用超临界气体抽提方法研究抚顺烟煤的组成和结构 Ⅱ.~1H-NMR和~(13)C-NMR对煤抽出物的分析

用~1H-NMR和~(13)C-NMR对超临界甲苯抽出物的芳香段分予以表征,结果表明,各芳香段分具有背缩芳核、联苯、芴、9,10-二氢蒽和二苯亚甲基及对应杂原子取代型开链结构。油段分的平均分子中含有约两个芳环,沥青质段分中含有3—8个,苯不溶部分含5—11个。油段分芳环上烷基的取代度为30%—49%,沥青质的段分为26%—35%,前沥青质的段分为22%—31%。在油段分中含有四氢萘结构,有些段分的结构中具有长烷基取代。     

塔河常压渣油沥青质含硫官能团形态与其性质的关系研究

以塔河常压渣油为原料,分离正庚烷沥青质,并将正庚烷沥青质分成三个极性不同的亚组分。测定沥青质亚组分的平均偶极矩,利用¹H-NMR谱关联得到沥青质平均结构参数以分析沥青质亚组分缔合性质,采用X射线吸收近边结构谱(XANES)表征沥青质亚组分中含硫官能团形态,分析硫原子存在形态对沥青质性质的影响。结果表明,随着沥青质亚组分极性降低,H/C原子比增大;沥青质极性增加,缔合性增强;沥青质中还原态硫主要以噻吩硫形式存在,其次为硫醚;亚砜、砜和磺酸盐是主要的含氧硫化物。噻吩、砜和磺酸盐等官能团的存在对沥青质性质具有影响,但对沥青质极性及缔合性的影响不明显,杂原子硫不是影响沥青质极性和缔合性的主导因素。     

煤沥青橡胶改质道路沥青老化研究：沥青质结构与官能团变化

利用1H-NMR核磁共振、VPO平均分子量以及IR光谱等分析方法,考察了煤沥青橡胶改质道路沥青中沥青质在老化过程中的结构与官能团变化。用B-L方法计算了沥青质平均结构参数。结果表明,沥青质是由6～7个缩合芳环构成,芳环四周仅含有极少的α、β侧链碳原子与少量N、O、S杂原子。比较老化过程中沥青质H分布与平均结构参数的变化,发现沥青质性质稳定。沥青质平均分子量的变化说明,在高温条件下老化时沥青质分子间发生缩聚反应。老化后羰基官能团的变化,表明沥青质分子间发生缔合作用。     

不同基属渣油正戊烷及正庚烷沥青质结构组成研究

采用SARA四组分分离方法得到石蜡基玉门常压渣油和环烷基马瑞常压渣油的C₅和C₇沥青质,结合¹H-NMR、FT-IR、VPO及元素分析等方法,对沥青质的结构组成和官能团形态进行表征,考察不同基属渣油沥青质以及不同沉淀剂所得沥青质的结构组成差异。结果表明,四种沥青质的官能团类型基本一致,但分子结构单元存在一定差异,相比于环烷基马瑞沥青质,石蜡基玉门沥青质的分子结构单元更大,芳碳分率较小,但H_AU/C_A值也较小,分子缩合程度更高;随沉淀剂碳链增长,沥青质收率减少(相同原料的正庚烷沥青质收率约为正戊烷沥青质的80%左右),H/C降低,平均相对分子量升高,C7沥青质具有更高的芳碳率f_A和更多的结构单元数。各类沥青质中均存在较多的饱和结构,饱和碳分率约为0.5。     

煤焦油重组分沥青质性质分析及对加氢裂化生焦影响的推测

从中/低温煤焦油中切取重组分,提取了重组分C7-沥青质,并以此重组分为原料进行了高压釜加氢实验,通过1H-NMR、XRD、FT-IR、SEM、元素分析和相对分子量测定等手段对重组分沥青质结构参数、官能团、表观形态等方面进行了分析,并将其与加氢过程中生焦情况进行了关联。结果表明,C7-沥青质基本结构单元以稠环芳烃为中心,周围分布少而短的侧链,侧链以小于3个碳的短直链正构烷基为主,相对分子量小,芳香片层没有堆积结构。O是该沥青质中氢键主要来源,大多分布在环氧烷烃和醚类结构中,外围的O数量低,分子间氢键更难形成,结构单元之间缔合性弱,沉积聚合慢而均匀。沥青质中短侧链不易断裂,在反应过程中产生的稠环芳烃自由基少,缩合能力小,使该馏分油生焦能力低,具有较高的加氢潜质。     

渣油中沥青质胶粒缔合状况初探

目前一般认为[1] ,石油中的沥青质的基本结构是以多个芳香环组成的稠合芳香环系为核心 ,周围连接有若干的环烷环 ,芳香环和环烷环上都还带有若干个长度不一的正构烷基侧链 ,其中还杂有各种含硫、氮、氧的基团 ,同时还会络合钒、铁等金属。这种以一个稠合的芳香环系为核心的结构是组成胶质或沥青质的基本单元。大量研究表明 ,沥青质由若干个这类单元结构组成 ,以缔合状态存在 ,渣油及其沥青质的分子量都随测定所用溶剂的极性不同而变化 ,在弱极性有机溶剂中所测得的分子量较大 ,在强极性的有机溶剂中所测得的分子量偏小。初步研究表明 ,沥青…     

渣油重组分沥青质结构分析及其对临氢热反应过程生焦的影响

以塔河常压渣油(THAR)为原料,正己烷为溶剂分离获得重组分C6-沥青质及其脱沥青油,并将所得沥青质回调至脱沥青油中配制成不同沥青质含量的渣油,以此为原料进行了高压釜临氢热反应实验。首先利用元素分析、1H-NM R及13CNM R、GPC分子量测定、FT-IR、XRD及SEM对沥青质的分子结构参数、官能团、晶体结构及表面形貌进行了分析研究。结果表明,该沥青质芳环侧链中长链部分较少且支链化程度较高,并以甲基、乙基、丙基结构为主,其芳香度fA高达0.57,芳环缩合程度及芳香片层结构较大,且芳香环系同时存在迫位缩合和渺位缩合的结构,已经形成连接致密的高芳香度结构。鉴于沥青质结构的复杂性,考察了其含量对临氢热反应过程的影响,结果表明,随着沥青质含量的增加,渣油的转化率逐渐增加,当沥青质含量超过5.12%时,其转化率的增加以快速生成焦炭为代价。另外,渣油中长链脂碳含量f3C与轻质油收率存在一定规律性,即随着f3C增加,轻质油收率先增加后趋于平缓,而残炭值、芳香度fA与焦炭收率表现出良好的线性关系。     

小龙潭褐煤加氢液化及其重质产物结构表征

研究了小龙潭(XLT)褐煤直接加氢液化性能,并利用元素分析、红外光谱和荧光光谱法对液化重质产物沥青烯(AS)和前沥青烯(PA)结构进行了分析表征。结果表明,XLT褐煤液化活性高,FeS催化415 ℃时液化转化率最高达到89.6%,其液化过程主要是煤大分子结构热解并脱氧。所得AS和PA的芳环结构单元类似于原煤,氧主要以羟基和芳香酮羰基形式存在。PA具有"列岛"(archipelago)式大分子结构特征,芳香结构含量明显大于AS。THF溶液中,PA缔合作用显著强于AS,尤其在稀溶液中PA存在一定的分子内缔合。较高温度下所得PA和AS中芳香结构含量高,缔合作用强。     

重质油胶体聚集结构的耗散粒子动力学模拟

重质油是以沥青质为胶核分散于饱和油分中形成的极其复杂的胶体体系.本文采用耗散粒子动力学(DPD)方法研究重质油的胶体结构及其影响因素.根据重质油各组分的分子结构特征,构建了描述重质油组分的粗粒化模型化合物.模拟结果表明,本文构建的粗粒化模型能很好地反映重质油的胶体聚集结构.沥青质分子结构对胶体聚集结构有序性有显著影响,较高稠合程度的芳香环结构将使胶束结构有较高的有序性,烷基侧链则表现出分散作用.重质油中的胶质具有胶溶作用,胶质与沥青质的浓度比存在一个极限,当小于这个极限时,重质油将出现聚沉.     

钌离子催化氧化法研究大港减压渣油组分化学结构

利用钌离子催化氧化方法对大港减压渣油芳香分、胶质和庚烷沥青质进行了选择性降解，通过GC、GC-MS等分析手段对降解反应产物中一元正构脂肪酸、α,ω-二元正构脂肪酸和苯二～六元羧酸的含量和分布分别进行了定量分析。结果表明，芳香分、胶质和庚烷沥青质中的芳香结构上都存在大量烷基取代基和桥接不同芳碳的聚亚甲基桥。烷基取代基碳数最大约为33，聚亚甲基桥最大碳数约为24，而且这两种结构单元的含量均随碳数的增加而减少，并呈现出了偶碳优势。庚烷沥青质C12以下侧链相对较多而C16＋较少，与芳香分的分布相反；正构烷基侧链的浓度按庚烷沥青质、胶质和芳香分的顺序递减。降解产物中都检测到了苯二甲酸到苯六甲酸等一系列的苯多酸，表明三个组分中都存在稠环芳香结构。庚烷沥青质中缩合程度较高的迫位缩合结构含量最高，芳香分渺位缩合结构最多，胶质介于两者之间。     

石油胶质结构性质的量子化学研究

采用量子化学AM1方法对石油胶质进行了优化计算，得到石油胶质单层结构SG、双层结构DG和三层结构TG的优化构型和分子间作用能。结果表明，石油胶质的稠环芳烃和脂环部分大体为平面结构，支链部分也伸展在平面上。分子中稠环、脂环和侧链中的C—C键长均分别比单独苯环、脂肪环和烷烃的C—C键短。侧链中的C—C键比芳环和脂环的C—C键弱，在催化剂的作用下将优先裂解。重叠形成DG和TG后，键长、键角和电荷略有变化。胶质分子的极性基团间存在氢键作用，DG和TG分子间的作用能分别为－22.8416kJ/mol和－43.8455kJ/mol。双层胶质DG和三层胶质TG结构的体积较大，难以扩散到分子筛催化剂的孔道内。     

DPD Molecular Simulations of Asphaltene Adsorption on Hydrophilic Substrates: Effects of Polar Groups and Solubility

Adsorption of asphaltenes onto a polar substrate (e.g., a mineral) was modeled with dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations, using continental asphaltene models. The adsorption mechanisms in 10–20% wt, of asphaltene in toluene/ heptane solutions were studied (well above the solubility limit). The structure in the adsorbed layer was highly sensitive to the presence of polar groups in the alkyl side chains and heteroatom content in the aromatic ring structure. Four types of asphaltene models were used: completely apolar (zero adsorption), apolar chains and polar heteroatoms, polar chains and no heteroatoms, and polar chains and heteroatoms (maximum adsorption). One hundred asphaltene monomers were distributed homogeneously in the solvent initially, in a ～(10 nm)³ domain.

Asphaltene monomers adsorbed irreversibly on the substrate via the polar group in the side chains, resulting in an average perpendicular orientation of the aromatic rings relative to the substrate. More frequent π–π stacking of the aromatic rings occurred for less solubility (more heptane), as in aggregates. With apolar side chains, only the heteroatoms in the aromatic ring structure had affinity to the substrate, but the ring plane did not have any preferred direction.

An important finding is that the aromatic ring assemblies “shielded” the substrate and polar groups that were anchored to the substrate, resulting in an effective non-polar surface layer seen by asphaltenes in the bulk, leading to much lower adsorption probability of the remaining asphaltenes. This “adsorption termination” effect leads to mono-layer formation. Continued adsorption with multilayering and reversible nanoaggregate adsorption occurred when both side chains in the model asphaltene (located on opposite sides of the aromatic sheet) contained polar groups, with a higher probability of exposing further polar groups to the bulk asphaltene. The general conclusion is that the number and position of the polar groups in side chains determine to a large degree the adsorption and aggregation behavior/efficiency of (continental) asphaltenes, in line with experimental evidence. The heteroatoms in the aromatic ring structure plays a more passive role in this context, only by providing organization via more π–π stacking in the adsorbed layer, and in aggregates.     

神华长焰煤大分子结构特征的研究

利用ASE 350型超声快速溶剂抽提仪,在高温高压下对神华长焰煤(SH)进行二硫化碳/N-甲基吡咯烷酮(CS₂/NMP)混合溶剂抽提,抽提率约为25%(质量分数)。将得到的抽提残渣(SHC)进行钌离子催化氧化(RICO)降解反应,并对产物进行了离子色谱(IC)检测和以四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAH,25%甲醇溶液)为衍生化试剂的热辅助-在线甲酯化后的气质联用仪(GC-MS)检测分析。结果表明,神华长焰煤大分子结构中含有C_2~28烷基侧链,C_2~22的连接芳环的烷基桥链,有相对较多的醚键链接的芳环结构存在,芳环缩合程度相对较低(主要以含有2~4个苯环的共轭结构为主),有较多的醚键链接的芳环结构及羟基(-OH)、羰基(=C=O)和甲氧基(-OCH₃)等形式含氧基团以及含硫和氮等杂原子化合物的存在。     

石油沥青质的NMR测定及其模型分子推测

从6种不同原油中分离提取了正己烷不溶的沥青质，测定了沥青质的1H NMR(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)和13C NMR谱，从不同类型氢和碳原子的质量分数计算得到了一系列平均结构参数，结合相对分子质量测定和元素分析，给出了沥青质基本结构单元的平均分子式，推测了模型分子的结构。结果表明，沥青质的基本结构单元可以用稠环芳烃连接环烷烃和烷基侧链并含氧、氮和硫等杂原子的单元表示，结构单元之间形成缔合体，缔合数为4～6。     

Polyoxyalkylenated amines for breaking water-in-oil emulsions: effect of structural variations on the demulsification efficiency

In the present work, different aliphatic and aromatic amines were ethoxylated after a previous propoxylation (PPPEA) with different degrees of propoxylation and ethoxylation in order to obtain polymeric surfactants having different hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) values. The influence of the structural variations in the prepared PPPEA on their efficiency as demulsifiers for water-in-oil emulsions was investigated. Synthetic water-in-benzene emulsions stabilized by petroleum asphaltenes was utilized for the completion of this study. The actual propylene oxide (PO)–ethylene oxide (EO) ratios of the PPPEA under investigation was elucidated via ¹H NMR spectroscopy. It was found that each demulsifier practices a maximum demulsification efficiency at an optimum concentration. At this concentration, the demulsifiers’ molecules were believed to form a monolayer by adsorbance at the benzene–water interface. The influences of the number of aromatic rings in the molecule, the degree of substitution in the aromatic rings, the number of amine groups, the number of PO–EO chains and HLB on the demulsification efficiency were accomplished. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A DPD study of asphaltene aggregation: The role of inhibitor and asphaltene structure in diffusion-limited aggregation

The kinetic effects of DBSA (dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid) and a linear amphihile on asphaltene aggregation was investigated, using dissipative particle dynamics molecular simulations. The simulation results indicated that without inhibitor, diffusion-limited asphaltene aggregation can be initiated by a kinetic/diffusive capture process between polar side chain groups rather than by interaction between polyaromatic rings. The most likely reason for this is that the side chains have higher diffusive mobility than the more massive aromatic ring structures. The DBSA acidic head groups adhered to the asphaltene side chain polar groups (the basic functional groups), resulting in lowered mobility of the side chain/DBSA complexes, thereby suppressing asphaltene aggregation initiation. A more mobile amphiphilic inhibitor without the aromatic ring gave a higher asphaltene aggregation rate. Adsorption of asphaltenes on a solid surface was suppressed with DBSA, due to an adsorbed mono-layer of DBSA that occupied a significant fraction of the surface area.     

煤中有机硫形态结构和热解过程硫变迁特性的研究

利用热解 质谱并结合固定床热解反应装置，对煤中有机硫的形态主其对加氢热解过程 变迁特性的影响，进行了较系统的研究。结果表明，煤中有机硫的形态结构在褐煤中主要以脂肪族、芳香族硫化物为主，而在 煤中则主要以各种不同芳构化程度的噻吩结构为主，初步表明煤中有机硫形态结构随煤变质程度的变迁呈较强的连续递变性。煤热解过程中硫在呼产物中的变迁和分布与煤中有机硫的形态结构特点密切相关。较高芳构化噻吩结构不完全的氧     

Melting and glass transitions in paraffinic and naphthenic oils

Naphthenic and paraffinic oils were analyzed by modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). The results showed several improvements in the analysis of thermal properties when compared with standard DSC. The glass transition temperature (T_g), the enthalpy relaxation at T_g, and the melting endotherms could be deconvoluted, and reversible melting could be identified. This allowed for an easier interpretation of the thermal properties of the oils. With MDSC, the T_gs in mineral oils were found to coincide with endothermic enthalpy relaxation, which is generally regarded as a melting endotherm with standard DSC. A decrease in heat capacity after T_g was attributed to the existence of rigid amorphous material. From Δc_p at T_g and the oil molecular weight, the number of repeat units in the oil chains was estimated at less than 20. The T_g of a hypothetical pure aromatic oil was found to be similar to that for petroleum asphaltenes, and that for a naphthenic oil of infinite molecular weight to be similar to that of petroleum resins.     

经酸洗和碱洗处理的伊犁煤焦油的光谱学分析

煤焦油中所含杂质,尤其是不溶物或交联结构极易造成煤焦油深加工设备的堵塞,从而影响煤焦油加工产品的质量.对煤焦油进行净化处理,脱除其所含原生杂质有利于深加工工艺的平稳运行.为此,对新疆伊犁地区产中温煤焦油分别进行酸洗和碱洗处理,以除去煤焦油的部分不溶组分、净化其组成;同时采用核磁共振谱仪和红外光谱仪研究了经酸洗、碱洗处理前后煤焦油相关结构参数的变化.结果表明,分别经酸洗、碱洗处理后,煤焦油的芳碳率均明显减小,而脂碳率相对增加;且碱处理后脂碳率的增加更为显著.经酸洗处理后,焦油芳烃化合物中的缩合芳香核上连接的烷基侧链明显减少,烷氧基发生部分转化或降解,羧基或羰基部分相对含量有所增加,而碱处理后羧基或羰基部分相对含量增加值较为显著.就煤焦油复杂成分的净化而言,碱洗处理效果更好.