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1.
当H原子和形成π键的原子相连时,π成键轨道和π反键轨道与H原子的2P空轨道相互作用,组成新的分子轨道,这样的结构称为π→P共轭体系,由π→P共轭作用引起的不饱键一系列性质的变化,称之为π→P共轭效应。 相似文献
2.
超共轭效应解析与探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
一、引言超共轭效应在有机化学中广泛存在,由于它在液相中对有机反应的影响有时表现的很微弱,往往被溶剂化效应所掩盖,因此长期以来引起人们的怀疑和争论。但是超共轭效应的提出确实解释了许多用诱导效应和共轭效应难以解 相似文献
3.
乙烷、肼与过氧化氢分别是同周期元素与氢组成的、结构相似的三种物质,但它们的稳定性却依次明显减弱,且稳定构象也不相似,现行教材中没有很好地解释造成它们稳定性和稳定构象不同的原因。本文通过分析n-σ*的超共轭效应为这三种物质稳定性的变化规律提供了一种可能的解释,同时,也解释了肼和过氧化氢不以对位交叉构象存在的原因。将超共轭效应拓展到了解释无机物稳定性和稳定构象上。 相似文献
4.
共轭效应是共轭体系分子内的原子或原子团间的相互影响。与诱导效应一样也属于电子效应。所不同的是共轭效应的强弱只取决于共轭体系的化学结构,不会因共轭链的增长而削弱。它包括兀π-π、p-π共轭效应和σ-π、σ-p超共轭效应,其相对强弱为:π-π>p-π>>σ-π>σ-p。共轭效应通常通过影响反应物、中间体和产物的稳定性而对有机反应产生影响。 相似文献
5.
用从头算对丙烯和甲苯2个超共轭体系进行计算,结果表明甲基上氢原子参与超共轭时,其碳氢键键长增大,氢上集居数减少,丙烯、甲苯的甲基旋转势垒为7.61及0.096 kJ/mol.超共轭基作用相当于一带有孤对电子参与共轭之杂原子,超共轭体系不同构型稳定性可用M=sum from i=1 to 3(sinθ_i[sin(θ_i-α)+sinα])来表征。 相似文献
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7.
在研究了迄今已知的一百多个氮酸和氮酸酯的结构特点和稳定性的基础上 ,运用共轭体系中电子效应的平衡理论 ,结合对分子结构类型的划分 ,提出了氮酸和氮酸酯的结构和稳定性关系的经验性规则 ,并且预言稳定的氮酸和氮酸酯应具有满足电子效应匹配原则的C类型的分子结构 . 相似文献
8.
有机化学教学中通常使用分子轨道理论和价键理论中的共振论来描述π轨道的共轭效应,而对于类似的σ轨道的超共轭效应,通常只用轨道理论来描述,而基本不采用价键理论中的共振式描述。尝试用共振式来描述σ键的超共轭效应,发现不仅能够获得清晰易懂的图像,还能将有机化学中多个跨章节的知识点联系在一起,有利于知识的融会贯通,以及对电子结构和共振论的深入理解。 相似文献
9.
基团共轭效应的经验标度 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文以一取代苯为基本模型,假设取代基对苯环间位和对位上质子的诱导效应大致相等,且间位上的共轭效应受阻,则对位上质子的化学位移(δ_p)与间位上质子的化学位移(δ_m)之差与取代基的共轭效应成正比。因此,共轭效应强度R_H可由下式求得:R_H=1.6(δ_p-δ_m)利用此式,作者计算了一些常见的基团的共轭效应强度,其结果与文献报道值颇为一致,且表现出明显的变化规律。 相似文献
11.
Using a recently proposed orbital deletion procedure and the block-localized wavefunction method, the rotational barriers
in H2BNH2 and H2BPH2 are analyzed in terms of conjugation, hyperconjugation, steric effect and pyramidalization. With the zero-point energy corrections,
the π-binding strengths in the planar H2BNH2 and H2BPH2 are both around 20 kcal/mol at the HF level using the 6-311+G** basis set. With the deactivation of the π atomic orbitals
on the boron atom and the evolution from a planar structure to a 90°-twisted structure, the steric repulsion between the B‐H
and the N‐H or P‐H is relieved and moreover, the negative hyperconjugation from the lone electron pair or pairs on the nitrogen
or phosphorus atoms to the antibonding orbital χ*
B
H
2 of the BH2 group stabilizes the twisted structure by 7.4(8.8) or 4.0(5.0) kcal/mol at the HF/6-31G*(6-311+G**) level. However, the repulsive
interaction between the lone pair(s) and the two BH σ bonds is so prominent that the overall steric effect contributes 20.3(22.9)
and 19.3(19.8) kcal/mol to the rotational barriers in H2BNH2 and H2BPH2 with the 6-31G*(6-311+G**) basis set. The present techniques and analyses may also give some clues to justify the parameterization
in the empirical molecular mechanics methods.
Received: 17 April 1998 / Accepted: 17 September 1998 / Published online: 1 February 1999 相似文献
12.
红外光谱法测定St—BMA的竞聚率 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
对于共聚合反应中同一对单体的竞聚率,由于采用的实验方法、计算方法不同,可能有几对、甚至上百对不同的数据。在实际生产中已逐渐趋向于在较高温度下进行共聚合,而文献的竞聚率一般均在较低温度下获得,因此缺乏实用意义。本文用FTIR方法测定苯乙烯(St)-甲基丙烯酸正丁酯(BMA)共聚竞聚率参数r_1和r_2,讨论了温度的影响。 相似文献
13.
环戊二烯分子内π电子的离域是失稳定的--分子内π和σ轨道分离法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为环戊二烯分子中非平面片断的片断轨道的建立提供了一个新的方法和计算程序 .分子内的Morokuma作用能的计算表明 ,“π电子的离域是失稳定的”与“离域的π体系是失稳定的”是两个完全不同的概念 .π电子离域的结构效应完全取决于 σ体系对离域的作用 .在环戊二烯分子中 ,π电子的离域和离域的π体系均是失稳定的 .在苯分子中 ,π电子的离域是失稳定的 ,它的离域π体系也是失稳定的 .但在 D6 h中 ,离域 π体系是“较小失稳定”的 .应该强调 π与 σ电子间空间作用对分子性能的重大影响 ,以改变经典有机结构理论重 π轻 σ电子效应的研究模式 相似文献
14.
This article describes the concept of stereoelectronic effects in fundamental organic chemistry and summarizes such specific phenomenon through formation of covalent bonds, resonance structures, rearrangement of carbocations, formation of enolate anions, bimolecular nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes, elimination of halocyclohexanes, and electrophilic addition of cyclohexenes. 相似文献
15.
交替烃拓扑结构计数的研究余荣泮,杨良准,刘训亭,胡启山,张自先,莫宇翔,陈琼,王成瑞(武汉大学化学系武汉430072)关键词拓扑结构计数,交替烃,分子轨道分子稳定性的研究是理论化学中一个重要课题,关于这方面的工作,共振论是富有成效的理论之一。在偶苯型... 相似文献
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苯乙烯和丙烯酸 β 羟乙酯不同温度的竞聚率测定吴平平吴玉芳陆琛杨全兴韩哲文(华东理工大学材料科学研究所上海200237)陈顺喜朱清仁(中科院中国科技大学结构分析开放实验室合肥230026)关键词苯乙烯,丙烯酸 β 羟乙酯,共聚合,竞聚率丙烯酸 β 羟乙酯(2 hydroxyethylacrylate,HEA),是一个具有亲水功能基团的软单体.它既有丙烯酸酯类单体的性质,也有醇类的许多性质[?... 相似文献
18.
Reaction of the boriranylideneboranes 1a , b , c with tetrahalogenodiboranes(4) leads to two types of products. In the case of 1a the cyclic tetraborylmethane derivatives 2a , a′ are formed in high yield, whereas 1b , c yield the isomeric linear diborylmethyleneboranes 3b , c . Compound 2a reacts with diethylamine, (dimethylamino)trimethylsilane, and lithium pyrrolidinide to give the 1,3-diboretanes 4a , b , c . The composition of the products was determined from spectroscopic data and X-ray structure analyses of 2a , 3c , 4a , and 4c . 相似文献
19.
Wolf Eckart Noack 《Theoretical chemistry accounts》1979,53(2):101-119
The keto-enol tautomerism is studied using an approximative HF method outlined in the appendix. The following results are obtained: (1) The experimentally observed alternance of G in acyclic monoketones could not be reproduced. (2) The stabilization of C=C double bonds, especially of conjugated double bonds, by CH3- or -CH2- groups is responsible for the observed difference between acyclic and cyclic 1.2-diketones, e.g. for the different enol content of diacetyl and cyclopentane-1.2-dione. (3) The enols of 1.2-diketones contain a hydrogen bond which differs from the hydrogen bond in enols of 1.3-diketones. (4) A system of two conjugated C=O double bonds is not favoured compared to a system of two C=O bonds which are separated by one (or more) -CH2- group. (5) 5-ring enols with a C=C double bond in the ring are more stable than one would expect by an energy estimation from acyclic compounds. 相似文献
20.
Mannar R. Maurya 《Journal of Chemical Sciences》2006,118(6):503-511
Vanadium(V) complexes with hydrazone-based ONO and ONN donor ligands that partly model active-site structures of vanadate-dependent
haloperoxidases have been reported. On reaction with [VO(acac)2] (Hacac = acetylacetone) under nitrogen, these ligands generally provide oxovanadium(IV) complexes [VO(ONO)X] (X = solvent
or nothing) and [VO(acac)(ONN)], respectively. Under aerobic conditions, these oxovanadium(IV) species undergo oxidation to
give oxovanadium(V), dioxovanadium (V) or μ-oxobisoxovanadium(V) species depending upon the nature of the ligand. Anionic
and neutral dioxovanadium(V) complexes slowly deoxygenate in methanol to give monooxo complexes [VO(OMe)(MeOH)(ONO)]. The
anionic complexes [VO2(ONO)]- can also be convertedin situ on acidification to oxohydroxo complexes [VO(OH)(HONO)]+ and to peroxo complexes [VO(O2)(ONO)]-, and thus to the species assumed to be intermediates in the haloperoxidases activity of the enzymes. In the presence of catechol
(H2cat) and benzohydroxamic acid (H2bha), oxovanadium (IV) complexes, [VO (acac)(ONN)] gave mixed-chelate oxovanadium(V) complexes [VO(cat)(ONN)] and [VO(bha)(ONN)]
respectively. These complexes are not very stable in solution and slowly convert to the corresponding dioxo species [VO2(ONN)] as observed by51V NMR and electronic absorption spectroscopic studies. 相似文献