直读光谱法测定铬不锈钢中的元素含量

研究了铬不锈钢中Al、C、Co、Cr、Mn、Mo、Ni、P、S、Si、Ti、V、W等13种元素的直读光谱分析方法。采用两套标准样品建立标准工作曲线。弥补了单套标准样品标准工作曲线的不足。用该方法对铬标准样品进行测定,测定结果与国标法测定结果基本一致,短期精密度和长期精密度分别小于2．92％和4．88％。     

食品中镉测定的国家标准方法比较

本文对国家标准(GB 5009.15)和(GB 5009.268)进行了比较。通过对标准的适用性、实用性、方法回收率、结果差异性比较,发现国标(GB 5009.268)符合国标(GB 2762)的要求,可以用于食品样品中镉的测定。同时国标(GB 5009.268)线性宽,可同时测试多个元素,检测效率高。上述两个方法都具备较好的回收率,检测结果无显著差异。国标(GB 5009.268)可以用于食品中镉的测定,其检测结果符合国标(GB 2762)的判定要求。     

表面活性剂碱度测定方法的改进和验证

表面活性剂碱度的检测主要依照国标GB/T 7378-1996中的方法,使用手动滴定、依据指示剂来判断滴定终点.本文基于全自动电位滴定仪对国标方法进行了改进和验证,建立了表面活性剂碱度测定的光度滴定法和电位滴定法,并对两种改进方法进行了验证.改进后的方法分别根据光度电极和电位电极的突跃点来判断滴定终点,判断更准确,与国标方法的结果相一致,重复性RSD≤3.0％.在国标方法基础上改进的光度滴定法和电位滴定法,滴定体积控制精确、自动化程度高、重复性和准确性好,可作为国标方法的改进方法用于实际检测.     

高频燃烧-红外吸收法同时测定铬矿石中碳和硫含量的研究

提出了高频红外碳硫仪测定铬矿中的碳和硫含量的方法,确定了测定时助熔剂种类、配比及加入量的选择,采用有证标准物质制定方法的检测曲线,方法的检出限碳元素0.0020% 、硫元素0.00012%,方法的回收率碳98-100%、硫99-107%,测定值的相对标准偏差碳小于1.48%、硫小于2.11%,方法用于铬矿硫含量的分析结果与现有的国标方法GB/T 24224-2009测定值一致。填补无铬矿中碳元素检测方法的空白。     

高频红外碳硫分析仪测定石膏矿中的三氧化硫

利用高频红外碳硫仪对石膏矿中三氧化硫含量的测定进行了研究,取得了较好的结果.方法检出限为0.003 0%.用石膏标准样品(GBW03109a,GBW03110)进行分析,测定值与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=9)在0.32%~0.81%之间.使用石膏标准样品(GBW03111)进行本法与国标硫酸钡重量法做比对试验,测定结果无显著性差异.加标回收率为96.4%~104.0%.     

火焰原子吸收法测定中草药海金沙茎中五种金属元素的含量

目的运用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定中草药海金沙茎中的Fe、zn、Mg、Ca、Cu5种微量元素的含量。方法用浓HNO3-HCIO4消解样品,采用标准曲线法测定其5种金属元素含量。结果所测的样品中含有丰富的人体必需微量元素。方法回收率在98.68％～104.4％之间,样品相对偏差小于5％。结论该法快速简便、重复性好、准确度好,适用于同类生物样品中微量元素的测定,结果令人满意。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定铝合金中微量的钆、镧、钕、镨、钐

研究了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定6系铝合金中微量的钆、镧、钕、镨、钐的方法,优化了ICP-OES工作条件,用标准加入法和标准曲线法做了比较,测定微量含量时,标准加入法比标准曲线法准确,在定量限和检出限之间约5倍空白标准偏差(5σ)含量时,标准加入法的加标回收率在80%~112%,检测结果具有参考价值.     

Uncertainty Evaluation of 5-Br-PADAP Photometric Method for Determination of Vanadium in Vanadium Titanium Magnetite

5-Br-PADAP光度法是测钒钛磁铁矿中钒的主要方法之一.根据其分析过程的操作步骤确定了其影响因素.建立数学模型,并根据数学模型把不确定度分解为称样质量、溶液含量、钒标准工作曲线和重复测定引入的各不确定度,对影响测量结果的各个分量进行了分析评定和计算.结果表明,钒的标准工作曲线的建立是影响样品分析误差的重要因素.     

对食品中铝含量国标测定方法的改进

对国标GB/T 5009.182-2003中样品处理方法做了改进,用干法灰化代替湿法消解,解决了国标方法中由于pH值和高氯酸对显色反应的影响造成检测结果不准确的问题.采用干法灰化-分光光度法测定了食品中的铝含量,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.6%(n=6),回收率为94.3%～100.7%.该方法适用于大批量食品中铝的快速检测.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法快速测定磷化液中锌、镍、锰元素含量

建立了利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-OES）同时快速测定磷化液中锌、镍、锰元素的方法.采用体积分数为1%的硝酸直接稀释现场磷化槽液上清液,选择锌206.200 nm、镍231.604 nm、锰257.610 nm作为分析谱线,使用标准曲线法定量.结果表明：标准曲线线性良好,各元素校准曲线相关系数均在0.999 5以上,方法的检出限分别为锌0.003 μg/mL,镍0.003 μg/mL,锰0.006 μg/mL,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=12）均小于5%,加标回收率在92.4%~110.8%之间.试验测定结果与原子吸收火焰法测定结果基本一致,方法具有较好的准确度和精密度,可以满足日常快速检测要求.     

Can the usual validation standard series for quantitative methods,ISO 5725, be also applied for qualitative methods?

Repeatability standard deviation, laboratory standard deviation, and reproducibility standard deviation for quantitative methods according to ISO 5725 series were recently proposed to estimate the precision of qualitative measurements, giving a presence/absence response. In this paper, it is shown that for qualitative methods, the reproducibility standard deviation across laboratories does not reflect the performance of the method as suggested. It is demonstrated that the benefit of the respective laboratory standard deviation is very limited. Alternative performance measures are introduced which are based on another approach also directly linked to ISO 5725. Thereby, meaningful information about the precision of qualitative test methods can be achieved.     

水质浊度标准物质的研制

介绍水质浊度国家二级标准物质的研制。参照国际标准ISO 7027中规定的方法,以硫酸肼和六次甲基四胺为原料,采用重量-容量法,根据样品的纯度值、称取的质量及溶液定容体积计算配制值作为标准值,采用高精度浊度仪进行量值核对。样品分装成90瓶后,使用高精度浊度仪进行均匀性和稳定性检验。从样品中随机抽取16瓶进行测定,对测定结果进行F检验,证明标准溶液的均匀性良好。对标准物质溶液进行稳定性检验,证明在1年有效期内稳定性良好。研制的水质浊度标准物质的浊度值为400 NTU,相对扩展不确定度为3%(k=2)。该标准物质符合国家二级标准物质的要求,能够用于水质监测质量控制。     

Efficient and selective analytical method for the quantification of a β-adrenoceptor agonist,isoproterenol, by LC–MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetics studies

Isoproterenol (ISO) is a synthetic catecholamine with a powerful cardiac stimulate, bronchial smooth and skeletal muscle relaxation, coronary artery and peripheral vasodilator effects. In this study, a simple, rapid, and selective liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the determination of ISO in rat plasma. Proteins were precipitated in plasma samples with 0.1?g?mL^?1 trichloroacetic acid and the ISO/internal standard (IS) were separated on a C₈ column. The ISO was detected by a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization source. The transitions of m/z 212.1?→?193.9 for ISO and m/z 285.2?→?193.2 for IS were conducted through multiple reaction monitoring mode. This method was linear over the range of 2–500?n?g?mL^?1. The intra- and inter-day assay precision were observed between 3 and 10%. The accuracy was within ±11%. Stability study results demonstrated that ISO was stable in the autosampler at 4°C for 24?hr, and for 8?hr at room temperature. Only one freeze–thaw cycle at ?80°C for 24?hr was found to be stable. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of ISO in rats following subcutaneous administration.     

The determination of precision of qualitative measurement methods by interlaboratory experiments

In analogy to quantitative measurements, the precision of qualitative measurement methods can be characterised by the repeatability standard deviation and the reproducibility standard deviation of the sensitivity. In order to determine these standard deviations, the ISO 5725-2 approach is used. A simulation study and an example demonstrate the advantages of the method.     

Inter-laboratory trials for analysis of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in water samples: Performance and recommendations

The ISO 25101 (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva) describes a new international standard method for the determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in unfiltered samples of drinking and surface waters. The method is based on the extraction of target analytes by solid phase extraction, solvent elution, and determination by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). For the determination of the performance of this method, more than 20 laboratories from 9 different countries participated in an inter-laboratory trial in 2006. In addition, inter-laboratory trials were conducted in 2008 and 2009 for the analysis of perfluoroalkylsubstances (PFASs), including PFOS and PFOA, in water samples by following the protocols of Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS). Overall, the repeatability coefficients of variation (i.e., within-laboratory precision) for PFOS and PFOA in all water samples were between 3 and 11%, showing a adequate precision of the ISO and JIS methods. The reproducibility coefficients of variation (i.e., between-laboratory precision) were found to vary within a range of 7–31% for surface water and 20–40% for wastewater. The recoveries of PFOS and PFOA, as a measure of accuracy, varied from 84 to 100% for surface water and from 84 to 100% for wastewater among the samples with acceptable criteria for internal standards recovery. The determined concentrations of PFASs in samples compared well with the “true” values. The results of the inter-laboratory trial confirmed that the analytical methods are robust and reliable and can be used as a standard method for the analysis of target compounds in water samples.     

Interlaboratory study of a multiresidue gas chromatographic method for determination of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides and polychlorobiphenyls in milk,fish, eggs,and beef fat

An interlaboratory study was conducted to validate a gas chromatographic (GC) method for determination of 21 organochlorine pesticides, 6 pyrethroid pesticides, and 7 polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) congeners in milk, beef fat, fish, and eggs. The method was performed at low contamination levels, which represent relevant contents in food, and is an extension of the European standard (method NF-EN-1528, Parts 1-4). It enlarges the applicable scope of the reference EN method to pyrethroid pesticides and proposes the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) as a cleanup procedure. Cryogenic extraction was made, and SPE cleanup was performed with 2 successive SPE cartridges: C18 and Florisil. After injection of the purified extract onto a GC column, residues were measured by electron capture detection. Food samples (liquid milk, beef fat, mixed fish, and mixed eggs) were prepared, tested for homogeneity, and sent to 17 laboratories in France. Test portions were spiked with 27 pesticides and 7 PCBs at levels from 26 to 45, 4 to 27, 31 to 67, and 19 to 127 ng/g into milk, eggs, fish, and fat, respectively. Based on results for spiked samples, the relative standard deviation for repeatability ranged from 1.5 to 6.8% in milk, 3 to 39% in eggs, 4.5 to 12.2% in fish, and 7 to 13% in fat. The relative standard deviation for reproducibility ranged from 33 to 50% in milk, 29 to 59% in eggs, 31 to 57% in fish, and 30 to 62% in fat. This method showed acceptable intra- and interlaboratory precision data, as corroborated by HORRAT values at low levels of pesticide and PCB contamination. The statistical evaluation of the results was performed according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO; ISO 3534 standard) and 5725-2 Guideline.     

Alternative calculation of measurement uncertainty with global approach in food microbiology

Calculation of measurement uncertainty is a requirement for all laboratories accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 including those carrying out microbiological analyses. Today, calculation of measurement uncertainty in microbiological analyses using precision data according to global approach principles is widely recognized by the microbiologists due to difficulties in quantification of individual uncertainty sources. In food microbiology, precision data obtained from different samples usually show over-dispersion, and the use of over-dispersed data may result in large variance. The current ISO standard on measurement uncertainty in food microbiology proposes the use of log-transformed precision data to overcome this problem. This paper proposes an alternative procedure to calculate the measurement uncertainty in food microbiology using non-logarithmic precision data. The calculations used in this procedure based on relative range of duplicate analyses can be applied to intra-laboratory reproducibility data obtained from microbiological analyses of which duplicate results show relatively low variation.     

Enumeration of total aerobic microorganisms in foods by SimPlate Total Plate Count-Color Indicator methods and conventional culture methods: collaborative study

The relative efficacy of the SimPlate Total Plate Count-Color Indicator (TPC-CI) method (SimPlate 35 degrees C) was compared with the AOAC Official Method 966.23 (AOAC 35 degrees C) for enumeration of total aerobic microorganisms in foods. The SimPlate TPC-CI method, incubated at 30 degrees C (SimPlate 30 degrees C), was also compared with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 4833 method (ISO 30 degrees C). Six food types were analyzed: ground black pepper, flour, nut meats, frozen hamburger patties, frozen fruits, and fresh vegetables. All foods tested were naturally contaminated. Nineteen laboratories throughout North America and Europe participated in the study. Three method comparisons were conducted. In general, there was <0.3 mean log count difference in recovery among the SimPlate methods and their corresponding reference methods. Mean log counts between the 2 reference methods were also very similar. Repeatability (Sr) and reproducibility (SR) standard deviations were similar among the 3 method comparisons. The SimPlate method (35 degrees C) and the AOAC method were comparable for enumerating total aerobic microorganisms in foods. Similarly, the SimPlate method (30 degrees C) was comparable to the ISO method when samples were prepared and incubated according to the ISO method.     

Enumeration of total yeasts and molds in foods by the SimPlate Yeast and Mold-Color Indicator method and conventional culture methods: collaborative study

The relative effectiveness of the SimPlate Yeast and Mold-Color Indicator method (Y&M-CI) was compared to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) method and the proposed International Organization for Standardization (ISO) method, ISO/CD 21527, for enumerating yeasts and molds in foods. Test portions were prepared and incubated according to the conditions stated in both the BAM and ISO methods. Six food types were analyzed: frozen corn dogs, nut meats, frozen fruits, cake mix, cereal, and fresh cheese. Nut meats, frozen fruits, and fresh cheese were naturally contaminated. All other foods were artificially contaminated with either a yeast or mold. Seventeen laboratories throughout North America and Europe participated in the study. Three method comparisons were conducted. In general, there was <0.3 mean log count difference in recovery between the SimPlate method and the 2 corresponding reference methods. Moreover, mean log counts between the 2 reference methods were also very similar. The repeatability (Sr) and reproducibility (SR) standard deviations were comparable between the 3 method comparisons. These results indicate that the BAM method and the SimPlate method are equivalent for enumerating yeast and mold populations in foods. Similarly, the SimPlate method is comparable to the proposed ISO method when test portions are prepared and incubated as defined in the proposed ISO method.