咪唑螯合硼离子液体的合成、表征及摩擦学性能

以一类环境友好的螯合硼离子液体为研究对象,合成了4种具有不同烷基直链阳离子中心的螯合硼离子液体C_nMImBScB(n=2,4,6,8);通过核磁共振波谱(NMR)、电耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)、热重分析(TGA)和差示扫描量热分析(DSC)等方法对4种螯合硼离子液体进行了结构分析、硼含量测定和热稳定性分析.以聚乙二醇200(PEG200)作为基础油样品,C_nMImBScB(n=2,4,6,8)作为添加剂,采用四球摩擦磨损试验机、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能量色散X射线光谱(EDX)分别对油样的减摩抗磨性能、磨斑形貌和磨斑表面元素分布进行了分析和表征.结果表明,C_nMImBScB(n=2,4,6,8)可作为在较宽温度范围内使用的润滑油添加剂,离子液体的低浓度(质量分数1%~2%)添加使PEG200的摩擦性能得到大幅度提高,摩擦系数最大降低58.46%,磨斑直径最大降低20.5%;硼元素沉积到表面参与润滑膜的成膜,磨斑表面碳元素含量的增加也有助于摩擦性能的提高.     

γ辐照引发[Cnmim][NTf2]离子液体变色研究

1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑双三氟甲基磺酰胺型离子液体(C_nmim][NTf₂])被认为是最有希望用于核燃料循环中的分离试剂之一, 虽然其化学结构在辐照过程中变化不大, 但在受到γ辐照后会发生明显的变色, 因此有必要研究该类离子液体的变色原因. 本文以⁶⁰Co为辐照源, 系统研究了辐照后不同C(1)－烷基链长和咪唑环上C(2)位上的H被甲基取代后离子液体的紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱行为, 并结合辐照后离子液体荧光光谱和质谱的变化, 分析了导致该类离子液体辐照后颜色加深的原因. 结果表明, 随着咪唑环上C(1)―烷基链长度和剂量增大, 离子液体颜色加深; 而C(2)位上的H被甲基取代后颜色明显变浅. 辐照后咪唑型离子液体的变色主要来自于辐照后产生的烷基侧链含双键的咪唑阳离子, 咪唑阳离子二聚体和含氟咪唑化合物. 此外, γ辐照引起咪唑阳离子易发生π-π堆积, 而聚集态含量增加也会引起颜色加深.     

以离子液体为流动相添加剂高效液相色谱法分离钩藤药材中的钩藤碱和异钩藤碱

以常用流动相添加剂三乙胺作为对照,建立了以离子液体为流动相添加剂,分离钩藤药材中钩藤碱和异钩藤碱的高效液相色谱方法。以分离度及相关色谱参数为指标,选择了离子液体中咪唑阳离子烷基链长度及阴离子的种类。并分别考察了咪唑阳离子烷基链长度、离子液体浓度、流动相pH值和流动相比例对钩藤碱和异钩藤碱分离的影响,初步探讨了离子液体的分离机理。结果显示,咪唑阳离子的烷基链越长,阴离子的离子液体序列越高,分离效果越好,即[HMIM][BF_4]为最优的流动相添加剂。当[HMIM][BF_4]浓度为16 mmol/L,流动相pH值为3.0,甲醇比例为37%时,钩藤碱和异钩藤碱能够实现基线分离,满足样品分离测定的需求。     

梯度淋洗离子对色谱法测定咪唑离子液体中的阳离子

采用梯度淋洗离子对色谱-紫外检测(IPC-UV)法分离测定5种咪唑离子液体中的阳离子。实验采用ZORBAX Eclipse XDB C18色谱柱,以离子对试剂与乙腈为流动相,首先考察了离子对试剂种类和浓度、乙腈浓度和色谱柱温度对咪唑阳离子保留的影响,然后确定了最适宜分离的色谱条件。在此条件下可同时基线分离5种咪唑阳离子。所测阳离子的检出限(S/N=3)为0.05～0.30 mg/L,峰面积的相对标准偏差(RSD, n=5)在0.1%以下。将此方法用于分析实验室合成的2种1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体中的阳离子,加标回收率在98.6%～102.1%之间。本方法准确、可靠,具有较好的实用性。     

含稀土离子液体[Cnmim][Ln（NO3）4]的合成、表征及荧光性能研究

以N-甲基咪唑,溴代烷烃和硝酸钠为原料,合成了5种离子液体[Cnmim]NO3(n=2,4,6,8,10;mim=N-甲基咪唑),并对离子液体进行了表征.用[Cnmim]NO3与硝酸铕、硝酸铽反应,得到了含稀土离子液体[Cnmim][Ln(NO3)4](Ln=Eu,Tb).利用电喷雾质谱对[Cnmim][Ln(NO3)4]的结构进行了表征,结果表明稀土离子与来自4个硝酸根的8个氧原子配位,形成[Ln(NO3)4]阴离子,阳离子为1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑.荧光研究表明,[Cnmim][Ln(NO3)4](Ln=Eu,Tb)的溶液存在较强荧光;温度和浓度影响荧光强度.     

室温离子液体在过渡金属催化反应中的应用研究进展

室温离子液体(RTILs)是在室温或近于室温下呈液态的由离子构成的盐类．如图1所示，RTILs按阳离子类型可以分为4类：烷基季铵盐离子；烷基季鳞盐离子；N，N-二烷基咪唑离子和N-烷基吡啶离子．按阴离子可分为：氯化盐 AlX3(X=卤素)和含有RF1^-,PF6^-等阴离子的离子液体．     

离子液体对淀粉酶催化反应的影响

用分光光度法研究了二烷基咪唑氯类和二烷基咪唑磷酸酯类离子液体对淀粉酶催化反应的影响,通过吸光度的变化来测定淀粉水解的程度。 结果表明,这两类离子液体对淀粉酶催化反应均有明显的抑制作用,其中1-己基-3-甲基咪唑氯[HMIM]Cl的抑制作用最大。 而且,对于相同的阴离子,随着阳离子咪唑环烷基取代基链长的增加,抑制作用也增加。     

胍盐离子液体对Si3N4/钢摩擦副的摩擦性能

两种具有较高热稳定性的胍盐离子液体用于Si₃N₄/钢摩擦副摩擦学性能的研究,在扫描电子显微镜下观察了磨斑表面形貌,并与烷基咪唑离子液体进行对比。 用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析了润滑机理。 结果表明,胍盐离子液体对Si₃N₄/钢摩擦副具有非常好的润滑作用,其承载能力强,摩擦系数小,磨痕浅。 摩擦过程中,Si₃N₄/钢摩擦副界面发生了复杂的摩擦化学反应并形成了边界润滑膜,起到减摩抗磨的作用。     

咪唑氟硼酸类离子液体熔点与分子内相互作用能的关系

运用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法及6-311++G(d,p)基组对11种咪唑氟硼酸离子液体进行了研究.选择相应化合物的离子体系{[XIM][BF4]n}(n-1)-(n=2,3)作为研究对象,即研究体系由一个烷基咪唑阳离子XIM+和2-3个BF4-阴离子构成,对其进行结构优化.在优化得到的最低能量构型的基础上计算了分子内阳离子与阴离子间的相互作用能,同时考虑了基组重叠误差的修正.结果表明所研究离子体系的离子间相互作用能与离子液体的实验熔点之间存在明确的线性关系,并且所得到的线性方程与氨基酸阳离子型离子液体中存在的线性关系相近.我们的工作为今后借助量子化学方法设计功能化离子液体提供了一定的理论基础.     

离子液体为流动相的液相色谱法-间接紫外检测吗啉阳离子

建立了以咪唑离子液体为流动相的液相色谱-间接紫外检测分析N-甲基,丙基吗啉阳离子的方法。用反相硅胶整体柱,以咪唑离子液体-离子对试剂水溶液/有机溶剂为流动相测定吗啉阳离子。咪唑离子液体为背景紫外吸收试剂。研究了咪唑离子液体、检测波长、离子对试剂、有机溶剂、柱温、流速对测定吗啉阳离子的影响,探讨了保留规律。以0.5 mmol·L-11-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐-0.1 mmol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠水溶液/甲醇(85∶15,v/v)为流动相,检测波长210 nm,柱温30℃,流速1.0 m L·min-1,N-甲基,丙基吗啉阳离子的保留时间为2.397 min,检出限(S/N=3)为0.02 mg·L-1,峰面积的相对标准偏差(n=5)为1.1%,保留时间的相对标准偏差(n=5)为0.03%。将此方法用于分析实验室合成的N-甲基,丙基吗啉离子液体,加标回收率为100.5%。本方法简便、快捷,可满足N-甲基,丙基吗啉离子液体阳离子的定量分析要求。     

Insight into the interactions that control the phase behaviour of new aqueous biphasic systems composed of polyethylene glycol polymers and ionic liquids

New polyethylene glycol (PEG)/ionic liquid aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) are presented. Distinct pairs of PEG polymers and ionic liquids can induce phase separation in aqueous media when dissolved at appropriate concentrations. Phase diagrams have been determined for a large array of systems at 298, 308 and 323 K. A comparison of the binodal curves allowed the analysis of the tunable structural features of the ionic liquid (i.e., anionic nature, cationic core, cationic alkyl side chain length and functionalisation, and number of alkyl substituents in the cation) and the influence of the molecular weight of the PEG polymer on the ability of these solutes to induce an ABS. It was observed that contrary to typical ABS based on ionic liquids and inorganic salts, in which the phase behaviour is dominated by the formation of the hydration complexes of the ions, the interactions between the PEG polymers and ionic liquids control the phase demixing in the polymer-type ABS studied herein. It is shown that both the ionic liquids and PEG polymers can act as the salting-out species; that is, it is an occurrence that is dependent on the structural features of the ionic liquid. For the first time, PEG/ionic liquid ABS are reported and insight into the major interactions that govern the polymer/ionic liquid phase behaviour in aqueous media are provided. The use of two different nonvolatile and tunable species (i.e., ionic liquids and PEG polymers) to form ABS allows the polarities of the phases to be tailored. Hence, the development of environmentally friendly separation processes that make use of these novel systems is envisaged.     

Solutions of ionic liquids with diverse aliphatic and aromatic solutes – Phase behavior and potentials for applications: A review article

This article principally reviews our research related to liquid–liquid and solid–liquid phase behavior of imidazolium- and phosphonium-based ionic liquids, mainly having bistriflamide ([NTf₂]⁻) or triflate ([OTf]⁻) anions, with several aliphatic and aromatic solutes (target molecules). The latter include: (i) diols and triols: 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol and glycerol; (ii) polymer poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG): average molecular mass 200, 400 and 2050 – PEG200 (liquid), PEG400 (liquid) and PEG2050 (solid), respectively; (iii) polar aromatic compounds: nicotine, aniline, phenolic acids (vanillic, ferulic and caffeic acid,), thymol and caffeine and (iv) non-polar aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, p-xylene). In these studies, the effects of the cation and anion, cation alkyl chain and PEG chain lengths on the observed phase behaviors were scrutinized. Thus, one of the major observations is that the anion – bistriflamide/triflate – selection usually had strong, sometimes really remarkable effects on the solvent abilities of the studied ionic liquids. Namely, in the case of the hydrogen-bonding solutes, the ionic liquids with the triflate anion generally exhibited substantially higher solubility than those having the bistriflamide anion. Nevertheless, with the aromatic compounds the situation was the opposite – in most of the cases it was the bistriflamide anion that favoured solubility. Moreover, our other studies confirmed the ability of PEG to dissolve both polar and non-polar aromatic compounds. Therefore, two general possibilities of application of alternative, environmentally acceptable, solvents of tuneable solvent properties appeared. One is to use homogeneous mixtures of two ionic liquids having [NTf₂]⁻ and [OTf]⁻ anions as mixed solvents. The other, however, envisages the application of homogeneous and heterogeneous (PEG + ionic liquid) solutions as tuneable solvents for aromatic solutes.Such mixed solvents have potential applications in separation of the aforesaid target molecules from their aqueous solutions or in extraction from original matrices. From the fundamental point of view the phase equilibrium studies reviewed herein and the diversity of the pure compounds – ionic liquids and target molecules – represent a good base for the discussion of interactions between the molecules that exist in the studied solutions.     

离子液体在多水相液液平衡体系中的作用

通过用短链离子液体(1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[C2mim]Br、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[C4mim]Br)部分或全部取代SDS/DTAB/PEG/NaBr/H2O多水相体系中的无机盐NaBr,用长链离子液体十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[C12mim]Br部分取代体系中阳离子表面活性剂DTAB,系统研究了离子液体在分相体系中的作用及其对分相体系性质的影响.研究表明,SDS/DTAB/PEG/NaBr/H2O混合体系形成的四水相体系可以看作"聚合物双水相"与"表面活性剂双水相"共存的结果.短链离子液体([C2mim]Br、[C4mim]Br)较强的亲水性能赋予其较强的盐析能力,在混合体系中表现出明显的盐效应,保证了四水相体系中"聚合物双水相"的存在.短链离子液体与聚合物之间的相互作用及其对表面活性剂之间相互作用的影响均不可忽略.对混合体系的相行为,共存多相的性质有重要的影响.而长链离子液体[C12mim]Br主要通过自身的疏水作用影响"表面活性剂双水相"的性质,充当表面活性剂的角色.然而,[C12mim]Br与DTAB分子结构上的差异,导致表面活性剂分子在"表面活性剂双水相"的两相重新分配,影响了对应两相的体积及萃取能力.可见,通过调节离子液体的烷基链长、混合体系中的含量等可获得具有特定性质的多水相体系.     

离子液体作添加剂对高效液相色谱分离植物激素的影响

探讨了以离子液体作为液相色谱流动相添加剂,对植物激素赤霉素GA3、生长素IAA和脱落酸ABA的分离的影响,以及离子液体的烷烃链长度,阴离子及离子液体的浓度对分离的影响。结果表明:咪唑阳离子和植物激素通过静电作用而保留;植物激素本身的pKa值影响其保留因子,pKa值增大,离子液体浓度对植物激素保留因子影响增大;另外随[BMIM]对应的阴离子电负性的减小,植物激素的保留因子明显地增大;同时植物激素的空间位阻也影响其分离。     

Tailoring of interfacial properties by ionic liquids in a fluorinated matrix based nanocomposites

Different ionic liquids based on alkyltriphenylphosphonium and imidazolium-functionalized either with two alkyl chains or with a fluorinated chain have been synthesized and used as interfacial agents for the layered silicates. The effect of the chemical nature of the organic cation on the morphology and the physical properties of the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposites has been studied. The influence of ionic liquids on polymorphic crystalline forms, i.e. α and β phases of the polymer matrix was discussed.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of ionic liquid-vapour interfaces: effect of cation symmetry on structure at the interface

The influence of alkyl chain symmetry of the imidazolium cation on the structure and properties of the ionic liquid-vapour interface has been addressed through molecular dynamics simulations. The anion chosen is bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf(2)). Profiles of number densities, orientation of cations, charge density, electrostatic potential, and surface tension have been obtained. At the interface, both cations and anions were present, and the alkyl chains of the former preferred to orient out into the vapour phase. A large fraction of cations preferred to be oriented with their ring-normal parallel to the surface and alkyl chains perpendicular to it. These orientational preferences are reduced in ionic liquids with symmetric cations. Although the charge densities at the interface were largely negative, an additional small positive charge density has been observed for systems with longer alkyl chains. The electrostatic potential difference developed between the liquid and the vapour phases were positive and decreased with increasing length of the alkyl group. The calculated surface tension of the liquids also decreased with increasing alkyl chain length, in agreement with experiment. The surface tension of an ionic liquid with symmetric cation was marginally higher than that of one with an asymmetric, isomeric cation.     

Protein Refolding by N-Alkylpyridinium and N-Alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium Ionic Liquids

An important property of ionic liquids consisting of cations and anions is that the chemical structures can be easily tuned. To expand the repertoire of effective ionic liquid-based refolding additives, we focused on this tunable property and investigated the effects of new candidates such as N-alkylpyridinium chlorides and N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium chlorides on protein refolding. Denatured lysozyme (30 mg/mL) was used as a model protein and refolded by 30-fold dilution with various refolding buffers containing different ionic liquids consisting of a systematic variety of alkyl chains. Compared with the refolding yield without additives (lower than 10%), less hydrophobic ionic liquids such as N-ethyl, N-butyl and N-hexylpyridinium chlorides, and N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium chloride were effective in enhancing the refolding yields (46–69%), because they primarily suppressed aggregation because of their chaotropic properties. N-alkylpyridinium cations were more hydrophobic than N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium cations according to the calculated log P values and prevented aggregation at lower concentrations because of their hydrophobicity. The results provide a range of new effective ionic liquid-based additives for higher protein refolding yields and the knowledge of the effect of chemical structures of additives on protein refolding.     

Molecularly imprinted SPE coupled with HPLC for the selective separation and enrichment of alkyl imidazolium ionic liquids in environmental water samples

A novel 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid surface imprinted solid‐phase sorbent was synthesized. The as‐prepared material was characterized by SEM, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis and Fourier Transform IR measurements. Then its adsorption properties for alkyl imidazolium ionic liquids, including adsorption capacities, adsorption kinetics, and properties of selective separation and enrichment were studied in detail. It was shown that the ionic liquid surface imprinted polymer exhibited high selective recognition characteristics for the imidazolium chloride ionic liquids with short alkyl chains (C_nmimCl, n = 2, 4, 6, 8) and the adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 25 min. Various parameters were optimized for the 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid surface imprinted polymer SPE column, such as flow rate, eluent solvent, selectivity, and reusability of the column. Then, the SPE column coupled with HPLC was used for the determination of alkyl imidazolium ionic liquids. Experimental results showed that the existence of their structural analogs and common concomitants in environmental matrices did not affect the enrichment of 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium chloride ionic liquid. The average recoveries of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid in spiked water samples were in the range of 92.0–102.0% with the RSD lower than 5.8%.