利用高分辨X射线衍射技术计算铝镓氮外延膜的晶格参数

利用高分辨X射线衍射（HRXRD）技术对在蓝宝石衬底上用金属有机化学气相沉积（MOCVD）方法生长的Al组分含量为0.63的AlGaN外延膜进行晶格参数的精确计算.通过对Al0.63Ga0.37N的对称晶面和非对称晶面进行ω/2θ扫描,以及对零点误差和晶面间距的修正,能够计算得到六方晶系Al0.63Ga0.37N外延膜的水平晶格常数a和垂直晶格常数c分别为0.31301 nm和0.50596 nm.通过对各种影响因素的分析和校正,可以得出二者的测量偏差分别为0.00001 nm和0.00002 nm.     

客体分子所处晶穴结构不同对甲烷水合物稳定性的影响

采用分子动力学方法模拟了SⅠ型甲烷水合物受热分解微观过程,并对水合物分解过程中不同晶穴结构内客体分子对甲烷水合物稳定性的作用进行了研究.通过最终构象、均方位移和势能等性质的变化规律对分别缺失大晶穴和小晶穴中客体分子的2种水合物体系随模拟温度升高稳定性的变化进行了分析.模拟结果显示,随温度的上升,水合物稳定性逐渐下降直至彻底分解;而水合物分解速度与2种晶穴各自部分晶穴占有率相关,不能简单的通过整体晶穴占有率表示.对比相同注热过程中2种水合物体系分解状况,发现位于大晶穴内的客体分子对水合物稳定性影响更大,缺失大晶穴内客体分子的水合物更容易随温度升高而分解.     

利用高分辨X射线衍射仪表征GaN薄膜的结构特性

使用高分辨X射线衍射法(HRXRD)对金属有机物化学气相沉积(MOCVD)外延生长GaN薄膜进行微结构表征.首先采用绝对测量法精确测试了GaN薄膜的晶格常数,由此获得该GaN薄膜的应变与弛豫的信息.采用面内掠入射(IP-GID)法测定了GaN薄膜的位错密度以及位错扭转角.     

气体分子对甲烷水合物稳定性的影响

通过B3LYP方法, 在6-31G(d,p)水平下, 分别优化了结构I型甲烷水合物十二面体和十四面体晶穴结构. 结果表明, CH4分子使晶穴的相互作用能降低, 增强了晶穴的稳定性. 计算了晶穴中甲烷分子C—H键的对称伸缩振动频率, 计算结果与实验值相符合. 研究发现CH4分子影响晶穴中氧原子的电荷分布, 从而增强了氢键的稳定性. 通过分子动力学方法研究水合物晶胞中气体分子的占有率对水合物稳定性的影响, 进一步说明气体分子对水合物晶穴稳定性的重要作用.     

那格列奈的多晶型与溶解度

分别对那格列奈B, H和S三种晶型的溶解度、溶解热进行了测定和计算. 结果表明: 那格列奈的S晶型与临床使用的H晶型溶解度均明显大于B晶型. B, H和S三种晶型的溶解热分别为42.84, 28.44 和29.14 kJ•mol^－1. 此外, 我们还新发现了不同于B, H, S晶型的X2晶型, 并且制备出了无定型的那格列奈.     

β-环糊精与系列无机盐分子-离子加合物的粉末X射线衍射分析(英文)

糖类物质和无机盐之间的分子-离子相互作用无论是在生物物理学还是在生物化学方面都有很重要的意义.本文利用粉末X射线衍射法(PXRD)来考察β-环糊精(β-CD)与一系列无机盐加合物之间的分子-离子相互作用.结果显示,同系无机盐与β-CD加合物的PXRD谱之间存在着微妙的差异性.这些PXRD谱主要反映β-CD的堆积方式,因此,它们的差异性揭示了分子-离子相互作用的多样性与复杂性.造成PXRD谱差异性的影响因素包括制备条件、阴离子和阳离子的性质、离子电荷等.由糖和盐之间的分子-离子相互作用所诱导的结晶行为多样性将为碳水化合物在生物物理、分子生物学、临床医学、纳米科学与技术等方面的学术与应用研究提供重要的启示.     

罗丹明B-β-环糊精衍生物探针型主-客体分子相互识别作用的研究

应用光谱法研究了生物大分子探针型主体分子罗丹明B一β-环糊精衍生物与DNA的相互作用及温度对该探针特性的影响.探讨了相应的主体分子与DNA分子相互作用的方式、嵌插作用能力大小以及温度对主体分子含客体分子时的影响．进一步研究了探针型主一客体分子相互识别作用及作用能力的大小．探讨了主一客体分子相互识别作用的机制．     

电结晶制〔Co/Pt〕_n(n≥50)超晶格的研究

用电结晶法制取了〔Ｃｏ（２．５ｎｍ）／Ｐｔ（２．５ｎｍ）〕ｎ（ｎ＝５０）超晶格．通过控制过电位以控制多层膜的生长．应用了具有高空间实分解能的反射电子显微镜法（ＲＥＭ）直接观察Ｐｔ（Ⅲ）面上的原子台阶以及在Ｐｔ（Ⅲ）上的Ｃｏ的生长方式,发现在高过电位Ｅ＝－１．１５Ｖ（ｖｓ．Ｈｇ／Ｈｇ２ＳＯ４）下Ｃｏ以三维生长方式成膜．用小角度Ｘ射线衍射法证实在Ｐｔ（Ⅲ）面上确实形成了人工超晶格,其周期ｄ＝５ｎｍ．     

层状钙钛矿型氧化物BaYb_xMn_(1-x)O_3的制备与结构分析

以BaCO_3,MnCO_3和Yb_2O_3为原料,采用传统固相烧结法,在1300 ℃下合成了两种新的化合物12R-Ba_4YbMn_3O_(11.5)和10H-Ba_5YbMn_4O_(14.5).用X射线能谱(EDS)微区成分分析和氧化还原滴定法确定两种化合物的化学式,用选区电子衍射(SAED)以及粉末X射线衍射Rietveld结构精修等手段分析测定了对化合物的晶体结构.12R-Ba_4YbMn_3O_(11.5)的空间群为R-3m,晶胞参数为a=0.578 nm,c=2.850 nm;10H-Ba5 YbMn_4O_(14.5)的空间群为P63/mmc,晶胞参数为a=0.575 nm,C=2.377 nm.     

环四甲撑四硝胺/1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯共晶炸药的分子模拟研究

构建环四甲撑四硝胺 (HMX) /1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6三硝基苯 (TATB)不同的共晶结构模型,用分子动力学(MD)模拟得到其平衡结构。基于平衡结构进行X射线粉末衍射（XRD）图谱模拟和能量计算。结果表明,与纯组分相比,HMX/TATB共晶结构的X射线粉末衍射图与主成分HMX相似,并均有新峰出现;TATB在HMX表面自由能最高、生长速率最慢的 (0 1 1) 晶面上发生取代后的能量最低,结构最稳定,据此推测在制备HMX/TATB共晶炸药过程中,TATB分子更容易进入HMX自由能高的晶面,得到结构稳定的共晶而使HMX变得更为钝感。     

Abnormal Thermal Expansion of Clathrate Hydrates Induced by Asymmetric Guest Molecules

We investigated for the first time the abnormal thermal expansion induced by an asymmetric guest structure using high‐resolution neutron powder diffraction. Three dihydrogen molecules (H₂, D₂, and HD) were tested to explore the guest dynamics and thermal behavior of hydrogen‐doped clathrate hydrates. We confirmed the restricted spatial distribution and doughnut‐like motion of the HD guest in the center of anisotropic sII‐S (sII‐S=small cages of structure II hydrates). However, we failed to observe a mass‐dependent relationship when comparing D₂ with HD. The use of asymmetric guest molecules can significantly contribute to tuning the cage dimension and thus can improve the stable inclusion of small gaseous molecules in confined cages.     

Tuning the Composition of Guest Molecules in Clathrate Hydrates: NMR Identification and Its Significance to Gas Storage

Gas hydrates represent an attractive way of storing large quantities of gas such as methane and carbon dioxide, although to date there has been little effort to optimize the storage capacity and to understand the trade‐offs between storage conditions and storage capacity. In this work, we present estimates for gas storage based on the ideal structures, and show how these must be modified given the little data available on hydrate composition. We then examine the hypothesis based on solid‐solution theory for clathrate hydrates as to how storage capacity may be improved for structure II hydrates, and test the hypothesis for a structure II hydrate of THF and methane, paying special attention to the synthetic approach used. Phase equilibrium data are used to map the region of stability of the double hydrate in P–T space as a function of the concentration of THF. In situ high‐pressure NMR experiments were used to measure the kinetics of reaction between frozen THF solutions and methane gas, and ¹³C MAS NMR experiments were used to measure the distribution of the guests over the cage sites. As known from previous work, at high concentrations of THF, methane only occupies the small cages in structure II hydrate, and in accordance with the hypothesis posed, we confirm that methane can be introduced into the large cage of structure II hydrate by lowering the concentration of THF to below 1.0 mol %. We note that in some preparations the cage occupancies appear to fluctuate with time and are not necessarily homogeneous over the sample. Although the tuning mechanism is generally valid, the composition and homogeneity of the product vary with the details of the synthetic procedure. The best results, those obtained from the gas–liquid reaction, are in good agreement with thermodynamic predictions; those obtained for the gas–solid reaction do not agree nearly as well.     

The Minimal Occupancy Level of the Clathrate Hydrate Host Lattice and the Intercalation Heat of the Guest Molecules in the Chlorine Hydrates

The minimal occupancy level (θ_min) of the clathrate lattice of gas molecules is defined as the number of guest molecules in the host clathrate lattice, which can stabilize the thermodynamically unstable empty cage by covering the energy demand of the transformation of hexagonal ice into empty clathrate lattice (ΔH_trans). The θ_min values for chlorine hydrate were determined from the n = f(p)_T=const. relationship and the average molar intercalation heat of chlorine in the type I clathrate lattice was also calculated for both type of cavities.     

ANN原子参数法预报合金相晶型及晶格常数

运用人工神经网络方法，以二元合金组成元素的电子结构为基本特征，对二元合金相晶型作了区分，进一步对其晶格常数作了预报，结果令人满意。     

Role of the Crystal Lattice Constants and Band Structures in the Optoelectronic Spectra of CdGa2S4 by DFT Approaches

The electronical and optical properties of CdGa₂S₄ under high pressures were studied using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP‐LAPW) method within the GGA and mBJ exchange correlation potentials from 0.0 to 16.92 GPa. The obtained results show that the lattice constants, bandgap values, and optoelectronic properties are sensitive to applied external pressures. The mBJ results indicate that the bandgap increases and the static dielectric constants decrease with increasing the pressure. The two none zero dielectric tensor components show considerable anisotropy between the perpendicular and parallel components. The maximum absorption for x direction in all pressures takes place in vacuum UV region. Also, the plasma frequency shifts to the higher energies with increasing the pressure for application in optical devices. The calculated results by mBJ are in close agreement with the experimental values.     

Theoretical Investigation of the Fusion Process of Mono-Cages to Tri-Cages with CH4/C2H6 Guest Molecules in sI Hydrates

Owing to a stable and porous cage structure, natural gas hydrates can store abundant methane and serve as a potentially natural gas resource. However, the microscopic mechanism of how hydrate crystalline grows has not been fully explored, especially for the structure containing different guest molecules. Hence, we adopt density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the fusion process of structure I hydrates with CH₄/C₂H₆ guest molecules from mono-cages to triple-cages. We find that the volume of guest molecules affects the stabilities of large (5¹²6², L) and small (5¹², s) cages, which are prone to capture C₂H₆ and CH₄, respectively. Mixed double cages (small cage and large cage) with the mixed guest molecules have the highest stability and fusion energy. The triangular triple cages exhibit superior stability because of the three shared faces, and the triangular mixed triple cages (large-small-large) structure with the mixed guest molecules shows the highest stability and fusion energy in the triple-cage fusion process. These results can provide theoretical insights into the growth mechanism of hydrates with other mono/mixed guest molecules for further development and application of these substances.     

客体小分子在超分子有机凝胶体系中的扩散释放

采用二(4-硬脂酰胺基苯基)甲烷(BSAPM)为凝胶剂制备了含有小分子水杨酸和若丹明B的1,1,2-三氯乙烷(TCE)超分子有机凝胶. 以超分子有机凝胶作为主体, 客体小分子水杨酸和若丹明B可轻微降低超分子有机凝胶的相转变温度(T_GS). 用紫外-可见光度法研究了超分子凝胶中两种客体小分子在静态下的扩散释放. 结果表明其释放率随凝胶剂浓度的增加而降低. 客体小分子的体积大小对其释放有明显的影响, 分子体积较大的若丹明B的释放率低于分子体积较小的水杨酸. 另外, 若丹明B的扩散系数也低于水杨酸, 且随凝胶剂浓度的增加, 这种趋势更为明显. 两种客体分子的累积释放率与时间的平方根成良好的线性关系, 符合Higuchi方程, 属扩散控制的Fickian释放机理.     

Advances in the Study of Gas Hydrates by Dielectric Spectroscopy

The influence of kinetic hydrate inhibitors on the process of natural gas hydrate nucleation was studied using the method of dielectric spectroscopy. The processes of gas hydrate formation and decomposition were monitored using the temperature dependence of the real component of the dielectric constant ε′(T). Analysis of the relaxation times τ and activation energy ΔE of the dielectric relaxation process revealed the inhibitor was involved in hydrogen bonding and the disruption of the local structures of water molecules.     

Effect of Guest–Host Hydrogen Bonding on the Structures and Properties of Clathrate Hydrates

To provide improved understanding of guest–host interactions in clathrate hydrates, we present some correlations between guest chemical structures and observations on the corresponding hydrate properties. From these correlations it is clear that directional interactions such as hydrogen bonding between guest and host are likely, although these have been ignored to greater or lesser degrees because there has been no direct structural evidence for such interactions. For the first time, single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography has been used to detect guest–host hydrogen bonding in structure II (sII) and structure H (sH) clathrate hydrates. The clathrates studied are the tert‐butylamine (tBA) sII clathrate with H₂S/Xe help gases and the pinacolone + H₂S binary sH clathrate. X‐ray structural analysis shows that the tBA nitrogen atom lies at a distance of 2.64 Å from the closest clathrate hydrate water oxygen atom, whereas the pinacolone oxygen atom is determined to lie at a distance of 2.96 Å from the closest water oxygen atom. These distances are compatible with guest–water hydrogen bonding. Results of molecular dynamics simulations on these systems are consistent with the X‐ray crystallographic observations. The tBA guest shows long‐lived guest–host hydrogen bonding with the nitrogen atom tethered to a water HO group that rotates towards the cage center to face the guest nitrogen atom. Pinacolone forms thermally activated guest–host hydrogen bonds with the lattice water molecules; these have been studied for temperatures in the range of 100–250 K. Guest–host hydrogen bonding leads to the formation of Bjerrum L‐defects in the clathrate water lattice between two adjacent water molecules, and these are implicated in the stabilities of the hydrate lattices, the water dynamics, and the dielectric properties. The reported stable hydrogen‐bonded guest–host structures also tend to blur the longstanding distinction between true clathrates and semiclathrates.     

Numerical Simulation on the Dissociation,Formation, and Recovery of Gas Hydrates on Microscale Approach

Investigations into the structures of gas hydrates, the mechanisms of formation, and dissociation with modern instruments on the experimental aspects, including Raman, X-ray, XRD, X-CT, MRI, and pore networks, and numerical analyses, including CFD, LBM, and MD, were carried out. The gas hydrate characteristics for dissociation and formation are multi-phase and multi-component complexes. Therefore, it was important to carry out a comprehensive investigation to improve the concept of mechanisms involved in microscale porous media, emphasizing micro-modeling experiments, 3D imaging, and pore network modeling. This article reviewed the studies, carried out to date, regarding conditions surrounding hydrate dissociation, hydrate formation, and hydrate recovery, especially at the pore-scale phase in numerical simulations. The purpose of visualizing pores in microscale sediments is to obtain a robust analysis to apply the gas hydrate exploitation technique. The observed parameters, including temperature, pressure, concentration, porosity, saturation rate, and permeability, etc., present an interrelationship, to achieve an accurate production process method and recovery of gas hydrates.