Synthesis of the mixed oxide catalysts based upon the nickel-copper hydrotalcites of the type Ni<Subscript>x</Subscript>Cu<Subscript>6-x</Subscript>Cr<Subscript>2</Subscript>(OH)<Subscript>16</Subscript>(CO<Subscript>3</Subscript>)×4H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O

Summary High resolution TG coupled to a gas evolution mass spectrometer has been used to study the thermal properties of a chromium based series of Ni/Cu hydrotalcites of formulae Ni_xCu_6-xCr₂(OH)₁₆(CO₃)×4H₂O where x varied from 6 to 0. The effect of increased Cu composition results in the increase of the endotherms and mass loss steps to higher temperatures. Evolved gas mass spectrometry shows that water is lost in a number of steps and that the interlayer carbonate anion is lost simultaneously with hydroxyl units. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine the heat flow steps for the thermal decomposition of the synthetic hydrotalcites. Hydrotalcites in which M²⁺ consist of Cu, Ni or Co form important precursors for mixed metal-oxide catalysts. The application of these mixed metal oxides is in the wet catalytic oxidation of low concentrations of retractable organics in water. Therefore, the thermal behaviour of synthetic hydrotalcites, Ni_xCu_6-xCr₂(OH)₁₆CO₃×nH₂O was studied by thermal analysis techniques in order to determine the correct temperatures for the synthesis of the mixed metal oxides.     

Incorporation of transition metals into Mg-Al layered double hydroxides: Coprecipitation of cations vs. their pre-complexation with an anionic chelator

A comparative study on two different methods for preparing Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (LDH) containing various divalent transition metals M (M=Co, Ni, Cu) has been carried out. The first (conventional) method involved coprecipitation of divalent metals M(II) with Mg(II) and Al(III) cations using carbonate under basic conditions. The second approach was based on the ability of transition metals to form stable anionic chelates with edta⁴⁻ (edta⁴⁻=ethylenediaminetetraacetate) that were synthesized and further introduced into LDH by coprecipitation with Mg and Al. The synthesized LDHs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) methods, thermogravimetry with mass-selective detection of decomposition products (TG-MSD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The results obtained were discussed in terms of efficiency of transition metal incorporation into the LDH structure, thermal stability of materials and the ability of metal chelates to intercalate the interlayer space of Mg-Al LDH. Vibrational spectroscopy studies confirmed that the integrity of the metal chelates was preserved upon incorporation into the LDH.     

Thermal decomposition of Cu-based hydroxycarbonate catalytic precursors for the low-temperature co-shift reaction

The thermal decomposition of Cu-Zn-Al hydroxycarbonate precursors to obtain water-gas shift catalysts was studied by employing a variety of experimental techniques. A set of six samples containing 34 wt% of Cu and different Al/Zn ratios were prepared by coprecipitation. Depending on the cation ratio, the ternary precursors contained hydrotalcite, aurichalcite and/or rosasite phases. Malachite and hydrozincite were determined in binary Cu/Al and Cu/Zn samples, respectively. The precipitates decomposed in three endothermic transformations in the temperature ranges 363–453 K, 453–673 K and 673–923 K. In the first step (ΔW=0–9%), the hydrotalcite-containing samples lost the crystallization water of the hydrotalcite phase. In the middle-temperature transition (ΔW=18–30%), the samples were completely dehydroxylated and simultaneously eliminated a proportion of the carbonate ions through a two-step dehydroxylation/decarbonation process. The high-temperature transformation (ΔW=3–7%) corresponded to the final decarbonation of the samples. Mixed oxides with a high dispersion of copper were obtained from hydrotalcite-containing precursors: the higher the amount of hydrotalcite in the precursor, the lower the CuO crystallite size in the resulting mixed oxide.     

Cu(Al)O复合物表面酸碱性质的微量吸附量热研究

673K分解Cu/AI物质的量比分别为0．5、1和2的Cu-AI水滑石转化为Cu(AI)O复合物。XRD测定仅显示CuO物相,表明组成成分较均一。微量吸附量热法测定Cu(AI)O复合物表面酸碱中心的强度和数量,给出了吸附分子CO2／NH3的吸附曲线。量热结果展示,样品的酸中心强度顺序是：0．5CAO＞CAO＞2CAO,而碱中心强度顺序是：0．5CAO＜CAO＜2CAO。显然,样品的酸性（碱性）随着AI(Cu)含量的提高而逐渐增强。研究表明,样品的NH3和CO2起始吸附热与其Sanderson电负性线性相关。     

Intercalation of hydrotalcites with hexacyanoferrate(II) and (III)—a thermoRaman spectroscopic study

Raman spectroscopy using a hot stage indicates that the intercalation of hexacyanoferrate(II) and (III) in the interlayer space of a Mg, Al hydrotalcites leads to layered solids where the intercalated species is both hexacyanoferrate(II) and (III). Raman spectroscopy shows that depending on the oxidation state of the initial hexacyanoferrate partial oxidation and reduction takes place upon intercalation. For the hexacyanoferrate(III) some partial reduction occurs during synthesis. The symmetry of the hexacyanoferrate decreases from O_h existing for the free anions to D_3d in the hexacyanoferrate interlayered hydrotalcite complexes. Hot stage Raman spectroscopy reveals the oxidation of the hexacyanoferrate(II) to hexacyanoferrate(III) in the hydrotalcite interlayer with the removal of the cyanide anions above 250 °C. Thermal treatment causes the loss of CN ions through the observation of a band at 2080 cm⁻¹. The hexacyanoferrate (III) interlayered Mg, Al hydrotalcites decomposes above 150 °C.     

Thermal decomposition of hydrotalcitewith hexacyanoferrate(II) and hexacyanoferrate(III) anions in the interlayer

The thermal decompositions of hydrotalcites with hexacyanoferrate(II) and hexacyanoferrate(III) in the interlayer have been studied using thermogravimetry combined with mass spectrometry. X-ray diffraction shows the hydrotalcites have a d(003) spacing of 11.1 and 10.9 Å which compares with a d-spacing of 7.9 and 7.98 Å for the hydrotalcite with carbonate or sulphate in the interlayer. XRD was also used to determine the products of the thermal decomposition. For the hydrotalcite decomposition the products were MgO, Fe₂O₃ and a spinel MgAl₂O₄. Dehydration and dehydroxylation take place in three steps each and the loss of cyanide ions in two steps.     

Thermochemistry of adducts of some bivalent transition metal bromides with aniline

The compounds [MBr₂(an)₂] (where M is Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) or Zn(II); an = aniline) were synthesized and characterized by melting points, elemental analysis, thermal studies, and electronic and IR spectroscopy. The enthalpies of dissolution of the adducts, metal(II) bromides and aniline in methanol, aqueous 1.2 M HCl or 25% (v/v) aqueous 1.2 M HCl in methanol were measured. The following thermochemical parameters for the adducts have been determined by thermochemical cycles: the standard enthalpies for the Lewis acid/base reactions (Δ_rH°), the standard enthalpies of formation (Δ_fH°), the standard enthalpies of decomposition (Δ_DH°), the lattice standard enthalpies (Δ_MH°) and the standard enthalpies of the Lewis acid/base reactions in the gaseous phase (Δ_rH°(g)). The mean bond dissociation enthalpies of the M(II)-nitrogen bonds () and the enthalpies of formation of the adducts from the ions in the gaseous phase: M²⁺_(g) + Br⁻_(g) + an_(g) → [MBr₂(an)₂]_(g), (Δ_fiH°) have been estimated.     

Enhanced metal extractive behavior using dual mechanism bifunctional polymer: an effective metal chelatogen

A new class of chelating polymers using Amberlite XAD-16 (AXAD-16) modified with (N-(3,4-dihydroxy)benzyl)-4-amino,3-hydroxynapthalene-1-sulphonic acid has been developed based on dual mechanism bifunctional polymers, for the extraction of transition and post-transition metal ions. The optimum pH conditions for the quantitative sorption of metal ions were studied. The developed method showed superior extraction qualities with high metal loading capacities of 71, 85, 182, 130 and 46 mg g⁻¹ for Ni(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Co(II), respectively. The rate of metal ion uptake i.e. kinetics studies performed under optimum levels showed a time duration of <5 min except for Co(II) which required 20 min, for complete metal ion saturation. Desorption of metal ions were effective with 15 ml of 2 M HCl/HNO₃ prior to detection using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The chelating polymer was highly ion-selective in nature even in the presence of large concentrations of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, with a high preconcentrating ability for the metal ions of interest. The developed chelating matrix was tested on its utility with synthetic and real samples like river/sea/tap/well water samples and also with multivitamin/mineral tablets, showed R.S.D. values of <2.5% reflecting on the accuracy and reproducibility of data using the newly developed resin matrix.     

Thermal decomposition of hydrotalcites with variable cationic ratios

Thermal analysis complimented with evolved gas mass spectrometry has been applied to hydrotalcites containing carbonate prepared by coprecipitation and with varying divalent/trivalent cation ratios. The resulting materials were characterised by XRD, and TG/DTG to determine the stability of the hydrotalcites synthesised. Hydrotalcites of formula Mg₄(Fe,Al)₂(OH)₁₂(CO₃)·4H₂O, Mg₆(Fe,Al)₂(OH)₁₆(CO₃)·5H₂O, and Mg₈(Fe,Al)₂(OH)₂₀(CO₃)·8H₂O were formed by intercalation with the carbonate anion as a function of the divalent/trivalent cationic ratio. XRD showed slight variations in the d-spacing between the hydrotalcites. The thermal decomposition of carbonate hydrotalcites consists of two decomposition steps between 300 and 400°C, attributed to the simultaneous dehydroxylation and decarbonation of the hydrotalcite lattice. Water loss ascribed to dehydroxylation occurs in two decomposition steps, where the first step is due to the partial dehydroxylation of the lattice, while the second step is due to the loss of water interacting with the interlayer anions. Dehydroxylation results in the collapse of the hydrotalcite structure to that of its corresponding metal oxides and spinels, including MgO, MgAl₂O₄, and MgFeAlO₄.     

Synthesis and characterization of Mg–M (M: Al,Fe, Cr) layered double hydroxides and their application in the hydrogenation of benzaldehyde

Layered double hydroxides or hydrotalcite-like compounds with different kinds of metal ions (Mg–Al, Mg–Fe and Mg–Cr) in the brucite-like sheets were prepared by a co-precipitation method with Mg/M³⁺ molar ratio of ~2. The hydrotalcites were characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction, SEM microscopy, and specific surface area measurements. The activity is evaluated for benzaldehyde reaction. The selectivity to benzyl alcohol is always 90 % even though benzaldehyde conversion depends on the nature of the metal active phase and reaction conditions.     

Microwave-assisted template-free synthesis of butterfly-like CuO through Cu2Cl(OH)3 precursor and the electrochemical sensing property

An energy-efficient and environmentally friendly microwave-assisted method was adopted for synthesis of butterfly-like CuO assembled by nanosheets through a Cu₂Cl(OH)₃ precursor, using no template. Formation mechanism of the butterfly-like CuO was explored and discussed systematically for the first time on the basis of both experimental results and crystal structure transformations in atomic level. The electrochemical sensing properties of the butterfly-like CuO modified electrode to ascorbic acid (AA) were studied for the first time. The results reveal that Cu(OH)₂ nanowires were formed once the Cu²⁺ ions, located in between two CuO₄ parallelogram chains of a Cu₂Cl(OH)₃ precursor, dissolve into the solution as Cu(OH)₄²⁻ complex ions after ion exchange reactions and simultaneous assemble along a axis. Upon microwave irradiation, the adjacent CuO₄ parallelogram chains of the Cu(OH)₂ nanowires dehydrate and assemble along c axis, forming CuO nanosheets with (002) as the main exposed facet, which were further assembled to butterfly-like CuO under the action of microwave field, suggesting that microwave field functions like a ‘directing agent’. The butterfly-like CuO modified electrode shows good electrochemical sensing properties to AA with a low detecting limit, short response time and wide linear response range.     

Determination of seven trace elements in natural waters after separation by solvent extraction and anion-exchange chromatography

A method is described for the determination of cadmium, cobalt, copper, manganese, lead, uranium, and zinc in samples of natural waters. After acidification with hydrochloric acid the water sample is filtered and the diethyldithiocarbamates of the trace elements are isolated by extraction with acetone—chloroform (2:5) at pH 5. Following this preconcentration step the metal ions are adsorbed on a column of the strongly basic anion-exchange resin Dowex 1-X8 (chloride form) using as sorption solution a mixture (5:4:1, $\text{v}\text{v}$) of tetrahydrofuran, methyl glycol and 6 M hydrochloric acid. Successive elution is effected with 6 M hydrochloric acid (Co, Cu, Mn and Pb), 1 M hydrochloric acid (U) and 2 M nitric acid (Cd and Zn); the metal ions in the eluates are determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (except uranium, which is determined fluorimetrically). The procedure was used to determine the trace-metals in water and snow samples collected in Austria and to analyse a sample of sea water from the Adriatic Sea.     

Thermal decomposition of some metal chelates of substituted hydrazopyrazolones

The thermal dissociation of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-(X-phenylhydrazo)-5-pyrazolone metal chelates [M(XPhHyPy)](X=m-OH (I),m-OCH₃(II),m-COOH (III),p-CH₃ (IV),p-OCH₃ (V) orp-COCH₃ (VI) was studied by TG, DTG and differential thermal analysis (DTA). A rough sequence of thermal stability, obtained from the peak maximum temperatures, for the various metal chelates was Hg(II)2(II). The bonding of the ligands to metal ions was investigated by elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The number and relative energies of nitrate combiantion frequencies are discussed in terms of the complexation of para-substituted hydrazopyrazolone with Th(IV) and UO₂(II) metal ions.     

Thermal behaviour of the copper-substituted cobalt hydroxide fluoride series CuxCo1−x(OH)F

The basic salt cobalt(II) hydroxide fluoride was obtained by partial hydrolysis of a 0.2M solution CoF₂. Mixed Co(II)·Cu(II) hydroxide fluorides with an isomorphic substitution of Co(II) by Cu(II) ions up to 20% were also prepared. XRD data obtained on these compounds indicate that they are single-phase compounds, their X-ray powder patterns being almost identical to the Co(OH)_0.7F_1.3 diagram, with Zn(OH)F-type structure. However, their stoichiometries are very close to Co_1?xCu_x(OH)F (0≤x≤0.2). Thermal analysis studies carried out up to 1273 K in still air or under dynamic vacuum conditions show that in air CoO or a mixture of CoO and CuO is formed as final product. In vacuum, at high temperature, with a Ta heating surface, pure α-Co or a mixture of α-Co and Cu is formed at about 973 K.     

负载型铜钴氧化物协同催化 H2O2/HCO3-降解苯酚

近年来,环境污染特别是水的严重污染使其治理成为一个极具挑战性的课题.各种污染物复杂的化学成分和催化剂在处理过程中的浸出、寿命及成本等问题是导致众多氧化催化剂难以实际应用的主要原因.相对而言, H2O2是一种活性氧含量高、清洁并可在温和条件下使用的氧化剂,在各种高级氧化技术中受到广泛关注.而碳酸氢盐是一种弱碱性物质,在自然界及水体系中广泛存在,且无明显毒害.它可活化 H2O2,加快其氧化各种有机物,并在废水处理领域开始受到关注.该体系的明显优势在于处理体系始终处于微碱性环境,可以有效避免金属氧化物催化剂在处理过程中由于体系酸化而带来的催化剂流失,从而延长催化剂寿命,降低催化剂成本.
　　本文采用浸渍法制备了一种双金属铜、钴氧化物催化剂及相关的对照催化剂体系,利用碳酸氢盐活化 H2O2用于降解苯酚模拟废水.通过各种空白实验发现,负载于γ-Al2O3表面的钴、铜氧化物催化剂 CuO?Co3O4@γ-Al2O3具有最好的催化降解活性,而 CuO@γ-Al2O3, Co3O4@γ-Al2O3, CuO?Co3O4及 CuO和 Co3O4的物理混合物均表现出较差的催化性能.由此可见,在 CuO?Co3O4@γ-Al2O3催化剂中,铜、钴离子在苯酚降解过程中存在协同效应,这可能与催化剂中钴、铜金属离子的相互作用相关. X射线衍射和 X射线光电子能谱结果表明,反应前后 CuO?Co3O4@γ-Al2O3催化剂中金属的氧化状态并未发生改变,在使用过程中钴离子的浸出率可以忽略,铜离子的浸岀率也仅有0.6 ppm.荧光分析实验和自由基捕获实验表明,只有添加?O2-和?OH的捕获剂能明显抑制降解反应,因而推测该反应体系对有机物的降解是一个自由基氧化过程,起关键作用的可能是?O2-和?OH.     

Sorption of Cu(II) onto vineyard soils: macroscopic and spectroscopic investigations

The sorption of Cu on five vineyard soils was examined via macroscopic and spectroscopic investigations. The composition of the soils was previously determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was employed to determine the metal environment with regard to the identity and interaction of the nearest atomic neighbors, the bond distances, and the coordination numbers. The five soils present similar sorption properties and there is no XAS evidence that the nature of the soil samples affects the local chemical environment of Cu(II). The kinetics of the Cu sorption reactions is rapid, with the equilibrium loading of Cu on the surface achieving approximately 200 mumol g(-1), i.e., 12.7 mg g(-1). The XAS data indicate that Cu is adsorbed in the form of inner-sphere complexes with first shell CuO parameters of four equatorial CuO bonds equal to 1.93 A and two axial CuO bonds at 2.43 A. This is in accordance with a Jahn-Teller distorted octahedron environment around copper. Our results provide evidence of the complexation of Cu(II) onto soil organic matter coated with an inorganic surface (quartz, clay, and goethite).     

Solid phase extraction and determination of metal ions in aqueous samples using Quercetin modified Amberlite XAD-16 chelating polymer as metal extractant

A new chelating polymer has been developed using Amberlite XAD-16 anchored with Quercetin. The modified polymer was characterised by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, surface area analysis and elemental analysis. The Quercetin anchored polymer showed superior binding affinity for Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) with greater than 95% adsorption under optimum conditions. The optimum pH conditions for the quantitative sorption of metal ions were studied. The developed method showed superior extraction qualities with high metal loading capacities of 387, 313, 195, 473, 210 and 320 µmol g^?1 for Cu(II), Co(II), Cr(III), Fe(III), Mn(II) and Ni(II), respectively. The rate of metal ion uptake i.e. kinetics studies performed under optimum levels, showed t _1/2 for Co(II), Cu(II), Cr(III), Fe(III), Mn(II) and Ni(II) is 20, 15, 25, 10, 30 and 15 min, respectively. Desorption of metal ions was effective with 10 mL of 2 M HCl prior to analysis using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The chelating polymer was highly ion selective in nature even in the presence of interferent ions, with a high preconcentrating ability for the metal ions of interest. The developed chelating polymer was tested on its utility with synthetic and real samples like river, tap water samples and also with multivitamin tablets. It showed relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) values of/less than 3.0% reflecting on the accuracy and reproducibility of data using the newly developed chelating polymer.     

Using silica modified by Tiron for metal preconcentration and determination in natural waters by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

A new adsorbent is synthesized on the basis of silica consecutively modified by polyhexamethylene guanidine and 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid (Tiron) for the group preconcentration of Fe(III), Al(III), Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), and Mn(II) followed by determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The adsorbent in the batch mode quantitatively (recovery 98?99%) extracts Fe(III), Al(III) and Cu(II) ions at pH 4.0 and Fe(III), Al(III), Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), and Mn(II) ions at pH 7.0; the time of attainment of an adsorption equilibrium does not exceed 10 min. Consecutive preconcentration at pH 4.0 and 7.0 in the batch and dynamic modes ensures the quantitative separation of Fe(III), Al(III), and Cu(II) from Pb(II), Zn(II), and Mn(II) and their separate determination. The quantitative desorption of metals was attained with 0.5?1.0 M HNO₃ (5 or 10 mL). In preconcentration from 200 mL of solution with 5 mL of a desorbing solution, the preconcentration coefficient was equal to 40. The developed procedure was used for the determination of metal ions in river waters of Krasnoyarsk Krai. The results obtained were verified by the added?found method.     

Luminescent hexanuclear Cu(I)-cluster for the selective determination of copper

For the first time, the formation of a luminescent hexanuclear cluster has been used for the selective determination of copper. In aqueous solutions, the non-luminescent ligand N-ethyl-N′-methylsulfonylthiourea (EMT) forms an intensely red luminescent hexanuclear Cu(I)-cluster with an emission maximum at 663 nm only with Cu(II) ions. The intensity of the luminescence is proportional to the Cu(II) concentration and allows for selective Cu determinations in the μg l⁻¹-range. Ubiquitous metal ions such as Fe(III), Al(III), Ca(II), Mg(II), and alkaline metal ions, as well as other heavy metal ions, e.g. Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II) are tolerated in concentrations up to 50 mg l⁻¹. The detection limit for Cu(II) in aqueous solution, calculated according to Funk et al. [Qualitätssicherung in der Analytischen Chemie, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1992], is 113 μg l⁻¹. The cluster formation has been used for the quantitative analysis of copper in tap water and in industrial water, as well as for the localization of copper adsorbed by activated-sludge flocs.     

Studies on Rare Earth Polyphosphate Glasses of the Composition [NaxM(1 − x)/2aGd(1 − x)/2aPO3]n

A fusion technique was used for the preparation of derivatives of the composition [Na _x M_{(1? x)/2a} Gd_{(1? x)/2a} PO₃] _n (where M = bivalent metal like Cu(II), Ca(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), and Mg (II); x = 1/2, 3/4, & 2/3; and a = valency of metal). Composition of these polyphosphate glasses was confirmed by their analyses for metals and phosphorus. The polymeric nature of all polyphosphate glasses was confirmed by the determination of a number average molecular weight (M _n ). The characteristic frequencies in the IR spectra are supportive of the presence of polyphosphate indicative of the polymeric nature of these derivatives. From X-ray diffraction, the amorphous nature of complex polyphosphates has been determined.