空间受阻型Lewis酸碱对在小分子活化中的应用

作为一种新型的非金属有机催化剂,空间受阻型路易斯酸碱对由于具有的独特化学反应性,近年来在有机小分子活化和催化加氢领域的研究非常活跃。本文总结了近年来国外发表的有关空间受阻型路易斯酸碱对的研究报道,从其结构特征、有机小分子的活化、H₂活化机理的探讨及在催化领域应用的研究成果4个方面进行了详细的归纳整理。空间受阻型路易斯酸碱对对有机小分子的活化作用来源于其“分子间静电相互作用力”。这个在有机化学中早已熟知的概念却在2006年才被发现可活化有机小分子,并在之后受到广泛的关注。空间受阻型路易斯酸碱对化学的发展也扩展了有机化学反应研究的范畴,继续深入研究这种“分子间静电相互作用力”在其他未知领域的应用必将带来更大的发现。然而目前国内从事相关领域研究的报道很少,因此希望本文能够引起国内更多科研工作者对这个新兴领域产生研究兴趣。     

二氧化铈表面构建固体“受阻”Lewis酸碱对用于小分子活化（英文）

近年来,固体"受阻"Lewis酸碱对(FLP)在小分子活化领域受到了广泛的关注和研究。但是,在纳米材料表面构建FLP活性位仍然是一个挑战,并且因此限制了其广泛的应用。作为一种常见的催化剂或者功能性载体,二氧化铈(CeO_2)表面同时具有Lewis酸和碱性位点,以及大量容易调控的表面缺陷。当CeO_2表面的Lewis酸和碱性位点相互独立时,就有望形成类似于均相FLP活性位点。因此,具有丰富表面性质的纳米CeO_2展现极大的可能性去构建固体FLP活性位点。本论文综述了一种通过表面缺陷调控,在CeO_2(110)表面成功构建固体FLP的策略。在具有表面氧缺陷团簇的CeO_2表面能够成功构建一种由两个相连的Ce~(3+)组成的Lewis酸性位点;该酸性位点与氧缺陷团簇相邻的Lewis碱性的O原子,可以构建成一种新颖的FLP位点。该固体FLP活性位点可以实现H_2活化用于不饱和烷烃的加氢反应,也可以用于实现CO_2的活化,并且转化为环状碳酸脂。此外,该活性位点理论上可实现CH_4分子的活化。最后,该综述还总结了固体FLP发展中的挑战及前景。     

“受阻Lewis酸碱对”化学的研究进展

受阻Lewis酸碱对(Frustrated Lewis Pairs,FLPs)是一类具有特殊反应活性的Lewis酸碱对。自发现以来,FLPs受到了广泛关注并在许多领域崭露头角。本文对FLPs在不对称氢化、高分子聚合、CO_2催化还原等应用领域取得的突破进行了介绍;同时对过渡金属FLPs和FLPs配位的过渡金属催化体系进行了综述;最后对FLPs领域未来的发展前景进行了展望。     

CeO2(110)还原表面上受阻路易斯酸碱对在合成气直接转化中的作用(英文)

随着石油资源的日益枯竭,寻找非石油路线生产低碳烯烃的新途径显得十分重要.将天然气、煤以及生物质等经合成气(H₂和CO)转化为低碳烯烃是一条具有前景的路线.近年来,双功能氧化物-分子筛(OX-ZEO)催化剂催化合成气直接制备低碳烯烃引起了国内外的广泛关注.由于CO活化并生成中间物种与C-C偶联分别在氧化物和分子筛上发生, OX-ZEO过程突破了费托合成中ASF产物分布的限制,低碳烯烃选择性显著提高.虽然实验方面已经取得了大量进展,但是OX-ZEO过程仍然存在一些关键问题,特别是金属氧化物中氧空位的作用,以及关键中间体是乙烯酮或甲醇的反应机理仍然不清楚.因此,本文通过密度泛函理论(DFT)计算来解决上述两个问题,对典型的可还原金属氧化物CeO₂表面上的合成气直接转化进行了理论研究.计算结果表明, CeO₂(110)表面上的氧空位通过形成受阻路易斯酸碱对(FLP),在活化H₂和CO中起着关键作用.H₂在FLPs上经过异裂分解,形成与O原子结合的质子以及与Ce原子结合的氢负离子,其反应...     

“受阻路易斯酸碱对”催化的不对称氢化反应

不对称催化氢化反应在有机合成化学中占有重要地位,是获得光学活性化合物最有效的手段之一. 近五十年,过渡金属催化的不对称氢化反应得到了快速发展,取得了令人瞩目的成就. 相对而言,非金属催化不对称氢化研究刚刚起步,面临着诸多挑战性难题. “受阻路易斯酸碱对”是由大位阻路易斯酸和路易斯碱组成,由于位阻因素,它们不能形成传统的路易斯酸碱加合物,从而表现出一些特殊的性质和反应活性. 自2006年Stephan小组首次发现“受阻路易斯酸碱对”可逆活化氢气以来,它在氢气,二氧化碳,一氧化氮等小分子活化及催化氢化方面得到了广泛应用. 同时,也为非金属催化的不对称氢化反应提供了难得的机遇,并取得了一些重要研究进展. 本文从手性底物诱导和手性催化剂控制两方面介绍“受阻路易斯酸碱对”在不对称氢化反应中的研究成果,并对这一新兴领域未来的发展进行展望.     

“受阻路易斯酸碱对”催化的2,3-二取代2H-1,4-苯并噁嗪氢化反应机理研究

在受阻路易斯酸碱对（FLPs）催化的2，3-二取代2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪氢化反应中，3号位取代基不同会导致反应效率极大改变，因此我们选取反应活性具有较大差别的三种底物作为模型化合物对其反应机理进行了研究，建立了氢化反应势能面.发现当B（C₆F₅）₃与2，3-二苯基2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪或2-甲基-3-苯基2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪混合后，会形成FLPs与路易斯酸碱加合物的混合物.而将B（C₆F₅）₃与2，3-二甲基2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪混合后主要形成没有催化活性的路易斯酸碱加合物，因其能量低于FLPs，在催化体系中不容易转化为FLPs，这导致三种模型化合物在FLPs催化的氢化反应中效率不同.进一步的取代基电子效应及位阻效应计算表明：B（C₆F₅）₃与2-甲基-3-取代2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪混合后形成的路易斯酸碱加合物和FLPs化合物之间稳定性差别源于3位取代基空间位阻不同.     

预处理气氛对CuO/CeO_2/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂表面性质及“NO+CO”反应性能的影响(英文)

用不同的预处理气氛制备了CeO2/γ-Al2O3载体以调节表面Ce的价态,并以Cu(CH3COO)2为前驱体制备了CuCeAl催化剂。XRD和H2-TPR的结果表明在还原气氛下处理的CeO2/γ-Al2O3载体具有更多的活性氧原子,因此相应的CuCeAl催化剂表面有更多分散态的Cu2+/Cu+物种。NO+CO反应的结果表明分散态的Cu2+/Cu+是NO转化的活性物质,而Cu0在低温下具有较好的N2选择性。因此,同时含有分散态Cu2+/Cu+和少量晶相Cu0的催化剂具有最好的催化性能。     

预处理气氛对CuO/CeO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面性质及“NO+CO”反应性能的影响

用不同的预处理气氛制备了CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃载体以调节表面Ce的价态,并以Cu(CH₃COO)₂为前驱体制备了CuCeAl催化剂。XRD和H₂-TPR的结果表明在还原气氛下处理的CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃载体具有更多的活性氧原子,因此相应的CuCeAl催化剂表面有更多分散态的Cu²⁺/Cu⁺物种。NO+CO反应的结果表明分散态的Cu²⁺/Cu⁺是NO转化的活性物质,而Cu⁰在低温下具有较好的N₂选择性。因此,同时含有分散态Cu²⁺/Cu⁺和少量晶相Cu⁰的催化剂具有最好的催化性能。     

Asymmetric Catalysis with Chiral Frustrated Lewis Pairs

The chemistry of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) provides the most important approach for the metal‐free hydrogenation and hydrosilylations. Great progress has been achieved in this area for the past decade. Some promising results have also been obtained. This perspective article mainly focuses on the recent advances for the synthesis of chiral Lewis acidic boranes in category of three protocols, 1) hydroboration of chiral internal alkenes with Piers’ borane HB(C₆F₅)₂; 2) in situ hydroboration of chiral alkenes or alkynes without any purification; 3) and substitution reaction of (C₆F₅)_nBCl_3–n with chiral organometallic reagents, as well as their applications in the metal‐free asymmetric hydrogenations and hydrosilylations.

     

On the Mechanism of Hydrogen Activation by Frustrated Lewis Pairs

We report herein a comprehensive theoretical study of the thermodynamics and kinetics of molecular hydrogen activation by frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). A series of intermolecularly combined boranes (Lewis acids) and phosphines (Lewis bases), with experimentally established different reactivities towards H₂, have been subjected to DFT and (SCS‐)MP2 calculations, and analyzed in terms of their structural properties, the energetics of association of the FLPs, and the kinetics of their interactions with H₂ and hydrogenation to the ion‐pair products. The analysis included the following steps: 1) assessment of the ability/inability of the Lewis species to preorganize into FLPs with an optimum arrangement of the acid and base sites for preconditioning the reaction with H₂, 2) comprehension of the different thermodynamics of hydrogenation of the selected FLPs by comparing the Gibbs energies of the overall reactions, and 3) estimation of the mechanism of the activation of H₂ by identifying the reaction steps and the associated kinetic barriers. The results of our studies correlate well with experimental findings and have clarified the reasons for the observed different reactivities of the investigated systems, ranging from reversible or nonreversible activation to no reaction with H₂. The derived predictions could assist the future design of Lewis acid–base systems with desired properties and applicability as metal‐free hydrogenation catalysts.     

Platinum and Frustrated Lewis Pairs on Ceria as Dual-Active Sites for Efficient Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction at Low Temperatures

The low-temperature reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction faces the following obstacles: low activity and unsatisfactory selectivity. Herein, the dual-active sites of platinum (Pt) clusters and frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) on porous CeO₂ nanorods (Pt_cluster/PN−CeO₂) provide an interface-independent pathway to boost high performance RWGS reaction at low temperatures. Mechanistic investigations illustrate that Pt clusters can effectively activate and dissociate H₂. The FLP sites, instead of the metal and support interfaces, not only enhance the strong adsorption and activation of CO₂, but also significantly weaken CO adsorption on FLP to facilitate CO release and suppress the CH₄ formation. With the help of hydrogen spillover from Pt to PN−CeO₂, the Pt_cluster/PN−CeO₂ catalysts achieved a CO yield of 29.6 %, which is very close to the thermodynamic equilibrium yield of CO (29.8 %) at 350 °C. Meanwhile, the Pt_cluster/PN−CeO₂ catalysts delivered a large turnover frequency of 8720 h⁻¹. Moreover, Pt_cluster/PN−CeO₂ operated stably and continuously for at least 840 h. This finding provides a promising path toward optimizing the RWGS reaction.     

受阻路易斯酸碱对在高分子聚合上的应用

受阻路易斯酸碱对(frustrated Lewis pairs,FLPs)是大位阻的路易斯酸和大位阻的路易斯碱在溶液中受空间位阻因素影响而不能形成配位键所得到的组合。 在这种特殊的组合中,路易斯酸和路易斯碱未能被中和淬灭,依旧保持着的反应活性。 而当H₂等小分子靠近时,FLPs可以将H₂的化学键异裂,进而得到一个阳离子和一个阴离子。 这种独特的反应特性使得FLPs在催化加氢、小分子气体活化、烯烃聚合和开环聚合等方面展现出了一些具有新特性的研究思想和方法。 尤其是在烯烃聚合和开环聚合中,FLPs具有很强的催化活性。 本文简要介绍了FLPs的发展历史及其在小分子活化中的应用,并重点介绍了其在高分子催化领域中的应用。     

Design and Synthesis of Heterogeneous Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Hydrogenation: From Molecular Immobilization to Defects Engineering

The concept of “Frustrated Lewis pairs” (FLPs), which emerged from the discovery that H₂ can be reversibly activated by combinations of sterically encumbered Lewis acids and bases. Since then, the field of FLP chemistry has expanded enormously. One of the most remarkable achievements is the development of FLP catalysts for hydrogenation, which are environmentally friendly and have potential industrial application prospects. In recent years, this unique catalysis concept has pushed the study of FLP chemistry to a new direction: heterogeneous FLP catalysts. This review outlines the recent research progress of new strategies to design and synthesize heterogeneous FLPs for hydrogenation reaction, and prospects the development of novel heterogeneous FLP catalysts.     

Effects of Ionic Liquids on the Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Activation by Frustrated Lewis Pairs: A Density Functional Theory Study**

Nowadays, hydrogen activation by frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) and their applications are one of the emerging research topics in the field of catalysis. Previous studies have shown that the thermodynamics of this reaction is determined by electronic structures of FLPs and solvents. Herein, we investigated systems consisting of typical FLPs and ionic liquids (ILs), which are well known by their large number of types and excellent solvent effects. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to study the thermodynamics for H₂ activation by both inter- and intra-molecular FLPs, as well as the individual components. The results show that the computed overall Gibbs free energies in ILs are more negative than that computed in toluene. Through the thermodynamics partitioning, we find that ILs favor the H−H cleavage elemental step over the elemental steps of proton attachment, hydride attachment and zwitterionic stabilization. Moreover, the results show that these effects are strongly dependent on the type of FLPs, where intra-molecular FLPs are more affected compared to the inter-molecular FLPs.     

Activation of Carbon Dioxide by Silyl Triflate‐Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs

Silyl triflates of the form R_4?nSi(OTf)_n (n=1, 2; OTf=OSO₃CF₃) are shown to activate carbon dioxide when paired with bulky alkyl‐substituted Group 15 bases. Combinations of silyl triflates and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine react with CO₂ to afford silyl carbamates via a frustrated Lewis pair‐type mechanism. With trialkylphosphines, the silyl triflates R₃Si(OTf) reversibly bind CO₂ affording [R′₃P(CO₂)SiR₃][OTf] whereas when Ph₂Si(OTf)₂ is used one or two molecules of CO₂ can be sequestered. The latter bis‐CO₂ product is favoured at low temperatures and by excess phosphine.