药毒物分析中磁性固相萃取技术的应用进展

磁性固相萃取是一种新型的样品前处理技术,具有萃取时间短、吸附能力强、有机溶剂使用量少、操作简单快捷等优点,已经广泛应用于样品的分离提纯.在简要介绍磁性固相萃取技术发展、材料制备的基础上,着重对国内外磁性固相萃取技术在药毒物分析方面的发展现状以及应用进展进行了综述,以期为法庭科学领域相关物证鉴定提供参考,为严厉打击相关违法犯罪活动提供科学理论与实践依据.     

磁性复合材料在固相萃取食品中环境类雌激素的应用进展EI北大核心CSCD

环境类雌激素作为食品中一类典型的污染物,严重影响人体内分泌系统的功能与代谢。磁性固相萃取因其简洁高效、富集倍数高、适用范围广等优点,已被广泛应用于食品中环境类雌激素的富集检测。Fe_(3)O_(4)纳米粒子作为经典的磁固相萃取材料,易于形成大分子团聚物,影响其选择吸附性能,限制了磁固相萃取技术在食品中环境类雌激素的痕量分析。新兴的磁性复合材料可有效地解决上述问题,已成为磁固相萃取技术的研究热点之一。本文综述了近5年来新兴的磁性聚合物复合材料、磁性碳基复合材料和磁性金属-有机骨架复合材料在食品中环境类雌激素富集检测的应用进展。     

基于离子液体的磁性富集技术及其在分析化学中的应用进展

磁固相萃取是一种基于磁性材料而发展起来的新型样品前处理技术,是目前样品预处理领域的研究热点,其中有关磁性吸附材料的研究是该技术的关键。离子液体是一种由有机阳离子和有机或无机阴离子构成的液态有机盐类,因挥发性低,化学及热稳定性好以及对有机物、无机物具有良好的溶解性而成为富集水溶液中有机污染物和重金属离子的新型吸附材料,但将其用于磁固相萃取的研究尚处于起步阶段。本文总结了磁性富集技术中所用的离子液体,并将目前基于离子液体的磁性富集技术归纳为基于离子液体功能化磁性微球的磁固相萃取、混合半胶束磁固相萃取、离子液体参与的双磁微萃取3类。并综述了基于离子液体的磁性富集技术在环境、食品及生物样品前处理方面的应用研究,简要总结了根据待测物质选择基于离子液体的磁性富集技术的原则,并对基于离子液体的磁性富集技术未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

磁性纳米材料的功能化及其在农药残留检测中的应用

磁固相萃取技术是近年来不断发展的一种基于磁性纳米吸附材料的新型样品前处理技术。与传统吸附剂相比,磁性纳米材料凭借其粒径小、比表面积大、表面易功能化、独特的磁学性质、易于操控和再生、环境友好度高等诸多优点,在有效分离富集复杂基质中的痕量目标物方面展示了诱人的应用前景。近年来,磁固相萃取技术在农药残留检测领域取得了迅速发展。介绍了磁固相萃取技术,综述了近5年来碳材料、有机小分子、离子液体、高分子、无机氧化物、金属有机框架材料、多孔有机材料等功能化的磁性纳米材料的合成策略、在农药残留检测中的应用以及其与分析物之间吸附机理,并展望了其发展方向。     

磁性固相萃取吸附剂用于富集环境和食品中残留农药的研究进展

残留农药在体内积累会影响人的健康。种类多样的残留农药广泛存在于环境和食品中,建立高效的样品前处理技术对痕量残留农药进行富集尤为重要。磁性固相萃取技术因其简单、易操作和吸附剂回收方便等优点,被广泛用于富集残留农药。本文介绍了近年来多种材料参与构建的磁性固相吸附剂在残留农药检测中的应用,并对磁性固相吸附剂的发展趋势进行了展望。     

固相萃取-色谱/质谱技术在油菜素内酯分析中的研究进展

油菜素内酯(brassinosteroids,BRs)是一类重要的植物激素,参与调节植物的各个生理过程.确定BRs在不同植物组织中的含量有利于进一步了解其作用机制.由于此类激素内源含量极低、植物基质复杂等原因,BRs的定量分析面临较大挑战.固相萃取及其衍生方法(固相微萃取、磁性固相萃取等)以及色谱-质谱技术的发展,能显...     

四氧化三铁负载石墨化碳黑磁性纳米材料的制备及其在茶叶中多种农药残留检测中的应用

基于物理共混法制备了一种均匀的四氧化三铁负载石墨化碳黑磁性纳米材料(GCB/Fe3O4).以此为固相萃取吸附剂,建立了酚钙共沉淀-磁性固相萃取-气相色谱/三重四极杆串联质谱技术(GC-MS/MS)同时测定茶叶中405种农药残留的分析方法.对GCB/Fe3O4的晶体结构、表面形貌以及吸附色素的能力进行了探讨.结果 表明,...     

分子印迹磁固相萃取法测定饮料中咖啡因含量

建立了一种磁性分子印迹固相萃取和气相色谱相结合测定饮料中咖啡因含量的新方法。该法自制磁性分子印迹固相萃取材料作为萃取剂,将其分散在样品溶液中,利用外部磁场使磁性萃取剂与溶液快速分离,结合分子印迹技术,提高对分析物的选择性吸附,排除了样品中各类干扰杂质。在最佳条件下进行分析,该方法的检出限为0.05μg/m L(S/N=3),线性范围为0.1~15μg/m L,线性相关系数(R~2)为0.999 1,本法可用于可口可乐、百事可乐、红牛和黑卡六小时试样中咖啡因含量的测定。     

磁性石墨烯固相萃取/原子吸收法测定环境水样中的痕量铜

以1-(2-吡咯偶氮)-2-萘酚(PAN)为络合剂络合水样中的痕量铜,以磁性石墨烯(G)纳米材料为固相萃取吸附剂,建立了测定水样中痕量铜的磁性固相萃取/火焰原子吸收分光光度法。此方法将磁性石墨烯比表面积大、吸附性能好的优点与Fe3O4纳米粒子的磁性相结合,采用的磁性固相萃取避免了传统固相萃取中离心和过滤等繁琐的操作步骤。对影响G-Fe3O4萃取效率的实验因素进行了优化。在优化实验条件下,对铜离子的富集倍数为80.4倍,线性范围为0.5～100μg/L,相关系数(r)为0.998 1,检出限为0.067μg/L,相对标准偏差为2.1%～5.2%。此方法成功地应用于矿泉水、自来水、公园湖水中铜离子含量的测定,其加标回收率为94%～103%。结果表明,该磁性石墨烯纳米材料G-Fe3O4对水样品中铜的PAN络合物具有较高的富集能力。     

磁性固相萃取技术研究的新进展

基于磁性材料的分离技术是近年来国内外研究的一个热点领域,该技术在细胞分离、药物转运、酶的固定化、催化、吸附-分离、材料科学、环境等诸多领域中都展示了应用前景。磁性纳米材料可作为磁性固相萃取(MSPE)的吸附剂。与常规的固相萃取(SPE)柱填料相比,纳米粒子的比表面积大、扩散距离短,只需使用少量的吸附剂和较短的平衡时间就能实现萃取分离,因此具有较高的萃取能力和萃取效率。经功能化修饰,磁性吸附剂有望实现对分析物的选择性萃取。另外,磁性吸附剂经适当的润洗之后可以循环使用。MSPE仅通过施加一个外部磁场即可实现相分离,因此操作简单、省时快速、无需离心过滤等繁琐操作,避免了传统SPE吸附剂需装柱和样品上样等耗时问题,而且在处理生物、环境样品时不会存在SPE中遇到的柱堵塞的问题。MSPE技术在痕量污染物萃取分离领域已得到了应用［1,2］。本文对MSPE技术研究的最新进展做一简要介绍。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

---

Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).

Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).