恒温时间、升温速率及气体流量等因素对液体产物中氯质量分数的影响。并通过红外光谱、离子色谱等手段分析了液体产物中氯的赋存形态。结果表明,煤热解过程中加入一定量的废塑料,并没有给焦油中带来大量的有机含氯化合物,但增加了焦油的产率,同时降低了水的产率。水中氯主要以无机盐（NH₄Cl）和有机胺类盐酸盐等含氯化合物的形式存在;焦油的红外光谱中没有明显的C-Cl吸收峰,说明焦油中有机氯的含量非常少。     

神木煤与不同黏结煤共热解交互作用规律的研究

利用程序升温热天平研究了神木煤（SMC）分别与气煤（QM）、肥煤（FM）、焦煤（JM）不同比例配合后的共热解交互作用规律,通过分布活化能模型（DAEM）对配合煤的热解动力学进行了考察。结果表明,随着SMC配入比例的增加,配合煤水分集中释放的速率增大,挥发分释放速率峰对应的温度t_max降低,配合煤在塑性固化温度后（>460-480 ℃）的热解过程中抑制作用减弱,表明配合煤黏结性降低。随着升温速率增加,配合煤热解抑制作用增强,表明配合煤黏结性提高。随着黏结煤变质程度加深（QM、FM、JM）,配合煤共热解发生促进作用（促进挥发分释放）的温度分别低于、介于、高于黏结煤塑性温度区间,因此,对缓解胶质体膨胀压力及改善胶质体分散性的作用逐渐降低。通过分布热解活化能实验值与理论值的比较,证实了配煤共热解过程中的交互作用规律。     

煤与废塑料共焦化基础研究Ⅲ. 协同作用的热重研究

采用加压热天平研究煤与废塑料共焦化过程中,不同废塑料对太钢焦煤的热解行为,以及德国废塑料对不同煤种的热解行为的影响。认为不同的废塑料对太钢焦煤热重行为的影响不尽相同;不同的煤种在与德国塑料共热解时的协同作用也不相同,德国废塑料与焦煤的相互作用更大些。共热解中废塑料与煤的协同作用受煤与废塑料二者之间的热解温区、失重峰温、失重速率的重叠程度及煤所形成的胶质体数量的影响。废塑料与煤之间的相互作用使得两者     

Flash co-pyrolysis of biomass: The influence of biopolymers

A high water content is one of the major drawbacks for the utilisation of bio-oil. One technology which shows the potential to satisfy the demand for bio-oil with a reduced water content is the flash co-pyrolysis of biomass with biopolymers. The influence of biopolymers on the pyrolysis yield of a biomass waste stream is investigated with a semi-continuous home-built pyrolysis reactor. Polylactic acid (PLA), corn starch, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), Biopearls, Eastar, Solanyl and potato starch are the biopolymers under investigation. All biopolymers show their specific benefits during flash co-pyrolysis with willow (target biomass) at 723 K. Each (co-)pyrolysis of pure willow (reference) and all 1:1 (w/w) ratio willow/biopolymer blends is evaluated based on five predefined criteria. A multi-criteria decision aid (MCDA) method ‘PROMETHEE’ is used in order to obtain an objective ranking of the different biopolymer options.The flash co-pyrolysis of biomass and biopolymers results in improved pyrolysis characteristics. The flash co-pyrolysis of 1:1 willow/PHB is the most performant option, while 1:1 willow/PLA, 1:1 willow/Biopearls and 1:1 willow/potato starch show increased potential as well. The fact that biopolymers, despite their biodegradability, should be considered as waste, further increases the appealing features of the flash co-pyrolysis of biomass and biopolymers.     

Efficient reduction of NOx emissions from waste double-base propellant in co-pyrolysis with pine sawdust

Co-pyrolysis technology containing biomass offers remarkable advantages in reducing NO_x emissions economically and efficiently. In this work, it was innovatively introduced to solve the problem of excessive NO_x emission during the incineration of waste energetic materials (EMs). The kinetics and NO_x emission characteristics of waste double-base propellant (DP), pine sawdust (PS), and their mixtures with different ratios during pyrolysis were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and fixed-bed experiments. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between DP and PS. Kinetic analysis by Friedman and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) methods demonstrated that the average activation energies of the mixtures with different ratios were smaller than that of DP, indicating that the addition of PS improved the reactivity of co-pyrolysis. In addition, the fixed-bed experiment determined that the lowest NO_x emission was achieved during DP pyrolysis alone at 900 ℃. Co-pyrolysis at this temperature was found to have synergistic effects of reduced NO_x emissions for different ratios of mixtures. The best synergistic effect was achieved at the mixing ratio of 60 wt% DP and 40 wt% PS, resulting in a 72.11 % reduction in actual NO_x emissions compared to the expected value. This study provides a new direction and powerful data support for the clean, efficient and economic treatment of waste EMs, especially for practical engineering strategies.