等浓度的氯化铵和硫酸铵溶液哪个pH高

有中学化学参考资料题:0.10 mol/L的NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4溶液哪个pH值高?这似乎是个中学生可做的简单题目,仔细考虑不是如此.如果简单地认为盐酸和硫酸都是强酸,而硫酸是二元酸,硫酸铵溶液中铵盐浓度为0.20 mol/L,那么NH4Cl溶液pH高,那是不妥的.硫酸是二元酸,第一个氢离子能完全电离,第二个氢离子部分电离,如此考虑情况怎么样呢?是不是答案发生变化?这要通过计算来说明.     

Enhanced efficiency and stability in Sn-based perovskite solar cells with secondary crystallization growth

The conversion efficiencies reported for Tin(Sn)halide-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)fall a large gap behind those of lead halide-based PSCs,mainly because of poor film quality of the former.Here we report an efficient strategy based on a simple secondary crystallization growth(SCG)technique to improve film quality for tin halide-based PSCs by applying a series of functional amine chlorides on the perovskite surface.They were discovered to enhance the film crystallinity and suppress the oxidation of Sn²⁺remarkably,hence reduce trap state density and non-irradiative recombination in the absorber films.Furthermore,the SCG film holds the band levels matching better with carrier transport layers and herein favoring charge extraction at the device interfaces.Consequently,a champion device efficiency of 8.07% was achieved alo ng with significant enhancements in VOC and JSC,in contrast to 5.35% of the control device value.Moreover,the SCG film-based devices also exhibit superior stability comparing with the control one.This work explicitly paves a novel and general strategy for developing high performance lead-free PSCs.     

Energy level engineering of charge selective contact and halide perovskite by modulating band offset:Mechanistic insights

Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO₂ and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron and hole transport layer(ETL/HTL)respectively.The inevitable interfacial recombination of charge carriers at ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTL interface diminished the efficiency in planar(n-i-p)perovskite solar cells.By employing computational approach for uni-dimensional device simulator,the effect of band offset on charge recombination at both interfaces was investigated.We noted that it acquired cliff structure when the conduction band minimum of the ETL was lower than that of the perovskite,and thus maximized interfacial recombination.However,if the conduction band minimum of ETL is higher than perovskite,a spike structure is formed,which improve the performance of solar cell.An optimum value of conduction band offset allows to reach performance of 25.21%,with an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 1231 mV,a current density JSC of 24.57 mA/cm² and a fill factor of 83.28%.Additionally,we found that beyond the optimum offset value,large spike structure could decrease the performance.With an optimized energy level of Spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness of mixed-perovskite layer performance of 26.56% can be attained.Our results demonstrate a detailed understanding about the energy level tuning between the charge selective layers and perovskite and how the improvement in PV performance can be achieved by adjusting the energy level offset.     

Recent Advances of Pure Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials for Bioimaging Applications

Bioimaging,as a powerful and helpful tool,which allows people to investigate deeply within living organisms,has contributed a lot for both clinical theranostics and scientific research.Pure organic room temperature phosphorescence(RTP)materials with the unique features of ultralong luminescence lifetime and large Stokes shift,can efficiently avoid biological autofluorescence and scattered light through a time-resolved imaging modality,and thus are attracting increasing attention.This review classifies pure organic RTP materials into three categories,including small molecule RTP materials,polymer RTP materials and supramolecular RTP materials,and summarizes the recent advances of pure organic RTP materials for bioimaging applications.     

A new strategy to access Co/N co-doped carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs),as one-dimensional nanomaterials,show great potential in energy conversion and storage due to their efficient electrical conductivity and mass transfer.However,the security risks,time-consuming and high cost of the preparation process hinder its further application.Here,we develop that a negative pressure rather than a following gas environment can promote the generation of cobalt and nitrogen co-doped CNTs(Co/N-CNTs) by using cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF-67) as a precursor,in which the negative pressure plays a key role in adjusting the size of cobalt nanoparticles and stimulating the rearragement of carbon atoms for forming CNTs.Importantly,the obtained Co/N-CNTs,with high content of pyridinic nitrogen and abundant graphitized structure,exhibit superior catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) with half-wave potential(E_1/2) of 0.85 V and durability in terms of the minimum current loss(2%) after the 30,000 s test.Our development provides a new pathway for large-scale and cost-effective preparation of metal-doped CNTs for various applications.     

Stabilizing High-voltage Cathode Materials for Next-generation Li-ion Batteries

The pressing demand for high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries requires the deployment of cathode materials with higher capacity and output voltage.Despite more than ten years of research,high-voltage cathode mate-rials,such as high-voltage layered oxides,spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4,and high-voltage polyanionic compounds still cannot be commercially viable due to the instabilities of standard electrolytes,cathode materials,and cathode electrolyte interphases under high-voltage operation.This paper summarizes the recent advances in addressing the surface and interface issues haunting the application of high-voltage cathode materials.The understanding of the limitations and advantages of different modification protocols will direct the future endeavours on advancing high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries.     

Suppressing trap states and energy loss by optimizing vertical phase distribution through ternary strategy in organic solar cells

Suppressing the trap-state density and the energy loss via ternary strategy was demonstrated.Favorable vertical phase distribution with donors(acceptors)accumulated(depleted)at the interface of active layer and charge extraction layer can be obtained by introducing appropriate amount of polymer acceptor N2200 into the systems of PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6.In addition,N2200 is gradiently distributed in the vertical direction in the ternary blend film.Various measurements were carried out to study the effects of N2200 on the binary systems.It was found that the optimized morphology especially in vertical direction can significantly decrease the trap state density of the binary blend films,which is beneficial for the charge transport and collection.All these features enable an obvious decrease in charge recombination in both PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6 based organic solar cells(OSCs),and power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 12.5%and 16.42%were obtained for the ternary OSCs,respectively.This work indicates that it is an effective method to suppress the trap state density and thus improve the device performance through ternary strategy.     

Conformational Properties of Comb-shaped Polyelectrolytes with Negatively Charged Backbone and Neutral Side Chains Studied by a Generic Coarse-grained Bead-and-Spring Model

A generic coarse-grained bead-and-spring model,mapped onto comb-shaped polycarboxylate-based(PCE)superplasticizers,is developed and studied by Langevin molecular dynamics simulations with implicit solvent and explicit counterions.The agreement on the radius of gyration of the PCEs with experiments shows that our model can be useful in studying the equilibrium sizes of PCEs in solution.The effects of ionic strength,side-chain number,and side-chain length on the conformational behavior of PCEs in solution are explored.Single-chain equilibrium properties,including the radius of gyration,end-to-end distance and persistenee length of the polymer backbone,shape-asphericity parameter,and the mean span dimension,are determined.It is found that with the increase of ionic strength,the equilibrium sizes of the polymers decrease only slightly,and a linear dependenew of the persistence length of backbone on the Debye screening length is found,in good agreement with the theory developed by Dobrynin.Increasing side-chain numbers and/or side-chain lengths increases not only the equilibrium sizes(radius of gyration and mean span)of the polymer as a whole,but also the persistence length of the backbone due to excluded volume interactions.     

Three-dimensionalization via control of laser-structuring parameters for high energy and high power lithium-ion battery under various operating conditions

Laser-structuring is an effective method to promote ion diffusion and improve the performance of lithium-ion battery(LIB)electrodes.In this work,the effects of laser structuring parameters(groove pitch and depth)on the fundamental characteristics of LIB electrode,such as interfacial area,internal resistances,material loss and electrochemical performance,are investigated,LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ cathodes were structured by a femtosecond laser by varying groove depth and pitch,which resulted in a material loss of 5%-14%and an increase of 140%-260%in the in terfacial area between electrode surface and electrolyte.It is shown that the importance of groove depth and pitch on the electrochemical performance(specific capacity and areal discharge capacity)of laser-structured electrode varies with current rates.Groove pitch is more im porta nt at low current rate but groove depth is at high curre nt rate.From the mapping of lithium concentration within the electrodes of varying groove depth and pitch by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,it is verified that the groove functions as a diffusion path for lithium ions.The ionic,electronic,and charge transfer resistances measured with symmetric and half cells showed that these internal resistances are differently affected by laser structuring parameters and the changes in porosity,ionic diffusion and electronic pathways.It is demonstrated that the laser structuring parameters for maximum electrode performance and minimum capacity loss should be determined in consideration of the main operating conditions of LIBs.     

Mesh-like vertical structures enable both high areal capacity and excellent rate capability

In order to balance electrochemical kinetics with loading level for achieving efficient energy storage with high areal capacity and good rate capability simultaneously for wearable electronics,herein,2 D meshlike vertical structures(NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2) with a high mass loading of 2.17 mg cm^-2 and combined merits of both 1 D nanowires and 2 D nanosheets are designed for fabricating flexible hybrid supercapacitors.Particularly,the seamlessly interconnected NiCo_2 S_4 core not only provides high capacity of 287.5 μAh cm^-2 but also functions as conductive skeleton for fast electron transport;Ni(OH)_2 sheath occupying the voids in NiCo_2 S_4 meshes contributes extra capacity of 248.4 μAh cm^-2;the holey features guarantee rapid ion diffusion along and across NiCO_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 meshes.The resultant flexible electrode exhibits a high areal capacity of 535.9 μAh cm^-2(246.9 mAh g^-1) at 3 mA cm^-2 and outstanding rate performance with 84.7% retention at 30 mA cm^-2,suggesting efficient utilization of both NiCo_2 S_4 and Ni(OH)_2 with specific capacities approaching to their theoretical values.The flexible solid-state hybrid device based on NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 cathode and Fe_2 O_3 anode delivers a high energy density of 315 μWh cm^-2 at the power density of 2.14 mW cm^-2 with excellent electrochemical cycling stability.     

金属锂负极失效机制及其先进表征技术

尽管传统的石墨负极在商业化锂离子电池中取得了成功,但其理论容量低(372 mAh·g^?1)、本身不含锂的先天缺陷限制了其在下一代高比能量锂电池体系中的应用,特别是在需要锂源的锂-硫和锂-空气电池体系中。金属锂因其极高的理论比容量(3860 mAh·g^?1)和低氧化还原电势(相对于标准氢电极为?3.040 V),被认为是下一代锂电池负极材料的最佳选择之一。但是,金属锂负极存在库伦效率低、循环性能差、安全性差等一系列瓶颈问题亟待解决,而循环过程中锂枝晶的生长、巨大的体积变化、以及电极界面不稳定等是导致这些问题的关键因素。本文综述了近年来关于金属锂负极瓶颈问题及其机理,包括金属锂电极表面固态电解质界面膜的形成,锂枝晶的生长行为,以及惰性死锂的形成。同时,本文还介绍了目前用于研究金属锂负极的先进表征技术,这些技术为研究人员深入认识金属锂负极的失效机制提供了重要信息。     

锂金属负极的可逆性与沉积形貌的关联

高能量密度二次电池的商业化将会推动便携式电子设备和电动车的飞速发展。锂金属电池因具有较高的理论能量密度而受到研究者的广泛关注。然而,锂金属负极较低的库仑效率(CE)和枝晶生长等问题,严重制约了锂金属电池的发展。库仑效率是衡量电池体系可逆性的关键参数之一,锂金属负极的库仑效率在不同电解液中存在较大的差异,本文以四种常见的电解液为例,包括1 mol·L^-1六氟磷酸锂-碳酸乙烯酯/碳酸二甲酯电解液,1 mol·L^-1六氟磷酸锂-碳酸乙烯酯/碳酸二甲酯+5%(w)氟代碳酸乙烯酯电解液,1 mol·L^-1双(三氟甲烷磺酰)亚胺锂-乙二醇二甲醚/1,3二氧戊环+2%(w)硝酸锂电解液,以及4 mol·L^-1双氟磺酰亚胺锂-乙二醇二甲醚电解液,利用原子力显微镜研究了不同电解液体系中锂金属的生长行为,探讨了锂金属沉积形貌与其库仑效率之间的联系,为发展高效的锂金属负极提供了参考依据。     

利用原位氟化保护层改善三维锡锂合金/碳纸负极贫电解液下性能

金属锂具有最高的理论比容量(3860 mAh·g^?1)和最低的还原电势(?3.04 V),是新型高能量密度电池负极材料的最佳选择之一。然而由于金属锂负极表面自发生成的固态电解质界面(SEI)十分不稳定,导致锂枝晶的产生和电池容量快速衰减,严重限制了锂金属电池的商业化应用。因此,本工作利用碳酸双(2,2,2-三氟乙基)酯(DTFEC)添加剂在三维锡锂合金/碳纸负极(SnLi/Cp)表面原位构筑了高机械强度和离子穿透性的含氟化物(LiF和SnF2)保护层,有效地改善了锂负极的倍率性能和循环稳定性。结果显示,SnLi/Cp对称电池在8 mA·cm^?2的电流密度下经过100次循环后过电位仅为90 mV。当将电解液降低到12μL(1.5μL·(mAh)?1)时,在5 mA·cm^?2的电流密度下对称电池仍具有优异的稳定性;SnLi/Cp||NMC811电池在1C(1.5 mA·cm^?2)条件下能稳定循环300圈以上,库伦效率高达98.1%。这种方法能够显著改善锂金属负极的循环稳定性,有助于实现高能量密度锂金属电池的实际应用。     

一种有助于稳定锂金属循环的富氟化位点框架结构

锂金属是下一代高能量密度二次电池的理想负极材料,然而它的应用仍然受制于较差的循环稳定性。近期,二维氟化界面被广泛用于改善锂金属负极的成核机制、沉积形貌和循环稳定性。本工作通过将体积缩小化的氟化石墨颗粒与锂离子传导网络结合,获得了一种富氟化位点的三维框架结构。实验结果证明此类三维氟化结构可显著提升锂金属负极在不同电流密度和容量下的循环稳定性,且优于二维氟化界面结构。通过本工作的研究,证明了相较于单纯的二维氟化界面,三维锂离子传导网络和富氟化位点的合理结合可以成为一种改进的界面结构用于锂金属负极保护,为高能量密度锂金属电池的负极保护提供了新的设计思路。     

多孔泡沫铜和硫脲协同作用构筑无枝晶锂负极

锂金属作为下一代储能电池的理想负极材料一直受到极大的关注,然而锂枝晶的不可控生长和负极副反应带来的低库伦效率问题严重限制了锂金属电池的发展。这里,我们提出了一种多孔泡沫铜和硫脲协同作用的策略,利用硫脲分子的超填充作用实现锂金属在多孔泡沫铜表面的均匀沉积。在电解液中添加0.02 mol·L^-1硫脲作为电解质添加剂,采用多孔泡沫铜的Li||Cu半电池在循环300圈以后,库伦效率仍保持在98%以上。此外,在5C的高倍率条件下,Li||Li FePO4全电池循环300圈以后仍有94%的容量保持率。本工作为锂金属负极保护提供了一种新的策略并且该策略也可以扩展到其他金属负极保护中,非常有利于下一代高能量密度储能电池的开发。     

基于局部高盐界面润湿策略构筑的固态金属锂软包电池

固态金属锂电池因其优异的安全性和高的理论能量密度被认为是最具前景的下一代储能电池体系之一。随着以硫化物为代表的高离子导率电解质被逐渐开发,金属锂与固态电解质界面成为限制固态电池应用的主要瓶颈。金属锂/电解质的固固界面存在着界面接触差、界面电荷传输阻力高等问题。本文以固态金属锂软包电池为研究对象,通过由1,1,2,2-四氟乙基-2,2,3,3-四氟丙基醚、乙二醇二甲醚与双三氟磺酰亚胺锂组成的局部高盐液态电解液(HFE-DME LiTFSI)对金属锂/固态电解质界面进行润湿,增加金属锂与固态电解质之间的离子接触,降低离子传输阻力,从而提高锂离子在界面的传输能力。在30 mm×30 mm Li|Li4Ti5O12(LTO)固态软包电池中,通过3.0μL·cm^?2 HFE-DME LiTFSI局部高盐液态电解液润湿金属锂与固态电解质界面,软包电池的界面电阻从4366Ω·cm^?2降低到了64Ω·cm^?2。在0.1C与0.5C倍率下,LTO的放电比容量分别达到107与96 mAh·g^?1。同时,Li-S固态软包电池在0.01C及0.02C下,比容量也达到了1100与932 mAh·g^?1。     

锂金属负极人造保护膜的研究进展

金属锂因其具有极高的理论容量(3860 mAh·g^?1)、最低的电极电位(?3.04 V vs.标准氢电极)和低的密度(0.534 g·cm^?3),被认为是最具潜力的负极材料。但循环过程中不可控的枝晶生长及不稳定的固体电解质相界面膜所引起的安全隐患和电池库伦效率低等问题严重阻碍了锂金属负极的发展。通过在电极表面构建人造保护膜可以有效调控锂离子沉积行为,因此人造保护膜的构建是一种简单高效抑制锂枝晶生长的策略。本综述将从聚合物保护膜、无机保护膜、有机-无机复合保护膜和合金保护膜总结了人造保护膜的构建方法、抑制锂枝晶生长机理,为促进高比能锂金属电池的商业化应用提供借鉴参考作用。     

亲锂的三维二硫化锡@碳纤维布用于稳定的锂金属负极

金属锂由于其高的比容量,低的电极电势和轻质等特点被认为是下一代高能量密度锂金属二次电池负极材料的最佳选择。然而,充放电循环中不均匀的锂沉积会导致严重的体积变化和大量的锂枝晶形成,从而影响了电池的库伦效率甚至会带来严重的安全隐患。为此,本文设计了一种亲锂的三维二硫化锡@碳纤维布复合基底材料,并作为集流体将其应用于金属锂电池上。一者,高比表面积的三维碳纤维骨架可以适应充放电过程中的体积变化并且有效地降低局部电流密度,从而确保锂的均匀沉积。二者,表面修饰的SnS2层在锂沉积过程中可以形成Li-Sn合金界面层,诱导锂的沉积并降低过电势。最终,实验结果表明:使用所制备的复合集流体与金属锂搭配组成的半电池可以在5 mA·cm^-2的高电流密度下以>98%的库伦效率稳定循环100周以上。此外,在承载10 mAh·cm^-2的金属锂后,复合的锂负极无论是在对称电池还是与磷酸铁锂组装成的实际电池中,均可以在高的电流密度下实现稳定的循环。我们相信这一复合的集流体构建策略对于设计安全稳定的锂金属电池或器件具有重要意义。     

担载纳米硅的锂-碳复合微球作为锂二次电池负极

金属锂由于其极高的理论比容量(3860mAh·g~(-1),2061mAh·cm~(-3))和低的还原电势(相对于标准氢电极(SHE)为-3.04 V)等特点,成为了高能量密度锂电池负极材料的极佳选择之一。从上个世纪七十年代开始,科研工作者便开始了金属锂负极的研究,然而,由于金属锂与电解液反应严重,镀锂过程体积膨胀大,且在循环中易生成枝晶,以金属锂为负极的电池循环稳定性差,而且容易短路从而带来安全隐患。因此金属锂做为锂电池负极的商业化推广最终没有成功。在本工作中,我们在前期设计的锂-碳纳米管复合微球(Li-CNT)中引入了纳米硅颗粒制备了硅颗粒担载的锂-碳复合球(LiCNT-Si)。实验发现,纳米硅颗粒的加入不仅提高了锂-碳复合微球的载锂量(10%(质量百分含量)的硅添加量使得比容量从2000 mAh·g~(-1)提高到2600 mAh·g~(-1)),降低了锂的沉积/溶解过电势,有利于引导锂离子回到复合微球内部沉积,大大提高了材料的循环稳定性。同时,担载了纳米硅颗粒的锂-碳复合球也继承了锂-碳复合微球循环过程中体积膨胀小,不长枝晶的优点。而且添加的纳米硅颗粒还填充了Li-CNT微球中的孔隙,减少了电解液渗入复合微球内部腐蚀里面的金属锂,进一步提高了材料的库仑效率。以添加10%硅的锂碳复合材料作为负极,与商用磷酸铁锂正极组成全电池,在常规酯类电解液中1C (0.7 mA·cm~(-2))条件下能稳定循环900圈以上,库仑效率为96.7%,大大高于同样条件下测得的Li-CNT复合材料(90.1%)和金属锂片(79.3%)的库仑效率。因此,这种通过简单的熔融浸渍法即可制备的,具有高的比容量和长的循环稳定性的锂硅-碳复合材料具有较大的潜能成为高能量密度电池的负极材料,尤其适用于锂硫、锂氧这种正极不含锂源的电池体系。     

稳定锂电化学沉积和溶解行为的LiC6异质微结构界面层

本文采用机械辊压方法在金属锂表面通过原位固相反应生成LiC₆异质微结构界面层,并研究了在碳酸酯有机电解液体系下该异质层对锂电化学沉积和溶解行为的影响。通过形貌表征与电化学测试发现,LiC₆异质层能够有效提升锂电化学沉积的可逆性与均匀性,从而抑制枝晶生长及维持沉积/溶解界面的稳定。使用异质层改性金属锂负极的扣式全电池也较纯金属锂负极体系表现出更为优异的循环稳定性。