Structure and high-temperature thermoelectric properties of SrAl2Si2

Single crystals of SrAl₂Si₂ were synthesized by reaction of the elements in an aluminum flux at 1000 °C. SrAl₂Si₂ is isostructural to CaAl₂Si₂ and crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P-3m1 (90 K, a=4.1834 (2), c=7.4104 (2) Å, Z=1, R1=0.0156, wR2=0.0308). Thermal analysis shows that the compound melts at ∼1020 °C. Low-temperature resistivity on single crystals along the c-axis shows metallic behavior with room temperature resistivity value of ∼7.5 mΩ cm. High-temperature Seebeck, resistivity, and thermal conductivity measurements were made on hot-pressed pellets. The Seebeck coefficient shows negative values in entire temperature range decreasing from ∼−78 μV K⁻¹ at room temperature to −34 μV K⁻¹ at 1173 K. Seebeck coefficients are negative indicating n-type behavior; however, the temperature dependence is consistent with contribution from minority p-type carriers as well. The lattice contribution to the thermal conductivity is higher than for clathrate structures containing Al and Si, approximately 50 mW cm⁻¹ K, and contributes to the overall low zT for this compound.     

Structure and properties of the CaFe2O4-type cobalt oxide CaCo2O4

The calcium cobalt oxide CaCo₂O₄ was synthesized for the first time and characterized from a powder X-ray diffraction study, measuring magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, electrical resistivity, and thermoelectric power. CaCo₂O₄ crystallizes in the CaFe₂O₄ (calcium ferrite)-type structure, consisting of an edge- and corner-shared CoO₆ octahedral network. The structure of CaCo₂O₄ belongs to an orthorhombic system (space group: Pnma) with lattice parameters, a=8.789(2) Å, b=2.9006(7) Å and c=10.282(3) Å. Curie-Weiss-like behavior in magnetic susceptibility with the nearly trivalent cobalt low-spin state (Co³⁺, 3d, S=0), semiconductor-like temperature dependence of resistivity (ρ=3×10⁻¹ Ω cm at 380 K) with dominant hopping conduction at low temperature, metallic-temperature-dependent large thermoelectric power (Seebeck coefficient: S=+147 μV/K at 380 K), and Schottky-type specific heat with a small Sommerfeld constant (γ=4.48(7) mJ/Co mol K²), were observed. These results suggest that the compound possesses a metallic electronic state with a small density of states at the Fermi level. The doped holes are localized at low temperatures due to disorder in the crystal. The carriers probably originate from slight off-stoichiometry of the phase. It was also found that S tends to increase even more beyond 380 K. The large S is possibly attributed to residual spin entropy and orbital degeneracy coupled with charges by strong electron correlation in the cobalt oxides.     

Subsolidus phase relations and crystal structures of the mixed-oxide phases in the In2O3-WO3 system

Subsolidus phase relationships in the In₂O₃-WO₃ system at 800-1400°C were investigated using X-ray diffraction. Two binary-oxide phases—In₆WO₁₂ and In₂(WO₄)₃—were found to be stable over the range 800-1200°C. Heating the binary-oxide phases above 1200°C resulted in the preferential volatilization of WO₃. Rietveld refinement was performed on three structures using X-ray diffraction data from nominally phase-pure In₆WO₁₂ at room temperature and from nominally phase-pure In₂(WO₄)₃ at 225°C and 310°C. The indium-rich phase, In₆WO₁₂, is rhombohedral, space group (rhombohedral), with Z=1, a=6.22390(4) Å, α=99.0338(2)° [hexagonal axes: a_H=9.48298(6) Å, c=8.94276(6) Å, a_H/c=0.9430(9)]. In₆WO₁₂ can be viewed as an anion-deficient fluorite structure in which 1/7 of the fluorite anion sites are vacant. Indium tungstate, In₂(WO₄)₃, undergoes a monoclinic-orthorhombic transition around 250°C. The high-temperature polymorph is orthorhombic, space group Pnca, with a=9.7126(5) Å, b=13.3824(7) Å, c=9.6141(5) Å, and Z=4. The low-temperature polymorph is monoclinic, space group P2₁/a, with a=16.406(2) Å, b=9.9663(1) Å, c=19.099(2) Å, β=125.411(2)°, and Z=8. The structures of the two In₂(WO₄)₃ polymorphs are similar, consisting of a network of corner sharing InO₆ octahedra and WO₄ tetrahedra.     

Effect of sintering on the ionic conductivity of garnet-related structure Li5La3Nb2O12 and In- and K-doped Li5La3Nb2O12

Garnet-structure related metal oxides with the nominal chemical composition of Li₅La₃Nb₂O₁₂, In-substituted Li_5.5La₃Nb_1.75In_0.25O₁₂ and K-substituted Li_5.5La_2.75K_0.25Nb₂O₁₂ were prepared by solid-state reactions at 900, 950, and 1000 °C using appropriate amounts of corresponding metal oxides, nitrates and carbonates. The powder XRD data reveal that the In- and K-doped compounds are isostructural with the parent compound Li₅La₃Nb₂O₁₂. The variation in the cubic lattice parameter was found to change with the size of the dopant ions, for example, substitution of larger In³⁺(r_CN6: 0.79 Å) for smaller Nb⁵⁺ (r_CN6: 0.64 Å) shows an increase in the lattice parameter from 12.8005(9) to 12.826(1) Å at 1000 °C. Samples prepared at higher temperatures (950, 1000 °C) show mainly bulk lithium ion conductivity in contrast to those synthesized at lower temperatures (900 °C). The activation energies for the ionic conductivities are comparable for all samples. Partial substitution of K⁺ for La³⁺ and In³⁺ for Nb⁵⁺ in Li₅La₃Nb₂O₁₂ exhibits slightly higher ionic conductivity than that of the parent compound over the investigated temperature regime 25-300 °C. Among the compounds investigated, the In-substituted Li_5.5La₃Nb_1.75In_0.25O₁₂ exhibits the highest bulk lithium ion conductivity of 1.8×10⁻⁴ S/cm at 50 °C with an activation energy of 0.51 eV. The diffusivity (“component diffusion coefficient”) obtained from the AC conductivity and powder XRD data falls in the range 10⁻¹⁰-10⁻⁷ cm²/s over the temperature regime 50-200 °C, which is extraordinarily high and comparable with liquids. Substitution of Al, Co, and Ni for Nb in Li₅La₃Nb₂O₁₂ was found to be unsuccessful under the investigated conditions.     

High-pressure synthesis and structural characterization of three new polyphosphides, α-SrP3, BaP8, and LaP5

Three novel metal polyphosphides, α-SrP₃, BaP₈, and LaP₅, were prepared in BN crucibles by the reaction of the respective stoichiometric mixtures under a high pressure of 3 GPa at 950-1000°C. Their crystal structures were determined from single-crystal X-ray data (α-SrP₃: space group C2/m, a=9.199(6) Å, b=7.288(3) Å, c=5.690(3) Å, β=113.45(4)°, Z=4, R₁/wR₂=0.0684/0.1180 for 471 observed reflections and 22 variables; BaP₈: space group P−1, a=6.762(2) Å, b=7.233(2) Å, c=8.567(2) Å, α=86.32(2)°, β=84.31(2)°, γ=70.40(2)°, Z=2, R₁/wR₂=0.0476/0.1255 for 2702 observed reflections and 82 variables; LaP₅: space group P2₁/m, a=4.885(1) Å, b=9.673(3) Å, c=5.577(2) Å, β=105.32(2)°, Z=2, R₁/wR₂=0.0391/0.1034 for 1272 observed reflections and 31 variables). α-SrP₃ is isostructural with SrAs₃ and the crystal structure consists of two-dimensional puckered polyanionic layers _∞²[P₃]²⁻ that stack along the c-axis yielding channels occupied by Sr²⁺ counterions. BaP₈ crystallizes in a new structure type which contains a three-dimensional infinite polyanionic framework _∞³[P₃]²⁻, with large channels hosting the barium cations. LaP₅ is a layered compound containing _∞²[P₅]³⁻ polyanionic layers separated by La³⁺ ions. All three compounds exhibit expected diamagnetic behaviors.     

Synthesis and structural investigation of the compounds containing HF2 anions: Ca(HF2)2, Ba4F4(HF2)(PF6)3 and Pb2F2(HF2)(PF6)

Three new compounds Ca(HF₂)₂, Ba₄F₄(HF₂)(PF₆)₃ and Pb₂F₂(HF₂)(PF₆) were obtained in the system metal(II) fluoride and anhydrous HF (aHF) acidified with excessive PF₅. The obtained polymeric solids are slightly soluble in aHF and they crystallize out of their aHF solutions. Ca(HF₂)₂ was prepared by simply dissolving CaF₂ in a neutral aHF. It represents the second known compound with homoleptic HF environment of the central atom besides Ba(H₃F₄)₂. The compounds Ba₄F₄(HF₂)(PF₆)₃ and Pb₂F₂(HF₂)(PF₆) represent two additional examples of the formation of a polymeric zigzag ladder or ribbon composed of metal cation and fluoride anion (MF⁺)_n besides PbF(AsF₆), the first isolated compound with such zigzag ladder. The obtained new compounds were characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction method and partly by Raman spectroscopy. Ba₄F₄(HF₂)(PF₆)₃ crystallizes in a triclinic space group P1¯ with a=4.5870(2) Å, b=8.8327(3) Å, c=11.2489(3) Å, α=67.758(9)°, β=84.722(12), γ=78.283(12)°, V=413.00(3) Å³ at 200 K, Z=1 and R=0.0588. Pb₂F₂(HF₂)(PF₆) at 200 K: space group P1¯, a=4.5722(19) Å, b=4.763(2) Å, c=8.818(4) Å, α=86.967(10)°, β=76.774(10)°, γ=83.230(12)°, V=185.55(14) ų, Z=1 and R=0.0937. Pb₂F₂(HF₂)(PF₆) at 293 K: space group P1¯, a=4.586(2) Å, b=4.781(3) Å, c=8.831(5) Å, α=87.106(13)°, β=76.830(13)°, γ=83.531(11)°, V=187.27(18) Å³, Z=1 and R=0.072. Ca(HF₂)₂ crystallizes in an orthorhombic Fddd space group with a=5.5709(6) Å, b=10.1111(9) Å, c=10.5945(10) Å, V=596.77(10) Å³ at 200 K, Z=8 and R=0.028.     

High-pressure transitions in MgAl2O4 and a new high-pressure phase of Mg2Al2O5

Phase transitions in MgAl₂O₄ were examined at 21-27 GPa and 1400-2500 °C using a multianvil apparatus. A mixture of MgO and Al₂O₃ corundum that are high-pressure dissociation products of MgAl₂O₄ spinel combines into calcium-ferrite type MgAl₂O₄ at 26-27 GPa and 1400-2000 °C. At temperature above 2000 °C at pressure below 25.5 GPa, a mixture of Al₂O₃ corundum and a new phase with Mg₂Al₂O₅ composition is stable. The transition boundary between the two fields has a strongly negative pressure-temperature slope. Structure analysis and Rietveld refinement on the basis of the powder X-ray diffraction profile of the Mg₂Al₂O₅ phase indicated that the phase represented a new structure type with orthorhombic symmetry (Pbam), and the lattice parameters were determined as a=9.3710(6) Å, b=12.1952(6) Å, c=2.7916(2) Å, V=319.03(3) Å³, Z=4. The structure consists of edge-sharing and corner-sharing (Mg, Al)O₆ octahedra, and contains chains of edge-sharing octahedra running along the c-axis. A part of Mg atoms are accommodated in six-coordinated trigonal prism sites in tunnels surrounded by the chains of edge-sharing (Mg, Al)O₆ octahedra. The structure is related with that of ludwigite (Mg, Fe²⁺)₂(Fe³⁺, Al)(BO₃)O₂. The molar volume of the Mg₂Al₂O₅ phase is smaller by 0.18% than sum of molar volumes of 2MgO and Al₂O₃ corundum. High-pressure dissociation to the mixture of corundum-type phase and the phase with ludwigite-related structure has been found only in MgAl₂O₄ among various A²⁺B³⁺₂O₄ compounds.     

Hydrogen gas mixture separation by CVD silica membrane

In this work we investigate the performance of high flux chemical vapour deposition (CVD) silica membranes for the separation of gas mixtures containing H₂ and CO₂ at various temperatures. The membranes were prepared by a counter diffusion CVD method where tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and O₂ were used as reactants. Single gas permeation resulted in activated transport for the smaller kinetic diameter gases (H₂ and He) whilst the larger kinetic diameter gases (CO₂ and N₂) showed negative activation energy. The single gas permeation of H₂ increased from 5.1 × 10⁻⁷ to 7.0 × 10⁻⁷ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹ in the temperature range 100–400 °C, and H₂/CO₂ and H₂/N₂ selectivities reached 36 and 57 at 400 °C, respectively. The H₂ purity in the permeate stream also increased with temperature for H₂:CO₂ binary gas mixture, thus being beneficial for H₂ diffusion. H₂ competitively permeated through the membrane at a several range of gas mixtures, and a saturation level was achieved at H₂:CO₂ 60:40 feed concentration, where the diffusion of CO₂ molecules became negligible delivering ∼99% H₂ purity in the permeate stream. These results substantiate that the counter diffusion CVD method produced thin silica film membranes with a very precise pore size control, in particular suggesting a narrow pore distribution with average pore radius of about 3.1 Å.     

Effect of surface fluorination and conductive additives on the electrochemical behavior of lithium titanate (Li4/3Ti5/3O4) for lithium ion battery

Effect of surface fluorination and conductive additives on the charge/discharge behavior of lithium titanate (Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄) has been investigated using F₂ gas and vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF). Surface fluorination of Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄ was made using F₂ gas (3 × 10⁴ Pa) at 25-150 °C for 2 min. Charge capacities of Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄ samples fluorinated at 70 °C and 100 °C were larger than those for original sample at high current densities of 300 and 600 mA/g. Optimum fluorination temperatures of Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄ were 70 °C and 100 °C. Fibrous VGCF with a large surface area (17.7 m²/g) increased the utilization of available capacity of Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄ probably because it provided the better electrical contact than acetylene black (AB) between Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄ particles and nickel current collector.     

The solid state reaction between lanthanum oxide and strontium carbonate

The reaction between lanthanum oxide and strontium carbonate was studied non-isothermally between 350 and 1150 °C at different heating rates, intermediates and the final solid product were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The reaction proceeds through formation of lanthanum oxycarbonate La₂O(CO₃)₂, lanthanum dioxycarbonate La₂O₂CO₃, and non-stoichiometric strontium lanthanum oxide La₂SrO_x (x = 4 + δ). La₄SrO₇ was found to be the final product which begins to form at ∼700 °C. Li⁺ doping enhances the formation of the final product as well as commencement of the reactions at lower temperatures.     

Thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline La1−xSrxCoO3

Thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline La_1−xSr_xCoO₃, where Sr²⁺ is substituted in La³⁺ site in perovskite-type LaCoO₃, have been investigated. Sr-doping increases the electrical conductivity (σ) of La_1−xSr_xCoO₃, and also decreases the Seebeck coefficient (S) for 0.01?x?0.40. A Hall coefficient measurement reveals that the increase in electrical conductivity arises from increases in both carrier concentration and the Hall mobility. The decrease in the Seebeck coefficient is caused by a decrease in carrier effective mass as well as increase in carrier concentration. The highest power factor (σS²) is 3.7×10⁻⁴ W m⁻¹ K⁻² at 250 K for x=0.10. The thermal conductivity (κ) is about 2 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ at 300 K for 0?x?0.04, and increases for x?0.05 because of an increase in heat transport by conductive carrier. The thermoelectric properties of La_1−xSr_xCoO₃ are improved by Sr-doping, and the figure of merit (Z=σS² κ⁻¹) reaches 1.6×10⁻⁴ K⁻¹ for x=0.06 at 300 K (ZT=0.048). For heavily Sr-doped samples, the thermoelectric properties diminish mainly because of the decrease in the Seebeck coefficient and the increase in thermal conductivity.     

NaAlF4: Preparation, crystal structure and thermal stability

The compound NaAlF₄ has been obtained in the form of thin fibrous crystals or fine colorless powder by condensation at 18 °C of vapors arising over chiolite Na₅Al₃F₁₄ or NaCaAlF₆, heated up to 800 °C. Thermal stability has been investigated by the methods of thermal analysis and high temperature X-ray diffraction. When heated in air, NaAlF₄ is stable up to 390-400 °C, then there is an exothermal solid state decay into Na₅Al₃F₁₄(s) and AlF₃(s). At higher temperature Na₅Al₃F₁₄(s) decays into Na₃AlF₆(s) and NaAlF₄(g). The crystal structure (space group Cmcm, a=3.6124(1) Å, b=14.9469(7) Å, c=5.2617(3) Å, V=284.10 Å³) has been determined by X-ray powder diffraction method. In the crystal structure of NaAlF₄ the octahedrons [AlF₆] are joined through vertices and form corrugated layers, sodium ion layers being located between them. The distances between the atoms of Al-F are in the range 1.791-1.814 Å, and those for Na…F are in the range 2.297-2.439 Å. In spite of limited thermal stability of the crystal form, the compound NaAlF₄ is the main component of the gas mixture over solid and molten salts in the ternary system NaF-AlF₃-CaF₂ and participates in chemical transformations between the phases at high temperature.     

Ferromagnetic ordering in ThSi2 type CeAu0.28Ge1.72

The compound CeAu_0.28Ge_1.72 crystallizes in the ThSi₂ structure type in the tetragonal space group I4₁/amd with lattice parameters a=b=4.2415(6) Å c=14.640(3) Å. CeAu_0.28Ge_1.72 is a polar intermetallic compound having a three-dimensional Ge/Au polyanion sub-network filled with Ce atoms. The magnetic susceptibility data show Curie-Weiss law behavior above 50 K. The compound orders ferromagnetically at ∼8 K with estimated magnetic moment of 2.48 μ_B/Ce. The ferromagnetic ordering is confirmed by the heat capacity data which show a rise at ∼8 K. The electronic specific heat coefficient (γ) value obtained from the paramagnetic temperature range 15-25 K is∼124(5) mJ/ mol K². The entropy change due to the ferromagnetic transition is ∼4.2 J/mol K which is appreciably reduced compared to the value of R ln(2) expected for a crystal-field-split doublet ground state and/or Kondo exchange interactions.     

Rietveld refinement and photoluminescent properties of a new blue-emitting material: Eu activated SrZnP2O7

A new efficient blue phosphor, Eu²⁺ activated SrZnP₂O₇, has been synthesized at 1000 °C under reduced atmosphere and the crystal structure and photoluminescence properties have been investigated. The crystal structure of SrZnP₂O₇ was obtained via Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. It was found that SrZnP₂O₇ crystallizes in space group of P2₁/n (no. 14), Z=4, and the unit cell dimensions are: a=5.30906(2) Å, b=8.21392(3) Å, c=12.73595(5) Å, β=90.1573(3)°, and V=555.390(3) Å³. Under ultraviolet excitation (200-400 nm), efficient Eu²⁺ emission peaked at 420 nm was observed, of which the luminescent efficiency at the optimal concentration of Eu²⁺ (4 mol%) was estimated to be 96% as that of BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu²⁺. Hence, the SrZnP₂O₇:Eu²⁺ exhibit great potential as a phosphor in different applications, such as ultraviolet light emitting diode and photo-therapy lamps.     

Synthesis, crystal structure, infrared and Raman spectra of Sr4Cu3(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)4·3H2O and Ba2Cu4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)3

The two new compounds, Sr₄Cu₃(AsO₄)₂(AsO₃OH)₄·3H₂O (1) and Ba₂Cu₄(AsO₄)₂(AsO₃OH)₃(2), were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. They represent previously unknown structure types and are the first compounds synthesized in the systems SrO/BaO-CuO-As₂O₅-H₂O. Their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction [space group C2/c, a=18.536(4) Å, b=5.179(1) Å, c=24.898(5) Å, β=93.67(3)°, V=2344.0(8) Å³, Z=4 for 1; space group P4₂/n, a=7.775(1) Å, c=13.698(3) Å, V=828.1(2) Å³, Z=2 for 2]. The crystal structure of 1 is related to a group of compounds formed by Cu²⁺-(XO₄)³⁻ layers (X=P⁵⁺, As⁵⁺) linked by M cations (M=alkali, alkaline earth, Pb²⁺, or Ag⁺) and partly by hydrogen bonds. In 1, worth mentioning is the very short hydrogen bond length, D···A=2.477(3) Å. It is one of the examples of extremely short hydrogen bonds, where the donor and acceptor are crystallographically different. Compound 2 represents a layered structure consisting of Cu₂O₈ centrosymmetric dimers crosslinked by As1φ₄ tetrahedra, where φ is O or OH, which are interconnected by Ba, As2 and hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional network. The layers are formed by Cu₂O₈ centrosymmetric dimers of CuO₅ edge-sharing polyhedra, crosslinked by As1O₄ tetrahedra. Vibrational spectra (FTIR and Raman) of both compounds are described. The spectroscopic manifestation of the very short hydrogen bond in 1, and ABC-like spectra in 2 were discussed.     

2,5-Dichloro-1-(ROSO2)benzene [R = C6H5, C6F5, and CH2(CF2)4H]: Synthesis, molecular structure, and solubility in supercritical CO2

Highly crystalline phenyl 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonate (PDBS, T_melt = 86-87 °C) and pentafluorophenyl 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonate (FPDBS, T_melt = 120-122 °C) were synthesized. Single-crystal X-ray molecular structure determinations show that both compounds have similar three-dimensional molecular structures; however, PDBS crystals are thin platelets and FPDBS crystals form hexagonal tube-like structures that are predominately hollow at one end. PDBS crystals exhibit offset π-stacking of the phenoxy-rings that form complete two-dimensional layers each two molecules thick. Hydrogen-bonding interactions are calculated at ∼3.2 Å between the C6-hydrogen and the sulfonyl-oxygen of a neighboring molecule. On the other hand, for FPDBS, π-stacking of the dichloro-substituted ring as well as dipole-dipole interactions of the fluorinated-phenoxy rings appears to be the predominate intermolecular interactions. Neither structure exhibits any kind of side-on interaction of the phenyl rings. PDBS and FPDBS exhibit melting point depressions of 26 and 40 °C, respectively, in the presence of supercritical CO₂. Although both sulfonates exhibit high solubility in CO₂, much lower pressures are needed to dissolve FPDBS compared to PDBS. For example, at 100 °C FPDBS dissolves at 4750 psia and PDBS dissolves at 11,000 psia. The solubility data reinforce the observation that fluorinating a compound can significantly lower the conditions needed to dissolve that compound in CO₂.     

Structural studies on a high-pressure polymorph of NaYSi2O6

High-pressure synthesis experiments in the system Na₂O-Y₂O₃-SiO₂ revealed the existence of a previously unknown polymorph of NaYSi₂O₆ or Na₃Y₃[Si₃O₉]₂ which was quenched from 3.0 GPa and 1000 °C. Structural investigations on this modification have been performed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected at ambient conditions. Furthermore, unpolarized micro-Raman spectra have been obtained from single-crystal material. The high-P modification of NaYSi₂O₆ crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group C2/c with 12 formula units per cell (a=8.2131(9) Å, b=10.3983(14) Å, c=17.6542(21) Å, β=100.804(9)°, V=1481.0(3) Å³, R(|F|)=0.033 for 1142 independent observed reflections) and belongs to the group of cyclo-silicates. Basic building units are isolated three-membered [Si₃O₉] rings located in layers parallel to (010). Within a single layer the rings are concentrated in strings parallel to [100]. The sequence of directedness of up (U) or down (D) pointing tetrahedra of a single ring is UUU or DDD, respectively. Stacking of the layers parallel to b results in the formation of a three-dimensional structure in which yttrium and sodium cations are incorporated for charge compensation. In more detail, four non-tetrahedral cation positions can be differentiated which are coordinated by 6 and 8 oxygen ligands. Refinements of the site occupancies did not reveal any indication for mixed Na-Y populations on these positions. Finally, several geometrical parameters of rings occurring in cyclo-trisilicate structures have been compiled and are discussed.     

Superstructure of a phosphor material Ba3MgSi2O8 determined by neutron diffraction data

Ba₃MgSi₂O₈, a phosphor host examined for use in white-light devices and plant-growth lamps, was synthesized at 1225 °C in air. Its crystal structure has been determined and refined by a combined powder X-ray and neutron Rietveld method (, Z=3, a=9.72411(3) Å, c=7.27647(3) Å, V=595.870(5) Å³; R_p/R_wp=3.79%/5.03%, χ²=4.20). Superstructure reflections, observed only in the neutron diffraction data, provided the means to establish the true unit cell and a chemically reasonable structure. The structure contains three crystallographically distinct Ba atoms—Ba1 resides in a distorted octahedral site with S₆ () symmetry, Ba2 in a nine-coordinate site with C₃ (3) symmetry, and Ba3 in a ten-coordinate site with C₁ (1) symmetry. The Mg atoms occupy distorted octahedral sites, and the Si atom occupies a distorted tetrahedral site.     

Synthesis, characterization, and structure determination of the orthorhombic U2(PO4)(P3O10)

β-UP₂O₇ has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions (θ=500°C, P=200 MPa), using UO₂ and H₃PO₄. β-UP₂O₇ crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pn2₁a, with a=11.526 (2) Å, b=7.048 (2) Å, c=12.807 (2) Å and Z=4. Its structure has been determined through direct methods and difference Fourier synthesis and has been refined to R=0.0396. The structure is built on UO₈ polyhedral chains along the b-axis. PO₄³⁻ and P₃O₁₀⁵⁻ groups coexist in the structure and the latter groups form non-linear chains. Cohesion of the structure is made through the linkage of UO₈ chains by PO₄ and P₃O₁₀ groups leading to the formula U₂(PO₄)(P₃O₁₀) instead of β-UP₂O₇. Vibrational and optical spectra confirm the results obtained by X-ray diffraction. DTA-TGA measurements show that the transformation of U₂(PO₄)(P₃O₁₀) to the cubic α-UP₂O₇ occurs at θ=870°C.     

A novel microwave dielectric ceramic Ca2Zn4Ti16O38: Preparation and dielectric properties

A novel microwave dielectric powder with composition of Ca₂Zn₄Ti₁₆O₃₈ was synthesized through a citrate sol-gel process. The development of crystalline phases with heat-treating temperature for the gel derived powders was evaluated by using thermo-gravimetric analysis and X-ray powder diffraction analysis techniques. The pure phase of Ca₂Zn₄Ti₁₆O₃₈ with crichtonite crystal structure was obtained at relatively low temperature of 1000 °C. The synthesized powder has high reactivity and the dense ceramics with single crystalline phase were obtained at low sintering temperature of 1100 °C. Impedance spectroscopy and microwave dielectric measurements on sintered samples showed the present compound to be a modest dielectric insulator with excellent dielectric properties of ε_r∼47-49, Qf value ∼27,800-31,600 GHz and τ_f∼+45 to +50 ppm/°C. It shows comparable microwave dielectric properties to other moderate-permittivity microwave dielectrics, but much lower sintering temperature of 1100 °C.