纳米超粒子的制备、性质及其生物成像分析应用

纳米超粒子(Supraparticles,SPs)是指将相同或不同种类的无机纳米粒子单元,通过自组装形成具有一定形状和分级结构的纳米聚集体.SPs不仅具有新颖多样的集合性质和协同效应,并且其丰富可调的形貌与空间拓扑结构为其与各种生物系统的相互作用提供了多尺度和多维度的可能性,在生物传感、生物成像、疾病诊疗等领域具有广阔...     

金纳米粒子/壳聚糖/石墨烯纳米复合材料的制备及其生物相溶性

利用壳聚糖(CTS)的氨基对石墨烯(GNS)进行表面改性制得石墨烯基纳米复合材料(E).利用E中CTS对金纳米粒子(Au)良好的保护作用,在E的表面固载Au制备了Au/CTS/GNS纳米复合材料(F),其结构经UV-Vis和FT-IR表征.并用Zeta电位,XRD和TEM对F的性质进行了研究.结果表明,F不仅具有良好的生物相溶性,而且具有较好的导电性能.     

基础实验:金纳米粒子的制备及其光学性质

围绕金纳米粒子前沿内容,设计了一个简易的本科生基础实验,利用柠檬酸钠还原氯金酸法制备分散性好的金纳米粒子溶液,讨论了其尺寸与颜色的关系,探究了不同电解质和非电解质对金纳米粒子团聚及其颜色的影响,初步了解金纳米粒子的光学特性和探针效应基本原理。     

纳米超粒子的水相制备及生物医学应用

纳米超粒子(Supraparticles, SPs)是指由一种或多种纳米颗粒组装单元,在内、外部驱动力的作用下,自组装形成的具有一定形貌、尺寸和分级结构的纳米实体.由于具有复杂的拓扑结构、丰富的表面可修饰性、可调的集合性质和协同效应, SPs在生物医学等领域具有较大的应用潜力.本文总结了近几年来水相制备SPs的研究进展,包括组装单元之间作用力调制、 SPs的物理、化学性质及其在生物成像、疾病诊疗等方面的应用,最后讨论了SPs结构和性能的精准调控、生物医学应用中存在的主要问题以及未来SPs的发展方向.     

金纳米颗粒制备及应用研究进展

金纳米颗粒是近年研究的一种热门材料。介绍了金纳米颗粒主要的制备方法,包括化学还原法,两相法,晶种生长法以及模板法,并总结了金纳米粒子在生物医学、传感器、催化剂、电化学等领域的应用进展。     

纤维素纳米晶体的制备及其在复合材料中的应用

纤维素纳米晶体是纤维素原料经加工而得到的纳米级棒状或球状晶体。由于其具有高强度、大比表面积、生物相容性、可再生性和可降解性等优良性能,可应用于复合材料、生物医药和环境等多个领域。本文详细综述了近年来制备纤维素纳米晶体的常用方法,包括酸水解法、氧化法、酶水解法、机械法、溶剂法以及组合法。同时,讨论了各种制备方法的优缺点。在应用研究方面,本文总结了其在增强复合材料、膜过滤复合材料、导电复合材料和无机纳米复合材料等热门领域的研究情况。最后,对纤维素纳米晶体的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

聚苯胺/纳米金复合材料

由于聚苯胺/纳米金复合材料不仅同时具有纳米金和聚苯胺原有的特异性能,而且两组分之间还存在着相互协同作用,极大地提升了聚苯胺基体的性能,从而表现出突出的固有电导性、优异的反应催化性和特殊的电荷传递性,因此成为近年来的研究热点。本文综述了聚苯胺/纳米金复合材料的最新研究进展：归纳了聚苯胺/纳米金复合材料的制备方法和各种方法的机理,简单介绍了复合材料在生物医学、传感器和微电子装置等方面的应用,展望了今后复合材料研究的方向。     

纳米ZnO的制备及其光学性质的研究

采用均匀沉淀法，以尿素与硝酸锌反应制备纳米ZnO，通过TG-DTA、XRD、IR及TEM等手段对纳米粒子及中间体进行了表征，结果表明制得的纳米粒子粒度均匀，粒径分布窄。对纳米ZnO的发光特性研究表明，随焙烧温度升高，粒度的增大，可见绿色发射增强。同时对纳米ZnO与普通ZnO的发光性质进行了比较研究，指出纳米ZnO的绿色发光带有蓝移现象，这是由于纳米ZnO的量子尺寸效应引起的。BET测试表明，纳米ZnO的比表面为171．2m^2／g，有利于作催化剂。     

石墨烯-金纳米复合材料:水热合成及在生物传感器中的应用

通过水热法合成了石墨烯-金纳米复合材料。透射电子显微镜直接证明了制备的石墨烯薄而透明的片状结构。X-射线光电子能谱和X-射线衍射结果也表明了金的存在和氧化石墨烯的还原。作为一个模型,将肌红蛋白固定到该复合材料修饰的玻碳电极上并用于生物传感器。所固定的肌红蛋白显示了一对对称的氧化还原峰并对过氧化氢的还原具有高的催化活性。在信噪比等于3的时侯该生物传感器的线性范围在0.1到1.5μmol.L-1,检测限为0.05μmol.L-1,并且具有好的选择性、重现性和稳定性。     

聚合物-金属纳米复合材料的制备与应用

综述了聚合物-金属纳米复合材料的制备方法，包括原位形成法、沉积法、离子注入法、辐射化学法、光照化学法、直接分散法、球磨法；介绍了聚合物．金属纳米复合材料的应用领域，最后展望了这种材料的发展前景。     

Preparation, Characterization and Magnetic Properties of PANI/La-substituted LiNi Ferrite Nanocomposites

Magnetic nanocomposites containing polyaniline （PANI）-coated La-substituted LiNi ferrite （LiNi0.5La0.02Fe1.98O4） were synthesized by in situ polymerization in aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. The nanocomposites exhibited the magnetic hysteresis nature under applied magnetic field. The saturation magnetization （Ms） and coercivity （Hc） varied with the ferrite content. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, UV-Visible spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）. TEM and SEM studies showed that the nanocomposites present the core-shell structure. The results of XRD patterns, FT-IR and UV-Visible spectra indicated the formation of PANI-LiNi0.5La0.002Fe1.98O4 nanocomposites and showed that the interaction existed between PANI backbone and ferrite particles in the nanocomposites. The bonding mechanism in the nanocomposites has been proposed.     

Water-Dispersible Gold Nanoclusters: Synthesis Strategies,Optical Properties,and Biological Applications

Atomically precise gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are an emerging class of quantum-sized nanomaterials. Intrinsic discrete electronic energy levels have endowed them with fascinating electronic and optical properties. They have been widely applied in the fields of optoelectronics, photovoltaics, catalysis, biochemical sensing, bio-imaging, and therapeutics. Nevertheless, most AuNCs are synthesized in organic solvents and do not disperse in aqueous solutions; this restricts their biological applications. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in the preparation of water-dispersible AuNCs and their biological applications. We first review different methods of synthesis, including direct synthesis from hydrophilic templates and indirect phase transfer of hydrophobic AuNCs. We then discuss their photophysical properties, such as emission enhancement and fluorescence lifetimes. Next, we summarize their latest applications in the fields of biosensing, biolabeling, and bioimaging. Finally, we outline the challenges and potential for the future development of these AuNCs.     

Functional Properties of Extruded Nanocomposites Based on Cassava Starch,Polyvinyl Alcohol and Montmorillonite

Summary: The objectives of this work were to produce expanded nanocomposites based on cassava starch, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT). The nanocomposites were characterized according to their expansion index (EI), density, water absorption capacity (WAC), mechanical properties and crystallinity. The nanocomposites were prepared in a single-screw extruder using different starch contents (97.6–55.2 g/100 g formulation), PVA (0–40 g/100 g formulation) and Na-MMT (0–4.8 g/100 g formulation). Glycerol (20 g/100 g formulation) was used as plasticizer. The addition of Na-MMT and PVA resulted in an increase of EI and mechanical strength of the foams. Na-MMT and PVA addition resulted in less WAC of the samples. The studied processing conditions resulted in a good nanoclay dispersion, leading to the formation of an intercalated structure.     

Polyethylene-Montmorillonite Nanocomposites: Preparation,Characterization and Properties

Polyethylene(PE)/clay nanocomposites have been successfully prepared by in situ polymerization with an intercalation catalyst titanium-montmorillonite (Ti-MMT) and analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared analysis (FT-IR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differentail scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile testing. XRD and TEM indicate that the clay is exfoliated into nanometer size and disorderedly dispersed in the PE matrix, and the PE crystallinity of PE/clay nanocomposite declines to 15∼30%. Compared with pure PE, PE/clay nanocomposites behave higher thermal, physical and mechanical properties; the layer structure of the clay decreases the polymerization activity and produce polymer with a high molecular weight. For PE/clay nanocomposites, the highest tensile strength of 33.4 MPa and Young's modulus of 477.4 MPa has been achieved when clay content is 7.7 wt %. The maximum thermal decomposition temperature is up to 110 °C higher, but the thermal decomposition temperature of the PE/clay nanocomposites decreases with the increases of the clay contents in the PE matrix.     

Nanostructures Based on Porous Aluminum Oxide Templates: Fabrication, Properties and Applications

Using the template method to fabricate nanostructures is an entirely new approach for fabricating nanostructures based on self-organization that developed since the middle 1990s, which means that nanostructures can be made directly in the openings of the template under an environment of liquid or vapor. In this case the size and shape of the nano-objects are determined by the size and shape of the openings in the nanotemplates,and may vary over a wide range depending on the template used. This flexibility also extends to the range of materials deposited in the template's openings. This approach is particularly attractive since it circumvents the lithographic limitations altogether by making use of naturally occurring nanotemplates.     

液体弹珠：制备策略、物理性质及应用探索

Liquid marbles (LMs) are liquid droplets coated with a layer of lyophobic particles at the air-liquid interface. Since the pioneering work by Aussillous et al. in 2001, LMs have attracted significant attention owing to their facile fabrication, flexibility in the choice of the constituent particles and liquids, intriguing properties such as non-wetting and non-adhesive nature, satisfactory elasticity and stability, as well as promising applications in microfluidics, sensors, controlled release, and microreactors. The classical strategy for the preparation of LMs involves rolling a small volume of a droplet on a lyophobic powder bed for complete encapsulation of the liquid by the particles. In addition, various innovative methods, including electrostatic and coalescent approaches, have been developed for preparing special LMs with a complicated structure or morphology. Diverse materials such as water, surfactant solutions, liquid metals, reagents, blood, and even viscous adhesives have been employed as the internal liquid for the fabrication of LMs. Theoretically, any particulates such as lycopodium, polytetrafluoroethylene, Fe₃O₄, SiO₂, and graphite grains can be employed as the outer coating, but they are usually required to be lyophobic with sizes of less than hundreds of microns. The unique structure of the particle-covered droplet and the dual solid-liquid characteristics endow LMs with some unique and interesting properties, especially the non-wetting and non-adhesive nature. As the lyophobic coating particles restrain the internal liquid from contacting the substrate, LMs can move easily across either solid or liquid surfaces, neither wetting the substrate nor contaminating the internal liquid. An equally fascinating property of LMs is their satisfactory stability, which is necessary for most of their applications. The high stability of LMs stems from the protection of the coating powders and is embodied in both good mechanical stability (remaining intact after being released from a certain height or under a certain compression) and long lifetime (greatly suppressing the evaporation of the internal liquid). These extraordinary properties make LMs promising candidates for use in multitudinous fields, especially droplet microfluidics and microreactors. The potential application of LMs in microfluidics is ascribed to their non-wetting, non-adhesive nature and other features such as an ability to float on a liquid surface, coalescence, split, a small force of rolling friction, and response to external forces. Notably, LMs hold great promise for applications in microreactions, because they can create a confined reaction microenvironment, minimize reagent usage, facilitate unhindered gas exchange between the internal liquid medium and the surrounding environment, and allow the entry/exit of the reactants/products. We herein review the recent advances in LMs, such as manufacturing techniques, formation mechanisms, physical properties, and emerging applications. In particular, much attention is paid to the factors affecting the stability of LMs and the potential strategies to increase their stability. Moreover, this review discusses the challenges in the future development of LMs, suggests several possible ways of addressing these challenges, and forecasts the future development directions. We believe that this review can help researchers gain a better understanding of LMs and promote their further advances.     

Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs): Properties,Synthesis and their Advanced Energy,Environmental and Biomedical Applications

Inducing plasmonic characteristics, primarily localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), in conventional AuNPs through particle size and shape control could lead to a significant enhancement in electrical, electrochemical, and optical properties. Synthetic protocols and versatile fabrication methods play pivotal roles to produced plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which can be employed in multipurpose energy, environmental and biomedical applications. The main focus of this review is to provide a comprehensive and tutorial overview of various synthetic methods to design highly plasmonic AuNPs, along with a brief essay to understand the experimental procedure for each technique. The latter part of the review is dedicated to the most advanced and recent solar-induced energy, environmental and biomedical applications. The synthesis methods are compared to identify the best possible synthetic route, which can be adopted while employing plasmonic AuNPs for a specific application. The tutorial nature of the review would be helpful not only for expert researchers but also for novices in the field of nanomaterial synthesis and utilization of plasmonic nanomaterials in various industries and technologies.     

Diamond Nanowires: Fabrication,Structure, Properties,and Applications

C(sp³)? C‐bonded diamond nanowires are wide band gap semiconductors that exhibit a combination of superior properties such as negative electron affinity, chemical inertness, high Young’s modulus, the highest hardness, and room‐temperature thermal conductivity. The creation of 1D diamond nanowires with their giant surface‐to‐volume ratio enhancements makes it possible to control and enhance the fundamental properties of diamond. Although theoretical comparisons with carbon nanotubes have shown that diamond nanowires are energetically and mechanically viable structures, reproducibly synthesizing the crystalline diamond nanowires has remained challenging. We present a comprehensive, up‐to‐date review of diamond nanowires, including a discussion of their synthesis along with their structures, properties, and applications.     

Anisotropic Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis,Properties, Applications,and Toxicity

Anisotropic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have attracted the interest of scientists for over a century, but research in this field has considerably accelerated since 2000 with the synthesis of numerous 1D, 2D, and 3D shapes as well as hollow AuNP structures. The anisotropy of these nonspherical, hollow, and nanoshell AuNP structures is the source of the plasmon absorption in the visible region as well as in the near‐infrared (NIR) region. This NIR absorption is especially sensitive to the AuNP shape and medium and can be shifted towards the part of the NIR region in which living tissue shows minimum absorption. This has led to crucial applications in medical diagnostics and therapy (“theranostics”), especially with Au nanoshells, nanorods, hollow nanospheres, and nanocubes. In addition, Au nanowires (AuNWs) can be synthesized with longitudinal dimensions of several tens of micrometers and can serve as plasmon waveguides for sophisticated optical devices. The application of anisotropic AuNPs has rapidly spread to optical, biomedical, and catalytic areas. In this Review, a brief historical survey is given, followed by a summary of the synthetic modes, variety of shapes, applications, and toxicity issues of this fast‐growing class of nanomaterials.     

Nonlinear Optical BBO Crystals: Growth, Properties and Applications

1　 INTRODUCTIONLow temperature phase barium metaborateβ- Ba B2 O4 ( BBO) as a new nonlinearoptical material was firstdiscovered in 1 979by Chen's group of the Fujian Instituteof Research on the Structure of Matter,People's Republic of China〔1〕.BBO has anumber ofexcellentpropertiessuch aslarge effective SHG coefficients,large birefrin-gence,wide transparent spectral range,high damage threshold and good machnicaland chemical properties.Particularly attractive feature is its UV t…