金属玻璃研究简史

金属玻璃的发明和研究已经整整50年了.半个世纪以来,金属玻璃不但成为性能独特的新材料,同时也是研究材料科学和凝聚态物理中一些重要问题的模型体系.金属玻璃的研究已经成为凝聚态物理的一个重要分支.文章简要介绍了金属玻璃的研究历史以及最新的进展,并扼要介绍了这门学科的发展前景.     

复合氧化物纳米粉体颜料的制备和表征

印染行业重点技术发展的目标之一就是研制开发高效、环保、安全的新型染化料,为了解决纺织印染中的废水污染问题,发展无水印染新技术,是一个引起人们广泛关注的新研究方向。我们受红宝石,蓝宝石结构特征的启发,尝试采用均相沉淀法合成以α-氧化铝为基质,通过少量掺杂呈色离子的复合氧化物颜料。实验中,将结晶氯化铝和一定比例的发色离子氯化物混合,用适量的蒸馏水溶解,再溶入尿素和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,超声振荡均匀,将上述液体加热回流,煅烧反应后的产物,得到纳米无机颜料。通过XRD测定样品的晶型和纯度,确定新型颜料的主体成分是α-氧化铝,用紫外可见光谱仪测试样品的漫反射光谱,发现掺杂离子周围的配位环境变化导致吸收峰谱带发生变化。在此基础上用分光密度仪表征样品的色度,应用SEM进行微观形貌分析,样品粒径范围在200～300nm。将制成的复合氧化物颜料用饱和盐酸浸泡,对浸出液进行ICP测试,发现掺杂离子溶出量非常少,说明新型颜料具有良好的化学稳定性。上述结果说明,这类新型无机纳米粉体颜料各种耐性良好、无毒害,可以满足熔体纺丝要求,有望在无水印染方面得到应用。     

希格斯玻色子发现简史

希格斯玻色子于2012年的发现是粒子物理发展史上的一座里程碑。它为标准模型补上了最后一块拼图,希格斯机制的提出者们也因此获得了2013年的诺贝尔物理学奖。在希格斯玻色子发现十周年之际,文章将带领读者简短回顾希格斯玻色子从提出到发现的近半个世纪的历史。     

A brief history of PEEM

The evolution of cathode lens-based photo emission electron microscopy (PEEM) from the simple beginnings in the early 1930s to its sophisticated present state is discussed. In addition to conventional ultraviolet light-excited PEEM (UV-PEEM), laser excited PEEM and the various modes of synchrotron X-ray-excited PEEM (XPEEM) particular emphasis is placed on the complementary combination of these methods with low energy electron microscopy (LEEM).     

中国北方古建油饰彩画中绿色颜料的光谱分析

古建油饰彩画中颜料成分的分析鉴定是古建维修、保护的重要基础工作。文章利用X射线荧光分析、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜-能谱分析技术,首次系统地分析检测了来自北京、山西、甘肃等中国北方地区的27个古建油饰彩画中的绿色颜料。结果表明,其中15个样品使用了巴黎绿这种含铜、砷的人工合成颜料,其余样品未检测出矿物颜料,显色成分应为人工合成的有机物。在所有分析样品中未检测到古代常用的绿色颜料石绿和氯铜矿的存在。该研究工作开辟了光谱分析技术应用于古建油饰彩画颜料鉴定的新领域,为该类文物分析鉴定、修复材料的选择提供了科学数据。     

清代工笔云龙水波纹绘画颜料及技法研究

利用超景深三维视频显微镜、激光显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪、能量色散型X射线荧光分析显微镜,对一幅清代工笔画中云龙纹、水波纹所用颜料及技法进行研究。实验结果表明,画作中人物衣服首先以人工合成颜料巴黎绿（Paris green,Cu(CH₃COO)₂·3Cu(AsO₂)₂）整体填色,再用铁红（Hematite,α-Fe₂O₃）描绘出云龙纹、水波纹,绿色、红色颜料共同呈现纹饰内区的暗黄色,此后再以Cu-Zn-Pb合金黄铜粉末勾描出“金边”。此外在画作中还发现了人工合成的群青（Ultramarine,(Na, Ca)_7-8(Al, Si)₁₂(O, S)₂₄[SO₄, Cl₂(OH)₂]）,结合巴黎绿、群青合成成功的年份,确定了画作完成的时间上限。     

A brief history of gravitational wave research

For the benefit of the readers of this journal, the editors requested that we prepare a brief review of the history of the development of the theory, the experimental attempts to detect them, and the recent direct observations of gravitational waves (GWs). The theoretical ideas and disputes beginning with Einstein in 1916 regarding the existence and nature of gravitational waves and the extent to which one can rely on the electromagnetic analogy, especially the controversies regarding the quadrupole formula and whether gravitational waves carry energy, are discussed. The theoretical conclusions eventually received strong observational support from the binary pulsar. This provided compelling, although indirect, evidence for gravitational waves carrying away energy—as predicted by the quadrupole formula. On the direct detection experimental side, Joseph Weber started more than fifty years ago. In 1966, his bar for GW detection reached a strain sensitivity of a few times ${10}^{?16}$. His announcement of coincident signals (now considered spurious), stimulated many experimental efforts from room temperature resonant masses to cryogenic detectors and laser-interferometers. Now there are km-sized interferometric detectors (LIGO Hanford, LIGO Livingston, Virgo and KAGRA). Advanced LIGO first reached a strain sensitivity of the order of ${10}^{?22}$. During their first 130 days of observation (O1 run), with the aid of templates generated by numerical relativity, they did make the first detections: two 5-σ GW events and one likely event. Besides earth-based GW detectors, the drag-free sensitivity of the LISA Pathfinder has already reached to the LISA goal level, paving the road for space GW detectors. Over the whole GW spectrum (from aHz to THz) there are efforts for detection, notably the very-low-frequency band (pulsar timing array [PTA], 300 pHz – 100 nHz) and the extremely-low (Hubble)-frequency (cosmic microwave background [CMB] experiment, 1 aHz – 10 fHz).     

幂律分布研究简史

自然界与社会生活中存在各种各样性质迥异的幂律分布现象,因而对它们的研究具有广泛而深远的意义.近年来,借助于有效的物理和数学工具以及强大的计算机运算能力,科学家们对幂律分布的本质有了进一步深层次的理解.文章从统计物理学的角度,简要介绍了幂律分布的研究史以及最新的进展,并对它的形成机制及动力学影响作了一些简要的阐述.     

Characterization of pigments used in painting by means of laser-induced plasma and attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy

The study of pigments which are found in the works of art is one of the most important tasks in the examination of historic, artistic and archaeological materials since it can provide information about their source, the pictorial technique used or the presence of restoration works.In some studies, the historical, artistic and technical characterization of the artefact is not the final goal but its restoration. In those cases, the knowledge about the chemical composition inferred from the analysis of the artwork is crucial for conservators and restorers in order to ensure that the same pigments that were used in the original work are employed for the restoration.In this work, the analytical characterization of a range of different pigments commonly used in art has been carried out using laser-induced plasma (LIBS) and attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-FTIR spectroscopy. The main purpose of this study is to provide a preliminary database of LIBS and ATR-FTIR spectra in order to supply both elemental and molecular information, respectively.     

泡沫物理学史拾萃

人们对泡沫习以为常,却很难理解它的奇特性质,比如几乎完全由空气组成的泡沫,既能像固体一样发生弹性形变,又能像流体一样发生流动,这正是泡沫物理学的研究内容之一.泡沫物理是一门古老的学科,早在19世纪中下叶,气泡和泡沫结构静力学的描述已经完美,之后没有大的发展,直到1990年前后,随着流体力学、微观显像技术和计算技术等学科的发展,以及受材料科学和工业生产的需求,泡沫物理研究再次活跃起来.文章第一作者曾跟随英国皇家学会院士Denis Weaire从事泡沫物理研究多年,在他的演讲和个人收藏中,文章作者积累了一些材料,在此基础上,又仔细查阅了相关文献,整理成此文,它基本概括了泡沫结构静力学发展历程中的重要事件.     

Atomic clocks: A brief history and current status of research in India

Frequency corresponding to the energy difference between designated levels of an atom provides precise reference for making a universally accurate clock. Since the middle of the 20th century till now, there have been tremendous efforts in the field of atomic clocks making time the most accurately measured physical quantity. National Physical Laboratory India (NPLI) is the nation’s timekeeper and is developing an atomic fountain clock which will be a primary frequency standard. The fountain is currently operational and is at the stage of complete frequency evaluation. In this paper, a brief review on atomic time along with some of the recent results from the fountain clock will be discussed.     

热超构材料十年简史

文章简要介绍了热超构材料自2008年以来的十年发展历程。作者挑选了24篇文章按照出版时间的先后顺序,逐一点评,在呈现新物理和新应用的同时,亦述及人文思想。期望此举有助读者快速了解该领域的全貌及未来发展趋势。     

The colour wheels of art, perception, science and physiology

Colour is not the domain of any one discipline be it art, philosophy, psychology or science. Each discipline has its own colour wheel and this presentation examines the origins and philosophies behind the colour circles of Art, Perception, Science and Physiology (after image) with reference to Aristotle, Robert Boyle, Leonardo da Vinci, Goethe, Ewald Hering and Albert Munsell.The paper analyses and discusses the differences between the four colour wheels using the Natural Colour System® notation as the reference for hue (the position of colours within each of the colour wheels). Examination of the colour wheels shows the dominance of blue in the wheels of art, science and physiology particularly at the expense of green.This paper does not consider the three-dimensionality of colour space its goal was to review the hue of a colour with regard to its position on the respective colour wheels.     

Examiner bias: Influence of patient history on perceptual ratings of videostroboscopy

Videostroboscopic assessment of the vocal folds is a technique that relies solely on the subjective visual perception of the clinician. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether clinicians' videostroboscopic judgment of the vocal folds was influenced by their patients' case histories. The presence of bias was studied by assigning 30 videostroboscopic images of vocal folds to 19 experienced speech pathologists and otolaryngologists who received either good, bad, or no case histories accompanying the images. It was found that, as hypothesized, patient history is a possible source of bias. Post hoc analyses permitted the observation that experienced clinicians are less prone to bias than less-experienced clinicians, and that bias mostly occurs with mildly pathologic larynges. Further research is warranted to localize and quantify the presence of bias in order to determine whether a change in the clinical protocol is necessary.     

Spin, charge, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom in quasi-cubic manganites: A brief review

The rich phase diagram of La_1-xCa_xMnO₃ is the consequence of the interplay of spin, charge, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom, giving rise to several magnetic phases, Jahn–Teller distortions, spin-canting and phase separation, and orbital and charge order. Each Mn ion is in a mixed valent state of two magnetic configurations, Mn⁴⁺ and Mn³⁺. We study the phase diagram using mean-field slave bosons for the itinerant e_g-electrons in two orbitals with excluded multiple occupancy of each site, Hund's rule interaction between the e_g and t_2g states and Jahn–Teller coupling of the e_g orbitals to the lattice.     

面向21世纪专业教学、物理学史与教学科研相结合教学法

物理学史和教学科研在专业教学中具有不可或缺的重要作用，以此为指导思想，介绍了一种行之有效的新型教学法。     

Face offsetting: A unified approach for explicit moving interfaces

Dynamic moving interfaces are central to many scientific, engineering, and graphics applications. In this paper, we introduce a novel method for moving surface meshes, called the face offsetting method, based on a generalized Huygens’ principle. Our method operates directly on a Lagrangian surface mesh, without requiring an Eulerian volume mesh. Unlike traditional Lagrangian methods, which move each vertex directly along an approximate normal or user-specified direction, our method propagates faces and then reconstructs vertices through an eigenvalue analysis locally at each vertex to resolve normal and tangential motion of the interface simultaneously. The method also includes techniques for ensuring the integrity of the surface as it evolves. Face offsetting provides a unified framework for various dynamic interface problems and delivers accurate physical solutions even in the presence of singularities and large curvatures. We present the theoretical foundation of our method, and also demonstrate its accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility for a number of benchmark problems and a real-world application.     

Deformational methods of material nanostructuring: Premises,history, state of the art,and prospects

Brief history of origin and development of methods of deformational nanostructuring of materials (DNM) also referred to as methods of severe plastic deformation (SPD) are presented. Principles and efficiencies of the most widespread DNM methods — torsion under quasi-hydrostatic pressure (THP), equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), and hydrostatic isothermal forging (HIF) — are analyzed. Results of pioneer research of the structure and properties of nanomaterials produced by these methods are given. Prospects for the DNM application in industrial technologies of metal treatment and product manufacturing are indicated. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 47–59, May, 2008.     

The continuous time random walk,still trendy: fifty-year history,state of art and outlook

In this article we demonstrate the very inspiring role of the continuous-time random walk (CTRW) formalism, the numerous modifications permitted by its flexibility, its various applications, and the promising perspectives in the various fields of knowledge. A short review of significant achievements and possibilities is given. However, this review is still far from completeness. We focused on a pivotal role of CTRWs mainly in anomalous stochastic processes discovered in physics and beyond. This article plays the role of an extended announcement of the Eur. Phys. J. B Special Issue [http://epjb.epj.org/open-calls-for-papers/123-epj-b/1090-ctrw-50-years-on] containing articles which show incredible possibilities of the CTRWs.