Differences in bidding strategies

Methodological understanding is increased and the appreciation of discernible competitive bidding strategies widened by investigating the problems of two construction companies, one being a kitchen equipment manufacturer and the other a civil engineering contractor. Detailed strategies are estimated for the former but not for the latter, due primarily to the greater uncertainty in cost estimates for civil engineering contracts producing larger variability in outcomes.     

考虑招标人收益的工程招投标博弈分析

传统的投标博弈来源于拍卖模型,只有投标人参与,没有招标人参与,而实际上,现代评标方法的多样性决定了招标人在招投标博弈中的重要性,文章在对招投标博弈与拍卖博弈进行比较分析后,构建了包括招投标多方、招标人对收益具有风险偏好且类型未知的非完全信息静态博弈,比以往的单纯用投标人的成本作为整个模型的参数更加具有合理性.最后给出博弈的均衡解以及数值计算,同时为招投标双方的决策给出理论分析与现实意义.     

Stochastic models for bidding strategies on oligopoly electricity market

In this paper we consider the forward/futures contracts and Asian-type call options for power delivery as important components of the bidding strategies of the players’ profits on the electricity market. We show how these derivatives can affect their profit. We use linear asymmetric supply function equilibrium (SFE) and Cournot models to develop firms’ optimal bidding strategies by including forward/futures contracts and Asian-type options. We extend the methodology proposed by Niu et al. (IEEE Trans Power Syst 20(4):1859–1867, 2005), where only forward contracts for power delivery were considered in the SFE model.     

工程招投标中的激励机制分析

本文试图利用博弈理论 ,对工程招投标过程中存在的现象进行分析 ,并建立了相应的对策模型 .目的是通过所建模型讨论工程招投标过程中招投标双方的对策及博弈 ,力图达到一种均衡     

Recurrent Competitive Bidding

A competitive bidding policy can be formulated if prior probability distributions of competitors' bids for future contracts have been determined. A method for determining these prior probability distributions is described for markets where there are a large number of customers. The identity of each winning company and its bid are assumed to be available to competitors and other customers so that the market reacts quickly to changes. A real example of the use of the method is given. The suppliers' general levels of bidding and their variation with individual types of customer are evaluated quantitatively. The results are consistent with qualitative knowledge of the market.     

考虑交易费用的一级价格密封招标研究

本文在独立私人价值模型的基础上,通过引入投标成本,建立了考虑交易费用的一级价格密封招标博弈模型,给出了对称的进入点均衡和相应的对称均衡报价策略。研究表明,交易费用的出现排除了高成本类型的投标者,但也导致了竞标人数的不确定性,招标方为了降低招标无效率的可能性,必须限制潜在投标者人数;另一方面,在招投标过程中降低交易费用对交易双方来说都是有利的,招标方给予投标者投标补偿以激励其参与竞标的机制是可行的。     

基于网上拍卖的共同价值托投标分析

基于信息不对称条件下的共同价值模型,刻画了网上拍卖过程中可能存在的托投标行为,并运用博弈理论结合竞价关系求解了竞标者的赢标概率和最优竞价策略．研究发现,在共同价值模型下,参与竞标的人数与嬴者诅咒的发生存在联系;在最高出价者赢标的概率模型基础上,分别建立了是否存在托投标行为时的竞标者收益模型,并求解了竞标者的均衡竞价策略．     

前景理论视角下专利代理服务模式优化研究

专利代理服务是知识产权服务体系中的重要组成,利用预期收益分配契约激励专利代理服务参与者,引导双方采取共赢的行为策略,是提高合作效率、提升专利代理服务效果的重要方向。在考虑决策者有限理性的基础上,提出一种专利代理服务预期收益分配方案,引入前景理论衡量心理因素对专利代理服务参与主体的影响,建立收益感知矩阵,构建演化博弈模型,刻画更贴近现实的认知决策过程,进而探讨技术发明人与专利代理机构之间的博弈关系和稳定策略,最后通过数值仿真揭示影响稳定策略的关键变量。结果表明:这种预期收益分配方案具有可行性,区别设置预期收益分配模式的违约处罚水平以及减小预期收益分成比重是避免违约、维持长期稳定合作的最佳途径。     

Multi-period resource allocation for estimating project costs in competitive bidding

Central European Journal of Operations Research - In competitive bidding for project contracts, contractors estimate the cost of completing a project and then determine the bid price. Accordingly,...     

Pricing peer-produced services: Quality,capacity, and competition issues

Peer production has played an important role in the economics of Web 2.0 related services in which user participation and contribution become the main driving dynamics. However, the quality of peer-produced services is uncertain because of inherently decentralized and heterogeneous participants. In the paper, utilizing reliability and game theoretic models, we develop a QoS measure and pricing schemes for this emerging type of service under various market structures. Our results suggest that a monopolistic platform provider has no incentive to offer multiple quality classes of service. Two competing platform providers may offer identical service contracts but still receive non-negative profit. If they offer heterogeneous service contracts, the provider with the lower quality service may provide higher quality than he advertises. This research contributes to the literature with a number of unique and interesting implications for the issues of service contract design, capacity planning, and market interactions for operations of community-based or peer-produced services.     

考虑延迟现象的质量改进投入和营销努力动态协同策略

利用时滞微分方程刻画质量改进投入对品牌商誉提升的延迟现象,分别构建了制造商和零售商采取非合作博弈、合作博弈以及成本分担的部分合作博弈(制造商参与营销的单向部分合作博弈、零售商参与生产的单向部分合作博弈、制造商参与营销及零售商参与生产的双向部分合作博弈)五种决策模式下的微分博弈模型。借助哈密尔顿极大值原理,求解得到五种情形下的制造商最优质量改进投入策略和零售商的最优营销努力策略以及供应链利润。对比五种博弈模式下的结果发现:1)延时现象会降低制造商进行质量改进投入的积极性,但对零售商营销努力无影响;品牌商誉在延迟现象影响下出现先衰减后提升的演进规律;2)合作博弈对于供应链绩效总是最优的,三种成本分担的部分合作博弈契约虽不能实现供应链的完全协调,但可以对非合作博弈情形进行帕累托改进;3)对比两种单向部分合作博弈,在提高供应链利润方面,制造商参与营销的成本分担契约优于零售商参与生产的成本分担契约;4)三种成本分担契约中,双向合作的部分合作博弈是供应链的最优选择,但随着延迟时间增大,其帕累托改进效果将不再明显。     

Simple probability models for project contracting

There are two aspects to the process of price setting using sealed bids. The project owner is interested in deploying the contract mechanism that will secure reliable service at the cheapest cost. On the other hand, each contractor bidding for the project is interested in winning the contract but at a price that assures him a reasonable profit margin. We use a parsimonious stochastic model to compare and contrast some commonly used contracts from the point of view of the project owner. We show that if the bidders are risk neutral, a Fixed Price contract results in the smallest expected procurement cost for the project owner. We introduce and analyze Menu contracts and show that the expected price of a Menu contract lies in between the prices of the Fixed Price and Cost Plus contracts for the same project. We analyze how risk aversion and collusion, which we model using concepts of stochastic dependence, impacts the average winning bid price.     

Spying on the cost structure of naive bidding competitors via linear programming models

A linear programming model is constructed which enables a firm to estimate its competitor's cost structure when the competitor adheres to a non-randomized strategy. The existence of the model makes randomized bidding prudent apart from game theory considerations. The need for increased curriculum attention to optimal bidding is highlighted.     

Three-level warranty service contract among manufacturer,agent and customer: A game-theoretical approach

A warranty is a service contract between a manufacturer and a customer which plays a vital role in many businesses and legal transactions. In this paper, various three-level service contracts will be presented among the following three participants; a manufacturer, an agent, and a customer. In order to obtain a better result, the interaction between the aforementioned participants will be modeled using the game theory approach. Under non-cooperative and semi-cooperative games, the optimal sale price, warranty period and warranty price for the manufacturer and the optimal maintenance cost or repair cost for the agent are obtained by maximizing their profits. The satisfaction of the customer is also maximized by being able to choose one of the suggested options from the manufacturer and the agent, based on the risk parameter. Several numerical examples and managerial insights are presented and used to illustrate the models presented in this paper.     

建筑业中投标合同的统计和模糊分析

许多货物和劳务合同是依据密标的拍卖签订的。在建筑业中，有报价选择特权的承包商决定工程的标价常常是一个艰难的过程。一般公认的标价办法是实际成本加毛利。本文运用主因素分析法和回归分析法来研究香港的竞争性承包商的投标成效，同时也用模糊线性回归来研究投标过程的结构。最后，根据香港建筑业投标数据库，比较了统计和模糊回归分析这两种方法的结果。     

完全信息下发电机组间竞价上网的非合作博弈行为分析

本文利用博弈论方法对电力市场中 ,电力总需求缺乏弹性时各发电机组间非合作关系下竞价上网的报价行为进行了分析、研究 .并通过多目标规划方法 ,求出了纳什均衡的近似解 .该解可以指导机组制定竞价上网的报价曲线 ,避免机组盲目报价 .     

均衡的再保险市场

本文讨论了再保险市场达到均衡状态的定义、性质以及与 Pareto最优的关系 .     

基于灰色系统理论的工程项目评标方法研究

工程项目评标实质是多目标决策问题,为优先出合适的投标单位,建立灰色Euclid理论工程项目评标决策模型.首先,运用层次分析法(AHP)与信息熵法分别确定主客观权重.然后利用博弈集结模型对指标体系进行组合赋权,得到综合权重.最后,结合工程项目评标实例运用灰色Euclid理论评标模型进行评标决策.结果表明,运用博弈集结组合赋权和灰色Euclid理论模型选出投标单位D为最优方案,与实际评标一致,验证了模型的可操作性和适用性.     

工程项目主体行为博弈分析

在工程项目建设过程中,项目主体扮演着重要的角色,同时相互之间构成了一定的经济伙伴关系.由于项目主体之间的信息存在不对称性,项目各主体为追求自身利益最大化相互之间形成了博弈关系.在分析项目主体之间的博弈关系的基础上,分别建立了一般项目和政府投资项目主体三方之间的行为博弈模型,分析了博弈混合策略纳什均衡解.最后从建立完善的建设管理制度、建立事先监督机制与事后惩罚机制、建立激励机制与约束机制等方面提出了规范项目主体行为的具体对策.     

Bidding in sequential electricity markets: The Nordic case

For electricity market participants trading in sequential markets with differences in price levels and risk exposure, it is relevant to analyze the potential of coordinated bidding. We consider a Nordic power producer who engages in the day-ahead spot market and the hour-ahead balancing market. In both markets, clearing prices and dispatched volumes are unknown at the time of bidding. However, in the balancing market, the market participant faces an additional risk of not being dispatched. Taking into account the sequential clearing of these markets and the gradual realization of market prices, we formulate the bidding problem as a multi-stage stochastic program. We investigate whether higher risk exposure may cause hesitation to bid into the balancing market. Furthermore, we quantify the gain from coordinated bidding, and by deriving bounds on this gain, assess the performance of alternative bidding strategies used in practice.