氧气在聚丙烯内吸附和扩散的分子模拟

采用巨正则Monte Carlo和分子动力学模拟相结合的方法研究了氧气在不同聚合度的聚丙烯内的吸附和扩散. 模拟结果表明, 随聚丙烯聚合度的增加, 聚丙烯对氧气的吸附量逐渐增加, 而氧气在聚丙烯内的扩散系数减小; 当聚合度增大到一定程度时, 吸附量和扩散系数都趋于一稳定值. 随温度的升高, 氧气在聚丙烯内的吸附量减少, 而扩散系数增大. 本文还应用自由体积理论探讨了氧气在聚合物内扩散的机理, 发现氧气在聚丙烯内以空穴形式存在的自由体积之间扩散, 即氧气先在一个空穴内不停振动, 然后通过聚丙烯链段运动形成的通道跳跃到下一个空穴来完成扩散. 结果表明, 较高聚合度的聚合物材料在常温及低温下使用对于其在食品包装材料中的应用是有利的, 这为食品包装材料行业相关产品的应用开发提供了一定的指导和依据.     

活性炭表面性质对氧气扩散电极电催化性能的影响

 分别采用硝酸和空气氧化处理制得具有不同表面性质的粉末活性炭,并以此为催化层材料制成炭基氧气扩散电极,测定了不同电极的极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱. N2物理吸附和He程序升温脱附(He-TPD)研究表明,硝酸处理对活性炭孔结构的影响较小,但可使其表面含氧基团明显增加; 而空气氧化处理则会导致活性炭的中孔面积和孔容显著增大,但对表面含氧基团的影响较小. 极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱研究发现,当活性炭的孔结构相近时,电极的催化性能随着表面含氧基团的增多而急剧下降; 当活性炭表面含氧基团的量相近时,中孔孔容增大将导致电极催化性能的恶化. 与活性炭表面含氧基团相比,孔结构对氧气扩散电极的电化学性能具有更显著的影响.     

氧气在碱溶液中结构与扩散系数的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法对不同温度(25-120 ℃)及碱浓度(1:100-1:5, 摩尔比)下NaOH和KOH溶液中的氧气进行了模拟. 本文考察了NaOH及KOH溶液中溶剂-溶剂、氧气-溶剂及氧气-溶质的径向分布函数, 并采用爱因斯坦方程从均方位移曲线中计算得到了氧气及溶质离子的扩散系数. 结果显示随着碱浓度的升高, 氧气扩散系数逐渐减少; 在相同条件下, 氧气在NaOH溶液中扩散系数小于在KOH溶液中的扩散系数; 溶质离子扩散系数的变化规律与氧气一致. 通过与现有实验结果对比, 发现了分子动力学方法的可靠性及用于研究实验受限领域的优越性.     

微孔中简单流体扩散行为的分子动力学模拟研究

用分子动力学模拟方法研究了受限在微孔中的简单流体氩的扩散行为,考察了微孔类型、孔径、温度和密度对微孔中流体扩散系数的影响.研究发现,微孔中流体的扩散系数均小于体相流体,并且随孔径的减小而减小,同时沿孔道或狭缝方向的扩散系数分量远大于沿孔径方向的分量,并且流体在通道型微孔中的扩散系数小于在狭缝型微孔中的扩散系数,温度和密度也是影响微孔中扩散的重要因素.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定纺织品中喹啉及其同分异构体异喹啉的残留量

称取剪碎的纺织品样品1.000g,用甲苯10.0mL于常温下超声提取60min,用注射器移取部分提取液,经0.45μm聚四氯乙烯滤膜过滤,取滤液按仪器工作条件进行气相色谱-质谱法分析。以DB-5MS色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)为分离柱,在80~200℃之间以12℃·min^-1的升温速率进行色谱分离。在此条件下可使喹啉与异喹啉完全分离。质谱测定中,采用电子轰击离子源(EI)和全扫描模式定性和选择离子扫描模式定量。上述2种化合物均在10.0~250.0μg·L^-1内与其对应峰面积呈线性关系,其检出限均为0.1mg·kg^-1。以空白样品为基体,在3个浓度水平上加入标准溶液进行回收试验,测得喹啉的回收率为82.9%~92.0%,异喹啉的回收率为85.5%~98.1%,2种化合物测定值的平均相对标准偏差(n=6)依次为2.5%,3.1%。应用所提出的方法分析了纺织品实际样品22个,其中有5个试样检出有此2种化合物存在,其质量分数为1.2~27.8mg·kg^-1,均低于OEKO-TEX■STANDARD 100,2019中的规定限量(50mg·kg^-1)。     

气体分子在纳米孔道材料中扩散传输的分子动力学研究进展

随着计算机科学技术的迅猛发展以及分子动力学(Molecular Dynamics,MD)模拟技术的不断完善,MD模拟已成为微观尺度上研究流体动态性质的有力工具,越来越多地应用到气体分子扩散传输的研究中.本文综述了近年来气体分子在纳米孔道材料中扩散传输的MD研究进展,包括单组分或多组分气体在人工纳米管、多孔膜材料、金属有机骨架多孔材料以及生物蛋白通道等的扩散传输,报道了温度、压强、气体组分以及纳米孔道材料结构等因素对扩散传输过程的影响.     

巧测空气中氧气的含量

借助NO和NO2的相关反应,对空气中O2含量测定的实验进行改进,测得空气中O2的平均体积分数为21.15%,在实验过程中培养学生从定性到定量的化学思维能力。     

缓蚀剂膜抑制腐蚀介质扩散行为的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了4种腐蚀介质粒子(H₂O, H₃O⁺, HS^-和Cl^-)在6种不同烷基链长的1-(2-羟乙基)-2-烷基-咪唑啉缓蚀剂膜中的扩散行为. 计算了腐蚀介质粒子在不同缓蚀剂膜中的扩散系数、膜的自由体积分数、粒子与膜的相互作用能等, 并对缓蚀剂膜抑制腐蚀介质粒子扩散行为的微观机理进行了分析. 计算结果表明, 6种缓蚀剂膜均可有效阻碍腐蚀介质粒子向金属表面的扩散, 从而达到抑制或延缓腐蚀的目的; 随烷基链长的增加, 缓蚀剂膜对腐蚀介质粒子扩散行为的抑制能力逐渐增强; 同种缓蚀剂膜对正负离子H₃O⁺, HS^-和Cl^-比对中性的H₂O分子具有更强的扩散抑制能力.     

PEMFC阴极中氧扩散和电化学反应模型研究Ⅰ.TFFA模型及其数值计算

将薄膜浸渍聚集体(TFFA)模型用于描述质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)阴极中氧的扩散和反应过程,其中包括氧气在气体扩散层和反应层气体通道中的扩散,氧气在反应层薄膜中的溶解和扩散,氧在反应层浸渍聚集体中的扩散和反应以及电子和离子的传导,并根据PEMFC阴极的结构特点给出TFFA模型的数值解法.     

分子在纯硅β分子筛内扩散的随机行走模型

建立了一个β分子筛上分子扩散的模型. 该模型中, 分子在β分子筛中运动是在不同吸附点位上作无规行走. β孔道的拓扑结构和在两种孔道吸附位上不同的跃迁几率导致分子沿两个主轴方向扩散, 扩散系数存在一个关联关系; 分子动力学对不同温度下苯分子在β分子筛上扩散模拟证实了这一关联关系. 氩原子在不同作用半径下的动力学模拟表明, 分子作用半径大小是满足随机行走假设的重要条件, 即该模型要求扩散分子作用半径足够大, 与分子筛孔径相近.     

喹啉型双子季铵盐缓蚀剂的实验及理论分析

以喹啉为母体、 1,4-对二氯苄和顺-1,4-二氯-2-丁烯为联结基, 制备了2种具有疏水结构的水溶性双喹啉季铵盐(BQA-1和BQA-2). 通过失重实验、 电化学测试、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及量子化学计算等手段研究了BQA-1和BQA-2对1 mol/L盐酸中Q235钢的缓蚀性能, 并讨论了其在Q235钢表面的吸附机理. 失重结果显示, BQA-1和BQA-2对盐酸中的钢片均具有良好的缓蚀效果, 30 ℃下, 当浓度为0.5 g/L时, BQA-1和BQA-2的缓蚀率均超过94.59%; 升温导致BQA-2的脱附速率比BQA-1更快. 电化学测试结果显示, BQA-1和BQA-2是以抑制阴极为主的混合型缓蚀剂. 分析热力学参数可知, BQA-1和BQA-2在钢表面的吸附为自发、 放热过程, 符合Langmuir等温式, 且以化学吸附为主. 量子化学计算结果表明, BQA-1和BQA-2的吸附活性集中在喹啉环及杂原子上, 且BQA-1和BQA-2分子得电子与Fe作用的能力要强于供电子与Fe作用的能力.     

Advances in Enhanced Sampling Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Biomolecules

Molecular dynamics simulation has emerged as a powerful computational tool for studying biomolecules as it can provide atomic insights into the conformational transitions involved in biological functions. However, when applied to complex biological macromolecules, the conformational sampling ability of conventional molecular dynamics is limited by the rugged free energy landscapes, leading to inherent timescale gaps between molecular dynamics simulations and real biological processes. To address this issue, several advanced enhanced sampling methods have been proposed to improve the sampling efficiency in molecular dynamics. In this review, the theoretical basis, practical applications, and recent improvements of both constraint and unconstrained enhanced sampling methods are summarized. Furthermore, the combined utilizations of different enhanced sampling methods that take advantage of both approaches are also briefly discussed.     

Accelerated molecular dynamics simulations of protein folding

Folding of four fast‐folding proteins, including chignolin, Trp‐cage, villin headpiece and WW domain, was simulated via accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD). In comparison with hundred‐of‐microsecond timescale conventional molecular dynamics (cMD) simulations performed on the Anton supercomputer, aMD captured complete folding of the four proteins in significantly shorter simulation time. The folded protein conformations were found within 0.2–2.1 Å of the native NMR or X‐ray crystal structures. Free energy profiles calculated through improved reweighting of the aMD simulations using cumulant expansion to the second‐order are in good agreement with those obtained from cMD simulations. This allows us to identify distinct conformational states (e.g., unfolded and intermediate) other than the native structure and the protein folding energy barriers. Detailed analysis of protein secondary structures and local key residue interactions provided important insights into the protein folding pathways. Furthermore, the selections of force fields and aMD simulation parameters are discussed in detail. Our work shows usefulness and accuracy of aMD in studying protein folding, providing basic references in using aMD in future protein‐folding studies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Dynamics Studies on Molecular Diffusion in Zeolites

1 INTRODUCTION Zeolites have attracted much attention in both scientific and industrial areas for their special characteristics and multiple uses. Zeolites are composed of TO4 (T = Si, Al, Ga, P, etc.) tetrahedra which are connected with each other by sharing oxygen atoms to produce a complex and repetitive three-dimensional atom network with regular molecular dimension cavities joined by channels. Shape selectivity is the most important property of zeolites. Combined with the possib…     

重要性采样方法与自由能计算

分子动力学模拟与自由能计算已经在化学、生物学与材料学等领域得到广泛的应用。然而,由于在传统分子动力学模拟的时间尺度内,体系很难跨越较高的自由能能垒,在相空间内的采样大大受限,采样困难使自由能计算难以收敛。增强采样是解决这一问题的有效途径,重要性采样方法就是其中一类。本文综述了四种广泛应用的重要性采样方法--伞状采样方法、metadynamics方法、自适应偏置力方法和温度加速分子动力学方法的原理和进展,其中重点概述了自适应偏置力方法的最新发展--扩展自适应偏置力方法和扩展广义自适应偏置力方法,并对这四种重要性采样方法的优缺点进行了比较。最后,讨论和展望了重要性采样与自由能计算方法面临的挑战和前景,并提出了对自适应偏置力方法可能的改进,如与加速分子动力学（aMD）或弦方法结合以提高在高维度空间中的采样效率。     

Solution conformations of structured peptides: continuum electrostatics versus distance-dependent dielectric functions

To compare different implicit solvent potentials, the folding thermodynamics of the helical peptide RN24 and the β-hairpin peptide BH8 are studied by molecular dynamics simulation with adaptive umbrella sampling. As the potential energy functions, the analytical continuum solvent (ACS) potential and three simplified variants, termed EPSR₁, EPSR₄, and EPSR₁₀, are used. The ACS potential is a combination of the standard CHARMM force field for the internal energy (bonds, angles, dihedrals) and the van der Waals energy with the analytical continuum electrostatic (ACE) potential and a non-polar solvation potential. The EPSR potentials differ from the ACS potential by the use of Coulomb's law with a distance-dependent dielectric function to calculate the electrostatic energy. With the ACS potential, quantitative agreement with experiment is obtained for the helix propensity (RN24: 62% calculated vs 50–60% experiment) and the β-hairpin propensity (BH8: 33% calculated vs 19–37% experiment) of the peptides. During the simulations with the EPSR potentials, no significant formation of secondary structure is observed. It is shown that the preference for coil conformations over conformations with secondary structure by the EPSR potentials is due to an overestimation of the energy of salt bridge formation, independent of the magnitude of the Coulomb energy relative to the other energy terms. Possible improvements of the distance-dependent dielectric functions which may permit their application to the simulation of peptide folding, are discussed. Received: 11 July 1998 / Accepted: 22 September 1998 / Published online: 17 December 1998     

Amberlyst‐15‐Catalyzed Novel Synthesis of Quinoline Derivatives in Ionic Liquid

In recent years, ionic liquids have attracted much attention as useful synthetic solvents. Compared with classical molecular solvents, the ionic liquids are environmentally benign reaction media. A variety of quinoline derivatives have been synthesized under ionic liquid conditions using Amberlyst‐15 as catalyst.     

Experimental Determination of the Electronic Polarizability of Quinoline and Isoquinoline in Solution by Three New Strategies

The values of electronic polarizability of quinoline and isoquinoline in extremely diluted liquid solution are reported in this paper. These were obtained by means of three new strategies based on UV-visible-NIR spectroscopy, the Kramers-Krönig relations, high precision densitometry and high exactitude refractometry, which are called here Arakawa’s Approximation (AA), Optical Substractive Approximation (OSA) and Optical Differential Approximation (ODA). In general the static electronic polarizability values of solute molecules obtained by ODA and OSA are in excellent agreement with the reported theoretical values at the Density Functional Theory (DFT) level and the Atom monopole-dipole model, but strong discrepancies were observed with the experimental values previously reported for quinoline and isoquinoline using refractometric and electro-optic methods. These differences were interpreted and analyzed in terms of dielectric intermolecular forces, resonant and pre-resonant effects. The AA method is shown to fail in predicting the polarizability of the quinoline and isoquinoline molecules.