Effect of process parameters on temperature distribution in twin-electrode TIG coupling arc

The twin-electrode TIG coupling arc is a new type of welding heat source, which is generated in a single welding torch that has two tungsten electrodes insulated from each other. This paper aims at determining the distribution of temperature for the coupling arc using the Fowler–Milne method under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. The influences of welding current, arc length, and distance between both electrode tips on temperature distribution of the coupling arc were analyzed. Based on the results, a better understanding of the twin-electrode TIG welding process was obtained.     

Refined modeling of traveling-wave Ti:LiNbO3 channel waveguide modulator

A refined computation model for traveling-wave operation of external electro-optical phase modulators made of a single titanium in-diffused lithium niobate channel waveguide (Ti:LiNbO₃WG) is described. The modulator circuit model outlined as two traveling-wave coupled microstrips includes microwave losses and dispersion. In the optimization procedure, we consider different circuit load conditions. The influence of a dielectric overlay covering the electrodes is examined. The consolidated techniques of conformal mapping, multiple image, and finite element are used to investigate the microwave characteristics of the structure, and the refractive effective index method is used in calculating the characteristics of the diffused anisotropic optical channel. The performances of Y-cut and Z-cut substrate configurations are compared. We have verified that the Y-cut substrate modulator gives the best overall performance, and that the overlay presence causes significant improvements in the evaluated modulation efficiency and in the bandwidth. A model of the modulator that takes electrode thickness into account permits one to obtain a wider bandwidth.     

Simulation and optimization of a polymer directional coupler electro-optic switch with push-pull electrodes

Structural model and design technique are proposed for a polymer directional coupler electro-optic switch with rib waveguides and push-pull electrodes, of which the electric field distribution is analyzed by the conformal transforming method and image method. In order to get the minimum mode loss and the minimum switching voltage, the parameters of the waveguide and electrode are optimized, such as the core with, core thickness, buffer layer between the core and the electrode, coupling gap between the waveguides, electrode thickness, electrode width and electrode gap. Switching Characteristics are analyzed, which include the output power, insertion loss, and crosstalk. To realize normal switching function, the fabrication error, spectrum shift, and coupling loss between a single mode fiber (SMF) and the waveguide are discussed. Simulation results show that the coupling length is 3082 μm, push-pull switching voltage is 2.14 V, insertion loss is less than 1.17 dB, and crosstalk is less than −30 dB for the designed device.     

人工水晶的结晶习性与缺陷

本文从晶体结构入手研究了水晶的结晶习性与生长时物理、化学条件之间的关系,提出三方偏方面体单形在水晶生长过程中具有重要作用的论点。通过对水晶结晶习性的剖析,使表面结构与内部结构得到由表及里的联系。从籽晶取向(z切,y棒,x棒与z轴相交55°切型等)研究了三方偏方面体结晶习性与晶体缺陷之间的关系。结果表明:人工水晶中的缺陷主要是三方偏方面体晶面的生长痕迹,称之为“子面缺陷”;在y棒和x棒晶体中还有各族晶面之间形成的“生长锥界面缺陷”。 关键词：     

Tunable two-dimensional hexagonal phase array in domain-engineered Z-cut lithium niobate crystal

An optical phase array with tunable phase step is demonstrated. The phase array consists of a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice of inverted ferroelectric domains fabricated on a Z-cut lithium niobate substrate. The electro-optically tunable phase step is obtained by the application of an external electric field along the z axis of the crystal via transparent electrodes. Theoretical analysis and experimental results are presented, showing that a tunable and flexible adaptive optical illuminator device can be realized by combining the electro-optic tunability with the Talbot effect. Generation of a multiplicity of light patterns is shown.     

A tunable gas sensor using an acoustic waveguide

A tunable gas sensor using surface acoustic waves (SAW) is described. It is designed on the basis of a waveguide delay line fabricated on a piezoelectric substrate made of 128° Y-cut LiNbO₃. A voltage applied between the waveguide and two electrodes causes a local change in the properties of the substrate near the waveguide and differently affects the sensor’s response to the vapors of various analytes. Some results of the experimental study of the sensor, which show the change in the selectivity under the effect of voltage, are presented. The analytes used for testing include a number of alcohols and deionized water. The possibilities for employing such a sensor in the sensor arrays of gas analyzers of the electronic nose type are discussed.     

Simulation of electromechanical coupling coefficient by modified modal frequency spectrum method including the electrode effect

An approximate formula has been developed to determine the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the piezoelectric film in a four-layer composite resonator, which includes two electrodes. In this formula, the coupling coefficient can be calculated from the distribution of the effective coupling coefficients, k2eff, which are given by the modal frequency spectrum of the composite resonator. The feasibility of this method has been demonstrated with a ZnO/SiO2 composite resonator for different electrode thickness. The effect of mechanical propagation loss in both piezoelectric layer and substrate has also been studied.     

Comparison of laser performance of Yb:YCa4O(BO3)3 crystals cut along the principal optical axes

Efficient high-power continuous-wave laser operation is demonstrated with Yb:YCa₄O(BO₃)₃ crystals cut along the X, Y, and Z principal axes, end pumped by a high-power diode. Highest output powers of 6.3–7.3 W are generated, with slope efficiencies in the range of 73–83%. The standard behavior characterized by fixed linear polarization of the output and decreasing oscillation wavelength when increasing the output coupling was observed only for the X-cut crystal; the Y-cut crystal led to the polarization state changing and coexistence, while the Z-cut crystal resulted in dual-band laser operation with a fixed polarization state. PACS 42.55.Rz; 42.55.Xi     

Elimination of crosstalk in directional coupler switches

We propose a tapered electrode structure to make the ratio of the coupling coefficient to the difference of propagation constants between two coupled waveguides in a directional coupler switch a constant throughout it. In this way, the crosstalk caused by the existence of tapered sections is entirely eliminated.     

Anisotropy of laser emission in monoclinic Nd:ScYSiO_5 crystals cut along the optical indicatrix axes

In this Letter,we demonstrate the anisotropy of laser emission in disordered Nd:ScYSiO_5(Nd:SYSO) crystals cut along the optical indicatrix axes.High-powered lasers with different oscillation wavelengths and polarizations are realized by using different oriented crystals as gain media.For Y-cut crystals,the dual-wavelength laser vibration direction is found to be along the X axis and a maximum output power of 9.43 Wis obtained,giving an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 48.8% and a slope efficiency of 51.3%.For X-and Z-cut crystals,1075 and 1078 nm lasers operating orthogonally polarize oscillate with total output powers of 7.07 and 8.43 W,respectively.The experimental results reveal that the intrinsic anisotropy for the monoclinic disordered laser crystals could make laser design flexible and controllable.     

高次谐波体声波谐振器的有效机电耦合系数

高次谐波体声波谐振器HBAR (High-overtone Bulk Acoustic Resonator)由基底、压电薄膜和上下电极组成,系统地研究了它们的结构参数(厚度)和性能参数(特性阻抗)对HBAR的重要性能参数有效机电耦合系数K_eff2的影响。在谐振频率附近,通过将HBAR的分布参数等效电路简化为集总参数等效电路得到了它们之间的关系表达式,分析了K_eff2在所关心频率最近谐振点的变化情况。结果表明,保持压电薄膜厚度不变,连续增加基底厚度,K_eff2呈振荡(非单调)下降,当基底厚度达到一定值时K_eff2与厚度成反比下降;保持基底厚度不变,连续增加压电薄膜厚度,K_eff2的峰值随基底和压电层的特性阻抗之比增加快速下降,到达极小值后缓慢增加;选择低阻抗的熔融石英作为基底可以获得较大的K_eff2;与Al电极相比,Au电极选择适当厚度可以获得较高的K_eff2。上述揭示的一些规律为HBAR的优化设计提供了理论依据。      

Adjustment of the coupling ratio by laser ablation of Ti:LiNbO3 directional couplers

The coupling ratio of directional couplers in Z-cut Y-propagation and X-cut Z-propagation LiNbO₃ crystals was adjusted by laser ablation. The coupling ratio change is more efficient for the TM-mode of Z-cut couplers. The method can be used to correct the uncertainty of the coupling ratio for directional couplers that occurs during fabrication process.     

Simulation and optimization of a polymer 2×2 multimode interference-Mach Zehnder interferometer electro-optic switch with push-pull electrodes

Structural model and design technique are proposed for a polymer 2×2 multimode interference-Mach Zehnder interferometer electro-optic (MMI-MZI EO) switch with push-pull electrodes. The electric field distribution is analyzed by the conformal transforming method and image method. To get the minimum mode loss and half-wave voltage, the parameters of the waveguide and electrodes are optimized, such as the core width, core thickness, buffer layer thickness, size of the MMI couplers and the modulating region, electrode thickness, electrode width, and electrode gap. Switching characteristics are analyzed, including the output power, crosstalk, and wavelength shift. Simulation results show that the half-wave voltage is 0.74 V, the optical 3 dB bandwidth is 12.66 GHz, and the crosstalk is less than −30 dB for the designed device.     

Effective electromechanical coupling coefficient of high-overtone bulk acoustic resonator

A high-overtone bulk acoustic resonator(HEAR) is composed of a substrate,a piezoelectric film and upper and lower electrodes,the influences of their structure parameter(thickness) and performance parameter(characteristic impedance) on effective electromechanical coupling coefficient K_(eff)~2 are investigated systematically.The relationship between K_(eff)~2 and these parameters is obtained by a lumped parameter equivalent circuit instead of distributed parameter equivalent circuit near the resonant frequency,and K_(eff)~2 at the resonance frequency closest to the given frequency is analyzed.The results show that K_(eff)~2 declines rapidly and oscillatorily with the continuous increase of the substrate thickness when the piezoelectric film thickness is fixed,and decreases inversely proportion to the thickness when the substrate thickness is greater than a certain value.With the ratio of the characteristic impedance of the substrate to the piezoelectric layer increasing,the maximum of K_(eff)~2 obtained from the variation curve of K_(eff)~2 with the continuous increase of the piezoelectric film thickness decreases rapidly before reaching the minimum value,and later increases slowly.Fused silica with low impedance is appropriate as the substrate of HBAR to get a larger K_(eff)~2.Compared with Al electrode,Au electrode can obtain larger K_(eff)~2 when the appropriate electrode thickness is selected.The revealed laws above mentioned provide the theoretical basis for optimizing parameters of HBAR.     

Comparison of two coplanar waveguide electrodes for Ti:LiNbO3 interferometric modulators

The coplanar waveguide travelling-wave electrodes widely used for Z-cut Ti:LiNbO₃ Mach-Zehnder optical modulators can be divided into two types. One has a wide centre electrode and small electrode gaps, while the other has a narrow centre conductor, wide gaps, and a relatively thick buffer layer. An accurate method for analysing the operational efficiency of the devices with these two electrode structures has been developed using the Galerkin method and the point matching method. Simulation results show that the interaction efficiency of the interferometric modulator with a narrow centre conductor is slightly lower than that with a wide centre electrode. However, the former is more promising because it can achieve a 50 transmission line matched with the drive circuit. The optimization of the optical waveguide position and the fabricational tolerance on the alignment of the electrode pattern are also discussed.     

Fabrication of piezoelectric AlN thin film for FBARs

This paper focuses on the fabrication of film bulk acoustic-wave resonator (FBAR) comprising an aluminum nitride (AlN) piezoelectric thin film sandwiched between two metal electrodes and located on a silicon substrate with a low-stress silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) support membrane for high frequency wireless applications, and analyzes the optimization of the thin AlN film deposition parameters on Mo electrodes using the reactive RF magnetron sputter system. Several critical parameters of the sputtering process such as RF power and Ar/N₂ flow rate ratio were studied to clarify their effects on different electrodes characteristics of the AlN films. The experiment indicated that the process for Mo electrode was easier compared with that of the Pt/Ti or Au/Cr bi-layer electrode as it entailed only one photo resist and metal deposition step. Besides, Pt/Ti or Au/Cr electrodes reduced the resonance frequency due to their high mass density and low bulk acoustic velocity. Compared with the case of the Al bottom electrode, there is no evident amorphous layer between the Mo bottom electrode and the deposited AlN film. The characteristics of the FBAR devices depend not only upon the thickness and quality of the AlN film, but also upon the thickness of the top electrode and the materials used. The results indicate that decreasing the thickness of either the AlN film or the top electrode increases the resonance frequency. This suggests the potential of tuning the performance of the FBAR device by carefully controlling AlN film thickness. Besides, increasing either the thickness of the AlN film or higher RF power has improved a stronger c-axis orientation and tended to promote a narrower rocking curve full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), but increased both the grain size and the surface roughness. An FBAR device fabricated under optimal AlN deposition parameters has demonstrated the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient (k _eff²) and the quality factor (Q _{f x} ) are about 1.5% and 332, respectively.     

磁驱动准等熵加载下Z切石英晶体的折射率

基于CQ4脉冲功率实验装置开展了Z-切石英晶体在磁驱动准等熵加载下的窗口折射率修正关系研究. 实验中采用激光波长1550 nm的双源光外差测速仪测量获得了LiF窗口和Z-切石英晶体窗口与不同厚度极板界面的粒子速度. 利用反积分方法由实验测得的LiF窗口与极板界面粒子速度计算得到了极板的加载磁压力历史; 以获得的磁压力为输入条件, 采用LS-DYNA计算软件正向计算得到石英晶体窗口与极板界面的真实粒子速度历史. 由实验获得的Z-切石英晶体窗口/极板界面表观粒子速度和计算得到的真实粒子速度, 获得了Z-切石英晶体弹性极限内的连续的折射率修正关系, 将其折射率修正关系的适用压力范围拓宽至14.55 GPa. 表观粒子速度与真实粒子速度关系采用线性拟合时, 折射率修正关系为n=1.087 (± 0.008)+0.4408ρ/ρ₀, 与冲击数据拟合的结果一致. 由折射率实验数据对Z-切石英晶体的极化率分析认为, 在其弹性极限压力范围内加载路径和温度对折射率的影响可以忽略.     

螺旋型薄膜介质平板Blumlein线实验

 为实现脉冲功率源小型化,设计了一种螺旋形薄膜介质Blumlein线,应用火花隙开关对其进行了放电实验研究,并对负载电压波形进行了分析。结果表明,开关电感会减缓脉冲前沿,电极直流阻抗使得负载输出电压效率显著降低,波形平顶趋于减小,分布电容耦合造成负载电压的预脉冲,而均压层不会影响传输特性,不会对负载电压波形造成影响。     

Design and modeling of inversion layer ultrasonic transducers using LiNbO3 single crystal

Using inversion domain engineering controlled by heating temperature, the LiNbO(3) (LNO) piezoelectric plate with both odd and even-order thickness-extensional modes can be excited simultaneously. Therefore, the inversion layer ultrasound transducer is expected to be capable of operating over a wider frequency range. In this paper, the electrical impedance and the acoustic characteristics of LiNbO(3) (LNO) inversion layer transducer have been studied by finite element modeling (FEM). The transducer designed for this study uses a 36 degrees rotated Y-cut LiNbO(3) thin plate with an active element thickness of approximately 100 microm. First the electrical and elastic properties of the 36 degrees rotated Y-cut LNO were obtained by transforming a basic piezoelectric matrix for Z-cut LNO. In order to validate the FEM using the transformed properties several pieces of pure and 50% inversion layer LNO were tested on the electrical impedance analyzer. The modeled impedance characteristics were consistent with the measured data. Next the model was used to design 50-60 MHz transducers using pure and 30% inversion LNO. Two lambda/4 matching layers and a Tungsten loaded epoxy backing were used in these designs. The modeled results show that an over 90% bandwidth transducer can be made with proper matching and 30% inversion layer.