离子液体和苯基双功能基键合固相微萃取涂层用于水样中多环芳烃的测定

以含离子液体基团的三烷氧基硅烷和二苯基二甲氧基硅烷为前体,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了一种含键合离子液体和苯基双功能基的SPME涂层,该涂层的使用温度可达340℃。优化了萃取温度和时间、盐效应以及解析温度和时间,确定NaCl为4 g、80℃平衡50 min、300℃解吸5 min为最优条件,并在该条件下采用顶空固相微萃取结合GC/FID的方法测定水样中5种多环芳烃的检出限为0.002～0.083μg/L,其线性相关系数的平方均大于0.9973。东湖水样中5种痕量的PAHs的回收率介于71.4%～107.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为1.5%～5.3%。     

溶胶-凝胶杂化整体柱修饰及在多环芳烃检测中的应用

利用点击反应对含叠氮基的溶胶-凝胶整体柱进行了表面修饰,制备了C₆-硅胶杂化整体萃取柱。实验以多环芳烃为分析对象,考察了制备和修饰条件对萃取效率的影响,在优化的条件下,新制备的整体柱对萘、菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的萃取富集倍数分别达到95.9、114.2、103.2和57.8。萃取实验的日内和日间精密度(RSD)分别小于5.5%(n=8)和7.3%(n=10)。建立的管内固相微萃取-高效液相色谱检测16种常见多环芳烃方法的检出限(S/N=3)达到0.08~3.72 μg/L,定量限(S/N=10)达到0.26~12.40 μg/L。土壤中多环芳烃分析的加标回收率为82.4%~110.6%, RSD为2.6%~7.9%(n=3)。与美国国家环境保护局检测土壤中多环芳烃的方法比较,结果一致,准确性高。实验表明,该方法萃取效率高,灵敏可靠,操作简便,重现性好,可满足土壤等样品中痕量多环芳烃检测的要求。     

固相微萃取采样器的开发及其在南海水体多环芳烃检测中的应用

对原有固相微萃取采样器进行改进,并将其用于珠江三角洲西部和东部2个水体基质较复杂的海湾(海陵湾和大亚湾)中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的原位采样分析.研究表明,在分析的16种PAHs化合物中,2、3、4环PAHs均可检出,而5、6环PAHs均未检出.萘、芴、菲、荧蒽、芘5种检出化合物中,除萘外,均与文献中对珠江三角洲水体中PAHs的研究浓度无显著性差别.实验测得萘的质量浓度比传统方法的低,主要是因为固相微萃取水体原位采样技术无需有机溶剂参与样品富集过程,避免了有机溶剂对萘测定的干扰.     

离子液体和聚离子液体固相微萃取涂层制备及应用进展

固相微萃取(Solid-phase microextraction,SPME)技术因其具有操作简单、萃取时间短、无需有机溶剂、易于自动化操作等优点,成为近年来发展起来的一种新型样品前处理技术。涂层是SPME技术的核心,决定了涂层萃取的选择性和容量。离子液体和聚离子液体因具有环境友好、蒸汽压低、热稳定性好、设计灵活、粘度大等特点,已作为一类新的涂层材料广泛应用于SPME,并对各种分析物均展现出良好的萃取效果和选择性。本文从制备技术、形貌、选择性、稳定性、寿命、应用等方面综述了近年来离子液体和聚离子液体基SPME涂层的研究进展,对它们的优缺点进行了对比讨论,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

毛细管固相微萃取-液相色谱法测定水中的多环芳烃

建立了一种新的水环境样品项处理方法。将水相中目标污染物萃取至毛细管固定相中，经微量有机溶剂解吸，直接在高效液相色谱上进样分析。该方法对蒽、荧蒽和1，2—苯并蒽3种多环芳烃的检测限分别为0．9μg/L，0．7μg/L和0．1μg/L。相对标准偏差5．1％-6．3％(n＝7)。     

固相萃取搅拌棒萃取-气相色谱分析海水中的多环芳烃

利用固相萃取搅拌棒（SBSE）萃取海水中的多环芳烃，然后用热解吸脱附-气相色谱分析。研究了萃取时间、添加NaCl浓度对萃取效率的影响。实验结果表明，SBSE方法对16种多环芳烃的萃取回收率分别在33．5％～122．4％之间；对标准样品的检出限为2．74-13．5ng／L；方法RSD为3．8％～13．1％。用此方法测定了大连海岸海水中的多环芳烃含量。     

固相微萃取-高效液相色谱联用分析环境水样中的痕量多环芳烃

建立了固相微萃取(SPME)-高效液相色谱(HPLC)联用同时测定环境水样中8种多环芳烃的分析方法。优化了萃取时间、萃取温度、解吸时间、解吸溶液、解吸模式等条件。该法对8种多环芳烃的检出限为0.002-0.180 μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD, n=6)为4.4%-12.2%。用该法分析江水中的痕量多环芳烃,除苯并［b］荧蒽外,其他7种多环芳烃的回收率为91.1%-115.8%,RSD(n=3)为3.6%-18.8%。方法快速、灵敏、简单,适用于快速分析环境水样中的痕量多环芳烃。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱串联质谱法检测北京大气细颗粒物中的多环芳烃

采用固相微萃取与气相色谱串联质谱联用,建立了快捷测定大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)中16种优控多环芳烃的方法.目标物先用二氯甲烷富集浓缩,然后用100 μm聚二甲基硅氧烷萃取纤维,通过超声萃取方式,在60℃条件下,萃取30 min.在优化的在多反应监测模式下,方法回收率在56.8％ ～ 106.0％之间,检出限为0.022～0.056 ng/m3.应用此方法检测了清华大学采样点采取的2013年1月1到15日北京PM2.5空气样品中的16种PAHs,实验结果表明,PAHs总质量浓度在290～1812 ng/m3之间,其中四环PAHs的总质量浓度最大(145 ～937 ng/m3),其次是五环PAHs(总质量浓度81.1～664.5 ng/m3),分子质量浓度较高的依次是荧蒽、芘、苯并(b)荧蒽、(蕴)、苯并(a)芘、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)蒽和菲,PAHs的污染主要来源于化石燃料燃烧和机动车排放.     

离子液体在微萃取技术中的应用

离子液体是在室温或近于室温下呈液态的熔盐体系,由特定阳离子和阴离子构成。与传统的液态物质相比,离子液体几乎没有蒸气压、不易挥发、能溶解许多无机物和有机物。在样品前处理技术中得到了广泛的应用。微萃取技术是一种简便快速、提取效率高、溶剂用量少、环境友好的样品前处理技术。本文综述了离子液体在微萃取技术(液相微萃取和固相微萃取)中的应用。     

Coupling of a Modified In-Tube Solid Phase Microextraction Technique with High Perfor- mance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection for the Ultra-Trace Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples

A modified in-tube solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique in conjunction with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the trace determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples. The extraction device contained a regular HPLC syringe, replacing the metallic needle by two concentric fused silica capillary tubes. The capillary tubes were coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the sorbent and were attached to the syringe by a homemade interface made from polyether ether ketone (PEEK). The sorption of analytes was achieved by frequent withdrawing and ejecting the water sample from/into a vial via the capillary tubes. For the desorption step, an aliquot of organic solvent was withdrawn and subsequently injected directly into the HPLC system. Limits of detection for the elected PAHs were between 0.001 and 0.006 g L^–1 with a RSD of 2.6–6.3%.     

活性炭纤维改性对ACF-SPME技术分析多环芳烃的影响

活性炭纤维经改性剂浸渍,水蒸气高温活化后,增大了其对水中多环芳烃的选择性和吸附量,提高了检出限。活性炭纤维活化的最佳条件:在45%磷酸中浸渍6 h,水蒸气中活化30 min,活化温度为500℃。与未改性炭纤维相比,改性后的炭纤维经固相微萃取技术与气相色谱联用测定16种多环芳烃(PAHs),检出限由0.5~50μg/L降至0.01~0.5μg/L,加标回收率由46%~112%增至74%~124%。方法的灵敏度和准确性得到明显的改善,提高了该技术的实际应用价值。     

微萃取瓶富集-高效液相色谱法测定海水中多环芳烃

采用自制微萃取瓶富集-反相高效液相色谱法同时测定海水中的萘、菲、荧蒽。实验选择DiamonsilC18(250×4.6mmi.d.,5μm)色谱柱,体积比为88∶12的甲醇-水作流动相,流速1.0mL/min,检测波长280nm,柱温30℃。最佳萃取条件:400mL水样,300μL正辛烷作萃取剂,NaCl浓度100g/L,萃取时间15min。在10～5×104μg/L范围内,萘、菲、荧蒽呈现良好线性关系(相关系数均大于0.9997)。萘、菲、荧蒽检出限分别为13.3、13.3、7.0ng/L;加标回收率分别为94.50%、94.05%、92.59%;相对标准偏差分别为1.60%、1.82%、0.90%。     

在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水体中的多环芳烃

建立了在线固相萃取-液相色谱测定水体残留的多环芳烃的方法,用于测定自来水中的20种多环芳烃( PAHs)。直接进样1 mL经过过滤的水体样品,其中的被测组分富集在SPE柱( Acclaim PA II,50 mm×4.6 mm,3μm)上,在线完成净化和萃取富集;再通过阀切换将它们转移至分析流路,在Hypersil Green PAH色谱柱(150 mm ×3 mm,3μm)上分离检测。在线固相萃取流路以水和乙腈为流动相,0.4和0.6 mL/min流速梯度富集/萃取和洗脱;分析流路亦以水和乙腈为流动相,0.8 mL/min流速梯度洗脱,采用紫外254 nm检测无荧光效应的苊烯和弱荧光效应的萘,其它的多环芳烃化合物则于不同的荧光检测通道里,在其对应的最大激发/发射波长下灵敏测定。整个分析流程32 min即可完成。20种PAHs的保留时间的相对标准偏差均小于0.2％,色谱峰面积的相对标准偏差均小于1.3％(n=7);在3个浓度数量级范围内峰面积与进样质量浓度的线性相关系数均大于0.9910,0.05μg/L的自来水加标样品的回收率为57％~140％,5μg/L的自来水加标样品的回收率为85％~116％;多数有荧光响应的PAHs的方法检出限均小于0.02μg/L (S/N=3)。     

Preparation of a Robust and Sensitive Gold-Coated Fiber for Solid-Phase Microextraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Waters

A robust gold-coated solid-phase microextraction fiber was rapidly prepared on an etched stainless-steel wire based on chemical deposition. Gold(III) was reduced to produce a mechanically robust fiber with a stable coating. Subsequently, it was applied for solid-phase microextraction of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples coupled to high performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet-visible detector. The preconcentration conditions were optimized, including extraction and desorption time, temperature, stirring rate, and ionic strength. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration graphs were linear in the range from 1 to 500 µg · L^?1 for naphthalene and 0.20–500 µg · L^?1 for phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. Limits of detection were between 0.016 and 0.22 µg · L^?1 (signal-to-noise ratio = 3). The analysis of water samples showed that the recoveries ranged from 86.0% to 112.9% with relative standard deviations between 2.03% and 11.7%. The fiber coating was sensitive and suitable for the preconcentration and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental waters. Compared with previously reported solid-phase microextraction methods, this device offered easy preparation, low cost, resistance to organic solvents, good stability, and high durability.     

离子液体-液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定纺织品中芳香胺

建立了一种基于1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体的溶剂棒液相微萃取样品前处理技术,结合高效液相色谱法分析染色纺织品中源于禁用偶氮染料的8种致癌芳香胺的方法。考察了有机萃取溶剂、给出相pH值、搅拌速度、盐效应和萃取时间的影响,确定了以正辛醇为有机萃取溶剂,离子液体为接收相,给出相pH值为10并添加饱和NaCl溶液,搅拌速率为1000 r/min,萃取时间为40 min的芳香胺优化萃取条件。方法的线性范围宽,相关系数r>0.9986;检出限为0.014~2.1μg/L(S/N=3);相对标准偏差<4.6%(n=10);回收率为83.2%~91.2%;8种芳香胺的富集倍数在10~270倍之间。本法具有灵敏,萃取效率高,有机溶剂消耗少,操作简单、快捷等特点。     

Use of Ionic Liquid-filled Semipermeable Membrane for Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water

A novel and facile sample preparation method was developed for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aqueous sample solution using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4MIM][PF6]) - filled semipermeable membrane. For 24 hrs extraction of naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-chloronaphthalene, phenanthrene, the result showed that the extraction efficiency, correlation coefficient (R^2) and RSD (n=5) were in therange of 67-102 %, 0.9870-0.9962, and 2.1-5.3 %, respectively.     

Simultaneous Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Determination of Different Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants of water, and their determination at trace levels in the aquatic ecosystems is essential. In this work, an ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) procedure was suggested utilizing a binary dispersive agent for recovery of different molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from waters. The detection was carried out by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and diode-array detection (HPLC-FD/PDA). The method was optimized for the extraction of analytes with respect to the mixture composition, ratios of components, ultrasonication time and centrifugation parameters. The analytical schemes for PAHs extraction from water samples using different ratios of extraction and dispersive solvents are reported. The mixture consisting of chloroform and methanol was applied for the extraction of PAHs containing two or three fused aromatic rings; the mixture of chloroform and acetonitrile is suitable for PAHs containing more than four aromatic rings. The mixture of chloroform:acetone + acetonitrile was applied in the universal scheme and allowed for the simultaneous extraction of 20 PAHs with different structures. The developed sample preparation schemes were combined with GC-MS and HPLC-FD/PDA, which allowed us to determine the analytes at low concentrations (from 0.0002 µg/L) with the recoveries exceeding 80% and relative standard deviations of about 8%. The developed methods for the determination of 20 PAHs were applied to the analysis of water samples from the Karasun Lake (Krasnodar), Azov Sea (Temryuk) and Black Sea (Sochi).