等浓度的氯化铵和硫酸铵溶液哪个pH高

有中学化学参考资料题:0.10 mol/L的NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4溶液哪个pH值高?这似乎是个中学生可做的简单题目,仔细考虑不是如此.如果简单地认为盐酸和硫酸都是强酸,而硫酸是二元酸,硫酸铵溶液中铵盐浓度为0.20 mol/L,那么NH4Cl溶液pH高,那是不妥的.硫酸是二元酸,第一个氢离子能完全电离,第二个氢离子部分电离,如此考虑情况怎么样呢?是不是答案发生变化?这要通过计算来说明.     

Enhanced efficiency and stability in Sn-based perovskite solar cells with secondary crystallization growth

The conversion efficiencies reported for Tin(Sn)halide-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)fall a large gap behind those of lead halide-based PSCs,mainly because of poor film quality of the former.Here we report an efficient strategy based on a simple secondary crystallization growth(SCG)technique to improve film quality for tin halide-based PSCs by applying a series of functional amine chlorides on the perovskite surface.They were discovered to enhance the film crystallinity and suppress the oxidation of Sn²⁺remarkably,hence reduce trap state density and non-irradiative recombination in the absorber films.Furthermore,the SCG film holds the band levels matching better with carrier transport layers and herein favoring charge extraction at the device interfaces.Consequently,a champion device efficiency of 8.07% was achieved alo ng with significant enhancements in VOC and JSC,in contrast to 5.35% of the control device value.Moreover,the SCG film-based devices also exhibit superior stability comparing with the control one.This work explicitly paves a novel and general strategy for developing high performance lead-free PSCs.     

Energy level engineering of charge selective contact and halide perovskite by modulating band offset:Mechanistic insights

Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO₂ and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron and hole transport layer(ETL/HTL)respectively.The inevitable interfacial recombination of charge carriers at ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTL interface diminished the efficiency in planar(n-i-p)perovskite solar cells.By employing computational approach for uni-dimensional device simulator,the effect of band offset on charge recombination at both interfaces was investigated.We noted that it acquired cliff structure when the conduction band minimum of the ETL was lower than that of the perovskite,and thus maximized interfacial recombination.However,if the conduction band minimum of ETL is higher than perovskite,a spike structure is formed,which improve the performance of solar cell.An optimum value of conduction band offset allows to reach performance of 25.21%,with an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 1231 mV,a current density JSC of 24.57 mA/cm² and a fill factor of 83.28%.Additionally,we found that beyond the optimum offset value,large spike structure could decrease the performance.With an optimized energy level of Spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness of mixed-perovskite layer performance of 26.56% can be attained.Our results demonstrate a detailed understanding about the energy level tuning between the charge selective layers and perovskite and how the improvement in PV performance can be achieved by adjusting the energy level offset.     

Recent Advances of Pure Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials for Bioimaging Applications

Bioimaging,as a powerful and helpful tool,which allows people to investigate deeply within living organisms,has contributed a lot for both clinical theranostics and scientific research.Pure organic room temperature phosphorescence(RTP)materials with the unique features of ultralong luminescence lifetime and large Stokes shift,can efficiently avoid biological autofluorescence and scattered light through a time-resolved imaging modality,and thus are attracting increasing attention.This review classifies pure organic RTP materials into three categories,including small molecule RTP materials,polymer RTP materials and supramolecular RTP materials,and summarizes the recent advances of pure organic RTP materials for bioimaging applications.     

A new strategy to access Co/N co-doped carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs),as one-dimensional nanomaterials,show great potential in energy conversion and storage due to their efficient electrical conductivity and mass transfer.However,the security risks,time-consuming and high cost of the preparation process hinder its further application.Here,we develop that a negative pressure rather than a following gas environment can promote the generation of cobalt and nitrogen co-doped CNTs(Co/N-CNTs) by using cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF-67) as a precursor,in which the negative pressure plays a key role in adjusting the size of cobalt nanoparticles and stimulating the rearragement of carbon atoms for forming CNTs.Importantly,the obtained Co/N-CNTs,with high content of pyridinic nitrogen and abundant graphitized structure,exhibit superior catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) with half-wave potential(E_1/2) of 0.85 V and durability in terms of the minimum current loss(2%) after the 30,000 s test.Our development provides a new pathway for large-scale and cost-effective preparation of metal-doped CNTs for various applications.     

Stabilizing High-voltage Cathode Materials for Next-generation Li-ion Batteries

The pressing demand for high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries requires the deployment of cathode materials with higher capacity and output voltage.Despite more than ten years of research,high-voltage cathode mate-rials,such as high-voltage layered oxides,spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4,and high-voltage polyanionic compounds still cannot be commercially viable due to the instabilities of standard electrolytes,cathode materials,and cathode electrolyte interphases under high-voltage operation.This paper summarizes the recent advances in addressing the surface and interface issues haunting the application of high-voltage cathode materials.The understanding of the limitations and advantages of different modification protocols will direct the future endeavours on advancing high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries.     

Suppressing trap states and energy loss by optimizing vertical phase distribution through ternary strategy in organic solar cells

Suppressing the trap-state density and the energy loss via ternary strategy was demonstrated.Favorable vertical phase distribution with donors(acceptors)accumulated(depleted)at the interface of active layer and charge extraction layer can be obtained by introducing appropriate amount of polymer acceptor N2200 into the systems of PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6.In addition,N2200 is gradiently distributed in the vertical direction in the ternary blend film.Various measurements were carried out to study the effects of N2200 on the binary systems.It was found that the optimized morphology especially in vertical direction can significantly decrease the trap state density of the binary blend films,which is beneficial for the charge transport and collection.All these features enable an obvious decrease in charge recombination in both PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6 based organic solar cells(OSCs),and power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 12.5%and 16.42%were obtained for the ternary OSCs,respectively.This work indicates that it is an effective method to suppress the trap state density and thus improve the device performance through ternary strategy.     

Conformational Properties of Comb-shaped Polyelectrolytes with Negatively Charged Backbone and Neutral Side Chains Studied by a Generic Coarse-grained Bead-and-Spring Model

A generic coarse-grained bead-and-spring model,mapped onto comb-shaped polycarboxylate-based(PCE)superplasticizers,is developed and studied by Langevin molecular dynamics simulations with implicit solvent and explicit counterions.The agreement on the radius of gyration of the PCEs with experiments shows that our model can be useful in studying the equilibrium sizes of PCEs in solution.The effects of ionic strength,side-chain number,and side-chain length on the conformational behavior of PCEs in solution are explored.Single-chain equilibrium properties,including the radius of gyration,end-to-end distance and persistenee length of the polymer backbone,shape-asphericity parameter,and the mean span dimension,are determined.It is found that with the increase of ionic strength,the equilibrium sizes of the polymers decrease only slightly,and a linear dependenew of the persistence length of backbone on the Debye screening length is found,in good agreement with the theory developed by Dobrynin.Increasing side-chain numbers and/or side-chain lengths increases not only the equilibrium sizes(radius of gyration and mean span)of the polymer as a whole,but also the persistence length of the backbone due to excluded volume interactions.     

Three-dimensionalization via control of laser-structuring parameters for high energy and high power lithium-ion battery under various operating conditions

Laser-structuring is an effective method to promote ion diffusion and improve the performance of lithium-ion battery(LIB)electrodes.In this work,the effects of laser structuring parameters(groove pitch and depth)on the fundamental characteristics of LIB electrode,such as interfacial area,internal resistances,material loss and electrochemical performance,are investigated,LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ cathodes were structured by a femtosecond laser by varying groove depth and pitch,which resulted in a material loss of 5%-14%and an increase of 140%-260%in the in terfacial area between electrode surface and electrolyte.It is shown that the importance of groove depth and pitch on the electrochemical performance(specific capacity and areal discharge capacity)of laser-structured electrode varies with current rates.Groove pitch is more im porta nt at low current rate but groove depth is at high curre nt rate.From the mapping of lithium concentration within the electrodes of varying groove depth and pitch by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,it is verified that the groove functions as a diffusion path for lithium ions.The ionic,electronic,and charge transfer resistances measured with symmetric and half cells showed that these internal resistances are differently affected by laser structuring parameters and the changes in porosity,ionic diffusion and electronic pathways.It is demonstrated that the laser structuring parameters for maximum electrode performance and minimum capacity loss should be determined in consideration of the main operating conditions of LIBs.     

Mesh-like vertical structures enable both high areal capacity and excellent rate capability

In order to balance electrochemical kinetics with loading level for achieving efficient energy storage with high areal capacity and good rate capability simultaneously for wearable electronics,herein,2 D meshlike vertical structures(NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2) with a high mass loading of 2.17 mg cm^-2 and combined merits of both 1 D nanowires and 2 D nanosheets are designed for fabricating flexible hybrid supercapacitors.Particularly,the seamlessly interconnected NiCo_2 S_4 core not only provides high capacity of 287.5 μAh cm^-2 but also functions as conductive skeleton for fast electron transport;Ni(OH)_2 sheath occupying the voids in NiCo_2 S_4 meshes contributes extra capacity of 248.4 μAh cm^-2;the holey features guarantee rapid ion diffusion along and across NiCO_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 meshes.The resultant flexible electrode exhibits a high areal capacity of 535.9 μAh cm^-2(246.9 mAh g^-1) at 3 mA cm^-2 and outstanding rate performance with 84.7% retention at 30 mA cm^-2,suggesting efficient utilization of both NiCo_2 S_4 and Ni(OH)_2 with specific capacities approaching to their theoretical values.The flexible solid-state hybrid device based on NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 cathode and Fe_2 O_3 anode delivers a high energy density of 315 μWh cm^-2 at the power density of 2.14 mW cm^-2 with excellent electrochemical cycling stability.     

“课前六备、课中六讲、课后六辅”在线课程混合式教学模式研究与实践——以基于“雨课堂+钉钉直播”的中等无机化学课程为例

Taking the online teaching of "inorganic chemistry" course at Dezhou University as an example, the "six steps before class, six steps in class, six steps after class" online course teaching model based on "Rain Class + Dingding Live" and an online "short class" were constructed. The main content and implementation methods of teaching design, teaching process, teaching effect, teaching reflection, teaching evaluation in online course teaching were discussed. It has been proved in practice that this model can effectively improve students' learning interest and enhance teaching effects.     

物理化学教学的形成性评价探索与实践

在Blackboard (Bb)教学平台基础上,综合利用线上线下教学资源,构建陕西师范大学物理化学理论课程教学的形成性评价体系,对学生自主学习、总结提升、效果检测三方面进行综合性评价。这种贯穿整个教学过程的形成性评价方式对学生的有效学习起到了积极的促进作用。     

化学专业课线上学习效果调查及对策研究

在新冠疫情的影响下,线上学习的方式得到了大面积的普及与推广,如今疫情即将结束,线上学习依旧存在于大学生的学习生活中,但其应用并不广泛,根据对湖北师范大学及汉江师范学院化学专业课线上学习情况进行问卷调查,结果分析发现,学生对线上学习的满意度远远小于线下学习,并且线上学习的效果不如线下学习。如何让学生接受线上学习,并使其广泛运用到大学中,本次研究给出以下六点操作性强并保证质量的策略。     

促进物理化学在线教学质量的实践

During the special period in the epidemic COVID-19, the five-step online teaching mode focusing on learning outcome of students has been constructed based on the national high-quality MOOC in physical chemistry and various network technologies (i.e. MOOC class, Tencent QQ group and meeting platform), which is "guide to learn boost, self-study by MOOC, online testing, timely feedback, advanced discussion". It has been demonstrated that diversified online interactive teaching strategies can effectively promote the online teaching quality, through teachers giving full play to the leading roles, encouraging and guiding students to participate in the whole online teaching process.     

材料化学课程线上教学初探

2020新年伊始,新冠肺炎突然来袭,为了防止聚集性感染,教育部提出了"停课不停教、停课不停学"的要求。地方普通高校学生的自律性、自觉性及能动性差别十分明显,这样的学情对如何有效开展化学专业的线上教学工作提出了更大的挑战。本文以材料化学课程线上教学为例,介绍地方普通高校化学专业线上教学工作的开展情况。针对教学过程中遇到的各种问题和采用的应对方案,探讨线上教学过程中的注意事项。希望本文能为地方普通高校化学专业线上教学工作提供有益的参考。     

基于学习通和钉钉直播的线上混合教学的探索与实践——以“配合物的价键理论”为例

2020 spring semester has been postponed due to the novel coronavirus outbreak in the world. Taking the valence bond theory of coordination compound of "Inorganic Chemistry" as an example, we redesign and adjust the former hybrid teaching mode in view of the problems encountered in the online teaching and learning. The practice shows that the online hybrid teaching mode has cultivated the students' self-regulated learning ability, provided a good learning experience for students, and achieved good teaching effect.     

有机化学在线课堂教学实践探索

The spring semester of 2020 is affected by the new coronary pneumonia epidemic, which prevents the normal classroom teaching of universities in China. Nankai University actively responds to the request of "Suspended classes but not stop teaching and learning" proposed by the Ministry of Education. The online teaching software such as "Rain Classroom" and "Tencent Meeting" are used to provide online teaching to undergraduate students. This article takes organic chemistry teaching as an example and introduces the implementation process and effectiveness of online teaching. According to the particularity of online teaching, teachers must change the teaching mode to ensure the teaching work carried out effectively.     

基于企业微信平台和在线教育综合平台的线上教学实践

In order to achieve "postponement of school without suspension of learning" during the prevention and control of new coronavirus pneumonia, the online teaching strategy was constructed based on Enterprise WeChat and Integrated Online Education Platform for the online teaching of Separation Science and Technology. The student-centered teaching methods were applied in online teaching process.     

充分利用优质网络资源和教学立方平台，助力配位化学线上教学

In early 2020, because of the outbreak of COVID-19, students are unable to return school on time and normal teaching activities are postponed. In order to implement the requirement of "No suspension of classes" proposed by the Ministry of Education, and to ensure the teaching quality at the same time, the coordination chemistry teaching team from Nanjing University successfully carried out the exploration and practice of online teaching of coordination chemistry by using the MOOC of coordination chemistry on "Wisdom Tree" platform as the curriculum resource, QQ Live or Tencent Meeting as the online teaching tool and Pedagogy Square as the intelligent teaching platform. This teaching form reorganizes and optimizes the available resources online, and implements the student learning process evaluation and the teacher teaching evaluation. The feedback from students and teachers indicates the success of this teaching form.     

基于MOOC“一站式”有机化学在线翻转课堂实践

Under the case of novel coronavirus (COVID 19), and in response to the Ministry of Education's call for "postponement of school without suspension of learning", online teaching should be equivalent to the real class teaching. Based on Chinese University MOOC platform, this paper establishes SPOC on campus with the open online course Organic Chemistry as the online learning resource. Before class, students learn online video and self-testing. The teacher will answer questions and interact with students through live broadcasting. The student will practice and consolidate after school. "One-stop" solves the learning needs of the three stages of online flipped classroom and demonstrates online flipped classroom teaching effect.