光致热效应促进的全光谱光催化CO_2还原（英文）

以半导体等为催化剂,在太阳能作用下将CO_2和H_2O转化为可再生燃料与氧气的"人工光合作用"有望同时解决目前面临的严峻能源和环境问题,因而备受关注.但半导体催化剂光谱响应范围较窄、表面反应动力学缓慢,从而导致目前仍无法获得可观的太阳能-燃料转换效率.已有很多研究采用了晶面调控、元素掺杂和异质结构建等方法,以提高半导体光催化剂的太阳能-燃料转换效率,但效果仍不令人满意,主要原因是半导体光催化剂很难在吸收带边-氧化还原能力和活性-稳定性这两种关系中取得较好的平衡.此外,光催化反应中的动力学也是主要问题之一,尤其在人工光合作用反应中, CO_2还原半反应和H_2O氧化半反应的动力学均较困难,这已成为共识,而解决这个问题,将有助于我们从一新的角度理解光催化过程,从而提升光催化反应性能.本文以AuNP/金红石为模型催化剂,纯金红石为参照,证明了存在太阳光中的红外光致热和可见光诱导的等离激元热效应等两类光致热效应,它们均可以促进人工光合作用反应.研究发现,人工光合作用反应与其他许多化学反应一样,表观活化能为正,从而表明动力学因素在该反应中起着重要作用.此外,根据不同反应温度下的结果,通过计算AuNP/金红石和纯金红石上生成CO和CH4的表观活化能,发现在这二种样品上CH4的表观活化能均高于CO,这就从动力学上解释了热力学上更容易得到的CH4在绝大多光催化CO_2还原反应中的产率均低于CO.此外,无论是对于CO还是CH4, AuNP/金红石的催化表观活化能均低于纯金红石的.因此,本文从实验上提供了贵金属纳米粒子改善人工光合作用动力学的实验证据,并从动力学角度解释了人工光合作用反应中的活性和选择性问题.本研究证明了动力学因素在光催化反应,尤其是人工光合作用反应中的重要性,并提出了从动力学角度提升人工光合作用反应的新方法,即利用太阳光的光致热效应加速反应,这不仅有助于提升太阳能转化效率,也有望减少反应设备成本,从而促进其大规模应用.     

水滑石基材料在长波长光催化CO_2还原中的应用

正化石燃料的不断消耗和温室气体CO_2的持续排放使温室效应和能源危机日益严峻。受自然界植物的光合作用的启发,光催化CO_2还原受到人们广泛关注,将大气中的CO_2还原成为高附加值碳氢化合物,成为有效缓解温室效应和能源危机的有效方式1。然而,一方面由于CO_2分子中C=O具有较大的键能(750 kJ·mol~(-1)),使其难以活化;另一方面,以水为还原剂的体系中,光激发所产生的质子     

仿生多孔MgO-TiO_2合成及其光催化CO_2还原性能（英文）

研究表明,MgO能够活化吸附在其表面的CO_2分子,促进HCO_3~–的生成,而在H原子存在的条件下,HCO_3~–为CO_2光催化还原为碳氢化合物和CO的活性中间体.CO_2为对称的直线型分子,在化学反应中表现出极高的稳定性,成为阻碍人工光合作用发展的重要因素.在设计新型光催化剂时,复合MgO可能会有效提高催化剂的活性.绿色植物的叶片结构或茎中存在大量尺寸不一的多孔结构,以利于植物生命活动(包括光合作用和呼吸作用)过程中气体的有效扩散和水分、营养物质的运输.TiO_2因其良好的化学稳定性、无毒且成本低廉,在人工光合成领域得到广泛的研究.因此,本文以空心菜杆为模板,TiO_2为主体催化剂,应用溶胶-凝胶法,通过调节MgO的含量合成了一系列仿生多孔结构的MgO-TiO_2复合物.样品的X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱和高分辨透射镜表征结果证明,生物模板空心菜杆在550℃下煅烧5 h之后可被完全移除,且MgNO_3分解为MgO,生成TiO_2-MgO复合物.从扫描电镜中可观察到,以空心菜杆为模板合成的MgO-TiO_2,模板的空心管状结构得以保持,在长度和宽度上有一定程度的皱缩.横截面和纵截面图说明样品很好地复制了空心菜杆的导管和筛管组成的多孔结构.同时N2吸附-脱附结果表明,样品中存在3–5 nm的介孔结构.同时我们发现,由于MgO的加入,0.05%MgO-TiO_2复合物的比表面积比TiO_2减少了18%,之后随着MgO含量的增加,MgO-TiO_2复合物的比表面积呈下降趋势.标准状况下,测试了样品对CO_2的吸附量.结果表明,随MgO含量的升高,吸附量先增加后减小,且MgO-TiO_2复合物的吸附量为TiO_2的1.3–1.8倍.结合样品比表面积及原位红外光谱测试结果,说明样品的CO_2吸附量受MgO的含量与样品的比表面积双重因素的影响.CO_2吸附包括物理吸附和化学吸附,而且对于同种样品,吸附量与样品比表面积正相关.当MgO-TiO_2复合物的比表面积随着MgO含量的增加而减小时,CO_2吸附量却先增加后减小,表明MgO的加入极大地促进了CO_2的化学吸附.以MgO-TiO_2复合物作为光催化剂将CO_2和H2O还原为CH_4.CH_4的总产量随着光照时间的增加而增加,10 h后的总产量随着MgO含量的升高先增加后减少,与样品的CO_2吸附量的变化趋势相似但不完全相同.与TiO_2(6.5μmol/g)相比,MgO-TiO_2复合物样品催化作用下的CH_4的最终产量均增大,活性最好的0.2%MgO-TiO_2(18.7μmol/g)的产量达到了它的2.88倍,说明MgO对CO_2具有活化作用,且活化后的CO_2更容易生成CH_4.综合结果表明,CO_2在催化剂表面的吸附量、电子的表面迁移、反应活性位点等因素共同决定了催化剂的光催化活性.     

单原子Co位点的CO2还原反应路径:局部配位环境的影响

在CO2还原反应(CO2RR)应中,单原子催化剂被认为是很有前途的电催化剂.Co-N4活性位点因其优异的CO选择性和活性而受到广泛关注.然而,Co位点的局部配位环境与CO2RR途径之间的相关性尚不明确.本文采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,研究了含1,10-菲咯啉基底的N4-大环配体(Co-N4-CPY)负载的CoN4位...     

光催化CO2还原的超薄层状催化剂

The acceleration of industrialization and the continuous upgradation of consumption structure has increased the atmospheric content of CO₂ far beyond the past levels, leading to a serious global environmental problem. Photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ is one of the most promising methods to solve the problem of rising atmospheric CO₂ content. The core of this technology is to develop efficient, environment-friendly, and affordable photocatalysts. A photocatalyst is a semiconductor that can absorb photons from sunlight and produce electron-hole pairs to initiate a redox reaction. Owing to their low specific surface areas, significant electron-hole recombination, and less surface-active sites, bulk photocatalysts are not satisfactory. Ultrathin layered materials have shown great potential for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction owing to their characteristics of large specific surface area, a large number of low-coordination surface atoms, short transfer distance from the inside to the catalyst surface, along with other advantages. Photoexcited electrons only need to cover a short distance to transfer to the nanowafer surface, and the speed of migrating electrons on the nanowafer surface is much higher than that in the layers or in the bulk catalyst. The ultrathin structure leads to significant coordinative unsaturation and even vacancy defects in the lattice structure of the atoms; while the former can be used as active sites for CO₂ adsorption and reaction, the latter can improve the separation of the electron-hole pair. This review summarizes the latest developments in ultrathin layered photocatalysts for CO₂ reduction. First, the photocatalytic reduction mechanism of CO₂ is introduced briefly, and the factors governing product selectivity are explained. Second, the existing catalysts, such as g-C₃N₄, black phosphorus (BP), graphene oxide (GO), metal oxide, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), perovskite, BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I), layered double hydroxide (LDH), 2D-MOF, MXene, and two-dimensional honeycomb-like Ge―Si alloy compounds (gersiloxenes), are classified. In addition, the prevalent preparation methods are summarized, including mechanical stripping, gas stripping, liquid stripping, chemical etching, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), template method, self-assembly of surfactant, and the intermediate precursor method of lamellar Bi-oleate complex. Finally, we introduced the strategy of improving photocatalyst performance on the premise of maintaining its layered structure, including the factors of thickness adjustment, doping, structural defects, composite, etc. The future opportunities and challenges of ultrathin layered photocatalysts for the reduction of carbon dioxide have also been proposed.     

二氧化钛负载单原子催化剂用于光催化反应的研究

Titania (TiO₂) has been among the most widely investigated and used metal oxides over the past years, as it has various functional applications. Extensive research into TiO₂ and industrial interest in this material have been triggered by its high abundance, excellent corrosion resistance, and low cost. To improve the activity of TiO₂ in heterogeneous catalytic reactions, noble metals are used to accelerate the reactions. However, in the case of nanoparticles supported on TiO₂, the active sites are usually limited to the peripheral sites of the noble metal particles or at the interface between the particle and the support. Thus, highly dispersed single metal atoms are desired for the effective utilization of precious noble metals. The study of oxide-supported isolated atoms, the so-called single-atom catalysts (SACs), was pioneered by Zhang's group. The high dispersion of precious noble metals results helps reduce the cost associated with catalyst preparation. Because of the presence of active centers as single atoms, the deactivation of metal atoms during the reaction, e.g., by coking for large agglomerates, is retarded. The unique coordination environment of the noble metal center provides special sites for the reaction, consequently increasing the selectivity of the reaction, including the enantioselectivity and stereoselectivity. Hence, supported SACs can bridge homogenous and heterogeneous reactions in solution as they provide selective reaction sites and are recyclable. Moreover, owing to the high site homogeneity of the isolated metal atoms, SACs are ideal models for establishing the structure-activity relationships. The present review provides an overview of recent works on the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic applications of SACs (Pt₁, Pd₁, Ir₁, Rh₁, Cu₁, Ru₁) supported on TiO₂. The preparation of single atoms on TiO₂ includes the creation of surface defective sites, surface modification, stabilization by high-temperature shockwave treatment, and metal-ligand self-assembly. Conventional characterization methods are categorized as microscopic imaging and spectroscopic methods, such as aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis (EXAFS), and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). We attempted to address the critical factors that lead to the stabilization of single-metal atoms on TiO₂, and elucidate the mechanism underlying the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and CO₂ reduction. Although many fascinating applications of TiO₂-supported SACs in photocatalysis could only be addressed superficially and in a referencing manner, we hope to provide interested readers with guidelines based on the wide literature, and more specifically, to provide a comprehensive overview of TiO₂-supported SACs.     

超临界合成Pt修饰的TiO_2用于光催化CO_2还原制备太阳能燃料（英文）

考察了超临界条件下合成TiO_2基光催化剂的性质,尤其是在超临界CO_2下得到的分散在TiO_2上Pt的特性,并与商品化TiO_2性能进行了比较.另外,所得催化剂的光催化活性用CO_2光还原制太阳能燃料进行了评价.结果表明,该催化剂可得到具有比商用TiO_2更好或类似的性能(高比表面积、结晶度、表面羟基浓度,大的孔容、增强的可见光吸收、高的甲烷生成速率)而用于CO_2还原制备燃料的反应中.这可归因于该催化剂超临界介质合成过程.     

NiN_3单原子用于高效电催化还原CO_2

正过度的人为排放二氧化碳导致碳循环失衡,引发一系列环境和气候问题~1。电催化还原二氧化碳(ECR)将其转化为燃料和高附加值化学品是一种潜在的降低二氧化碳浓度的方法~(2,3)。然而,CO_2中的C=O化学键在热力学上非常稳定(键能≈806k J·mol~(-1)),将其活化需要克服很高的能垒。此外,当使用水溶液电解质时,在ECR过程中不可避免地会发生析氢反应(HER),不利于CO_2还原。因此,     

Rare-Earth Single Erbium Atoms for Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction

The solar-driven photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ (CO₂RR) into chemical fuels is a promising route to enrich energy supplies and mitigate CO₂ emissions. However, low catalytic efficiency and poor selectivity, especially in a pure-water system, hinder the development of photocatalytic CO₂RR owing to the lack of effective catalysts. Herein, we report a novel atom-confinement and coordination (ACC) strategy to achieve the synthesis of rare-earth single erbium (Er) atoms supported on carbon nitride nanotubes (Er₁/CN-NT) with a tunable dispersion density of single atoms. Er₁/CN-NT is a highly efficient and robust photocatalyst that exhibits outstanding CO₂RR performance in a pure-water system. Experimental results and density functional theory calculations reveal the crucial role of single Er atoms in promoting photocatalytic CO₂RR.     

Rare‐Earth Single Erbium Atoms for Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction

The solar‐driven photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ (CO₂RR) into chemical fuels is a promising route to enrich energy supplies and mitigate CO₂ emissions. However, low catalytic efficiency and poor selectivity, especially in a pure‐water system, hinder the development of photocatalytic CO₂RR owing to the lack of effective catalysts. Herein, we report a novel atom‐confinement and coordination (ACC) strategy to achieve the synthesis of rare‐earth single erbium (Er) atoms supported on carbon nitride nanotubes (Er₁/CN‐NT) with a tunable dispersion density of single atoms. Er₁/CN‐NT is a highly efficient and robust photocatalyst that exhibits outstanding CO₂RR performance in a pure‐water system. Experimental results and density functional theory calculations reveal the crucial role of single Er atoms in promoting photocatalytic CO₂RR.     

Selective Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to CO Mediated by Silver Single Atoms Anchored on Tubular Carbon Nitride

Artificial photosynthesis is a promising strategy for converting carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) into fuels and value-added chemical products. However, photocatalysts usually suffered from low activity and product selectivity due to the sluggish dynamic transfer of photoexcited charge carriers. Herein, we describe anchoring of Ag single atoms on hollow porous polygonal C₃N₄ nanotubes (PCN) to form the photocatalyst Ag₁@PCN with Ag−N₃ coordination for CO₂ photoreduction using H₂O as the reductant. The as-synthesized Ag₁@PCN exhibits a high CO production rate of 0.32 μmol h⁻¹ (mass of catalyst: 2 mg), a high selectivity (>94 %), and an excellent stability in the long term. Experiments and density functional theory (DFT) reveal that the strong metal–support interactions (Ag−N₃) favor *CO₂ adsorption, *COOH generation and desorption, and accelerate dynamic transfer of photoexcited charge carriers between C₃N₄ and Ag single atoms, thereby accounting for the enhanced CO₂ photoreduction activity with a high CO selectivity. This work provides a deep insight into the important role of strong metal–support interactions in enhancing the photoactivity and CO selectivity of CO₂ photoreduction.     

Ni2P纳米片用于光催化二氧化碳还原

Artificial photosynthesis is an ideal method for solar-to-chemical energy conversion, wherein solar energy is stored in the form of chemical bonds of solar fuels. In particular, the photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ has attracted considerable attention due to its dual benefits of fossil fuel production and CO₂ pollution reduction. However, CO₂ is a comparatively stable molecule and its photoreduction is thermodynamically and kinetically challenging. Thus, the photocatalytic efficiency of CO₂ reduction is far below the level of industrial applications. Therefore, development of low-cost cocatalysts is crucial for significantly decreasing the activation energy of CO₂ to achieving efficient photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Herein, we have reported the use of a Ni₂P material that can serve as a robust cocatalyst by cooperating with a photosensitizer for the photoconversion of CO₂. An effective strategy for engineering Ni₂P in an ultrathin layered structure has been proposed to improve the CO₂ adsorption capability and decrease the CO₂ activation energy, resulting in efficient CO₂ reduction. A series of physicochemical characterizations including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to demonstrate the successful preparation of ultrathin Ni₂P nanosheets. The XRD and XPS results confirm the successful synthesis of Ni₂P from Ni(OH)₂ by a low temperature phosphidation process. According to the TEM images, the prepared Ni₂P nanosheets exhibit a 2D and near-transparent sheet-like structure, suggesting their ultrathin thickness. The AFM images further demonstrated this result and also showed that the height of the Ni₂P nanosheets is ca 1.5 nm. The photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy results revealed that the Ni₂P material could efficiently promote the separation of the photogenerated electrons and holes in [Ru(bpy)₃]Cl₂·6H₂O. More importantly, the Ni₂P nanosheets could more efficiently promote the charge transfer and charge separation rate of [Ru(bpy)₃]Cl₂·6H₂O compared with the Ni₂P particles. In addition, the electrochemical experiments revealed that the Ni₂P nanosheets, with their high active surface area and charge conductivity, can provide more active centers for CO₂ conversion and accelerate the interfacial reaction dynamics. These results strongly suggest that the Ni₂P nanosheets are a promising material for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, and can achieve a CO generation rate of 64.8 μmol·h^-1, which is 4.4 times higher than that of the Ni₂P particles. In addition, the XRD and XPS measurements of the used Ni₂P nanosheets after the six cycles of the photocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction demonstrated their high stability. Overall, this study offers a new function for the 2D transition-metal phosphide catalysts in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction.     

TiO2光催化还原CO2

光催化还原CO₂技术在CO₂的治理与利用方面有着潜在的应用价值和良好的开发前景。该文简要综述了近年来用于光催化还原CO₂反应的TiO₂光催化剂材料,包括纯TiO₂催化剂、负载型TiO₂催化剂、金属改性TiO₂催化剂、半导体复合TiO₂催化剂和有机光敏化TiO₂催化剂等,并介绍了各类催化剂光催化还原CO₂的反应性能。     

S掺杂Fe-NC单原子催化剂氧还原机理研究

杂原子掺杂的Fe-NC催化剂在氧还原反应中表现出优异的性能.本工作采用密度泛函理论研究了S原子掺杂对Fe-NC单原子催化剂电子结构的调控及促进氧还原反应的作用机理,分析了硫原子掺杂后Fe-NC催化剂的稳定构型, S原子对FeN4活性位点电子结构的调控,以及氧气的吸附和氧还原反应作用机理.研究结果表明,在FeN4活性位点周围掺杂少量S原子,可以提高催化剂的稳定性. S原子掺杂提高氧还原性能的机理为:(1) S原子的掺杂降低了催化剂的带隙,提高催化剂导电性,有利于电催化氧还原反应;(2) S原子的掺杂可以提高催化剂吸附氧气的能力,有利于氧还原反应;(3)体系中引入四个S原子可以降低氧还原反应的过电位,提高FeN4位点催化氧还原反应的活性.这项工作可能为基于碳材料的单原子催化剂上杂原子掺杂的调控提供新的思路.     

Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction under Visible-Light Irradiation by Ruthenium CNC Pincer Complexes

Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction using a ruthenium photosensitizer, a sacrificial reagent 1,3-dimethyl-2-(o-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (BI(OH)H), and a ruthenium catalyst were carried out. The catalysts contain a pincer ligand, 2,6-bis(alkylimidazol-2-ylidene)pyridine (CNC) and a bipyridine (bpy). The photocatalytic reaction system resulted in HCOOH as a main product (selectivity 70–80 %), with a small amount of CO, and H₂. Comparative experiments (a coordinated ligand (NCMe vs. CO) and substituents (tBu vs. Me) of the CNC ligand in the catalyst) were performed. The turnover number (TON_HCOOH) of carbonyl-ligated catalysts are higher than those of acetonitrile-ligated catalysts, and the carbonyl catalyst with the smaller substituents (Me) reached TON_HCOOH=5634 (24 h), which is the best performance among the experiments.     

Photocatalytic Reduction of Greenhouse Gas CO2 to Fuel

Sun is the Earth’s ultimate and inexhaustible energy source. One of the best routes to remedy the CO₂ problem is to convert it to valuable hydrocarbons using solar energy. In this study, CO₂ was photocatalytically reduced to produce methanol, methane and ethylene in a steady-state optical-fiber reactor under artificial light and real sunlight irradiation. The photocatalyst was dip-coated on the optical fibers that enable the light to transmit and spread uniformly inside the reactor. The optical-fiber photoreactor, comprised of nearly 120 photocatalyst-coated fibers, was designed and assembled. The XRD spectra indicated the anatase phase for all photocatalysts. It is found that the methanol yield increased with UV light intensity. A maximum methanol yield of 4.12 μmole/g-cat h is obtained when 1.0 wt% Ag/TiO₂ photocatalyst was used under a light intensity of 10 W/cm². When mixed oxide, TiO₂–SiO₂, is doped with Cu and Fe metals, the resulting photocatalysts show substantial difference in hydrocarbon production as well as product selectivity. Methane and ethylene were produced on Cu–Fe loaded TiO₂–SiO₂ photocatalyst. Since dye-sensitized Cu–Fe/P25 photocatalyst can fully harvest the light energy of 400–800 nm from sunlight, its photoactivity was significantly enhanced. Finally, CO₂ photoreduction was studied by in situ IR spectroscopy and possible mechanism for the photoreaction was proposed.