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1.
层合结构压电器件的机电耦合响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
压电传感嚣和致动器都可以看成是由压电材料层和非压电(弹性)材料层交替铺设而成。对于这类任意铺设的层合板悬臂梁结构,推导出了表示力学变形与外加电场之间耦合效应的解析表达式。进而,又推导出了两类(一类为单层压电-弹性层。另一类为双层压电-弹性层)层合型悬臂梁结构机电耦合性能的解析公式。在该机电耦合模型中,包括了两个压电常数d211和d222。最后。通过比较解析解、实验值以及有限元计算结果,发现它们吻合得很好。  相似文献   

2.
张作启  刘彬 《力学学报》2013,45(1):129-133
能量释放率是表征断裂性能的一个重要指标, 在经典的断裂力学中, 只给出在恒力或恒位移加载情形下通过柔度标定来确定材料能量释放率的公式, 而且仅限于线弹性材料. 但是近年来生物材料和高分子材料(如橡胶) 等超弹性材料的断裂韧性和增韧机理越来越受到研究人员的关注, 该文旨在导出一个更加通用的柔度标定公式, 从而可以确定非线性弹性材料在任意加载模式下的能量释放率, 并能判断裂纹扩展的稳定性. 在推导的过程中, 对一些重要而容易被错误理解的概念做了进一步论述.  相似文献   

3.
以指数函数近似表示非线弹性材料的应力-应变关系, 推导出了非线弹性材料平面杆系结构应力应变计算的普遍表达式, 编制了通用程序, 使这一类问题有了一个通用的解题方法.  相似文献   

4.
非线弹性平面杆系的应力应变分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以指数函数近似表示非线弹性材料的应力-应交关系,推导出了非线弹性材料平面杆系结构应力应变计算的普遍表达式,编制了通用程序,使这一类问题有了一个通用的解题方法.  相似文献   

5.
描述大应变率范围下材料响应的粘塑性本构模型   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
以位错动力学理论中的Orwan和Gilman关系为基础建立描述率相关材料非弹性响应的基本方程,选择材料准静态实验的单轴响应作为强化演化的规律,并考虑应变率敏感程度随变形产生变化的特性,建立了适用于大应变率范围内率相关材料的统一型粘塑性本构模型。对铝1100-0在应变率范围10-5~104s-1内产生的有限塑性应变的单轴响应进行了理论预测,与Khan和Huang[1]的实验数据及模型预测结果进行了比较,结果表明本文模型具有较高的预测精度,在高应变率和较大应变下不容忽视率敏感参数随变形的变化。  相似文献   

6.
压电传感器和致动器都可以看成是一种复合材料层合板结构,由压电材料层和非压电(弹性)材料层交替铺设而成。对于这类任意铺设的层合板悬臂梁结构,我们推导出了表示力学变形与外加电场之间耦合效应的解析表达式。进而,又推导出了两类(一类为单层压电-弹性层,另一类为双层压电-弹性层)层合型悬臂梁结构机电耦合性能的解析公式。在该机电耦合模型中,包括了两个压电常数d211和d222。此外,还建立了含压电材料的有限元算式,进行了实验测量。最后,通过比较解析解(包括考虑了d222参数的理论值和没有考虑d222参数的理论值),实验值以及有限元计算结果,发现它们吻合得很好,而且考虑d222是十分必要的。  相似文献   

7.
基于63Sn-37Pb钎料舍金在多种非比例应变循环加载下的实验结果,通过考察材料的非弹性应变率与偏应力之间的夹角随累积非弹性应变的变化规律,对63Sn-37Pb钎料合金的非弹性流动特性进行了定量分析。分析结果显示:在相同的非比例加载路径下,当加载等效应变幅值相同时,等效应变率越高,非弹性应变率与偏应力之间夹角平均水平越低,当等效应变率相同时,等效应变幅值越大,相应的夹角平均水平越低;在保持时间范围内,非弹性应变率方向与偏应力方向趋于一致;当非比例路径形状不同时,其非弹性应变率与偏应力之间的夹角随累积非弹性应变的变化趋势明显不同。研究表明,材料的非弹性流动特性强烈依赖于等效应变幅值、等效应变率、保持时间、非比例路径形状。  相似文献   

8.
本文对材料非弹性变形性能描述的最新进展作了评述。在对描述应变率影响所依据的理论和实验基础的发展作了一般的讨论之后,介绍了一些具体例子,以说明动态加载下的材料性能。选用这些例子,是为了论证应变率对屈服、非弹性流动,以及在脆性材料和韧性材料中对断裂的影响。   相似文献   

9.
王启智  张财贵  周妍  杨井瑞 《力学与实践》2015,37(2):245-248,244
从能量释放率G的定义出发,用图解法,即能量图形面积法,分别对线弹性材料和非线性弹性材料,以及在固定位移,或固定载荷,或任意加载方式的情况下,推导出能量释放率的计算公式.证明不同加载方式下的非线性弹性材料的能量释放率,在用能量图形面积法极限求导时,其数值是一样的.  相似文献   

10.
幂率型非线性粘弹性裂纹尖端场   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
研究幂率型非线性粘弹性裂纹尖端场为了推导的需要,首先列出了幂率型硬化材料的HRR奇异场和高阶渐近场论证了它们实质上是各向同性、不可压缩、幂率型、非线性弹性裂纹尖端场,回顾了求解非线性粘弹性问题的弹性回复对应原理之后,给出了在第一类边界条件下求解幂率型非线性粘弹性材料裂纹问题的对应原理得到了幂率型非线性粘弹性材料,特别是改性聚丙稀的裂纹尖端应力、应变和位移的解答.  相似文献   

11.
We propose an approach to the definition and analysis of material instabilities in rate-independent standard dissipative solids at finite strains based on finite-step-sized incremental energy minimization principles. The point of departure is a recently developed constitutive minimization principle for standard dissipative materials that optimizes a generalized incremental work function with respect to the internal variables. In an incremental setting at finite time steps this variational problem defines a quasi-hyperelastic stress potential. The existence of this potential allows to be recast a typical incremental boundary-value problem of quasi-static inelasticity into a principle of minimum incremental energy for standard dissipative solids. Mathematical existence theorems for sufficiently regular minimizers then induce a definition of the material stability of the inelastic material response in terms of the sequentially weakly lower semicontinuity of the incremental variational functional. As a consequence, the incremental material stability of standard dissipative solids may be defined in terms of the quasi-convexity or the rank-one convexity of the incremental stress potential. This global definition includes the classical local Hadamard condition but is more general. Furthermore, the variational setting opens up the possibility to analyze the post-critical development of deformation microstructures in non-stable inelastic materials based on energy relaxation methods. We outline minimization principles of quasi- and rank-one convexifications of incremental non-convex stress potentials for standard dissipative solids. The general concepts are applied to the analysis of evolving deformation microstructures in single-slip plasticity. For this canonical model problem, we outline details of the constitutive variational formulation and develop numerical and semi-analytical solution methods for a first-level rank-one convexification. A set of representative numerical investigations analyze the development of deformation microstructures in the form of rank-one laminates in single slip plasticity for homogeneous macro-deformation modes as well as inhomogeneous macroscopic boundary-value problems. The well-posedness of the relaxed variational formulation is indicated by an independence of typical finite element solutions on the mesh-size.  相似文献   

12.
The analysis and simulation of microstructures in solids has gained crucial importance, virtue of the influence of all microstructural characteristics on a material’s macroscopic, mechanical behavior. In particular, the arrangement of dislocations and other lattice defects to particular structures and patterns on the microscale as well as the resultant inhomogeneous distribution of localized strain results in a highly altered stress–strain response. Energetic models predicting the mechanical properties are commonly based on thermodynamic variational principles. Modeling the material response in finite strain crystal plasticity very often results in a non-convex variational problem so that the minimizing deformation fields are no longer continuous but exhibit small-scale fluctuations related to probability distributions of deformation gradients to be calculated via energy relaxation. This results in fine structures that can be interpreted as the observed microstructures. In this paper, we first review the underlying variational principles for inelastic materials. We then propose an analytical partial relaxation of a Neo-Hookean energy formulation, based on the assumption of a first-order laminate microstructure, thus approximating the relaxed energy by an upper bound of the rank-one-convex hull. The semi-relaxed energy can be employed to investigate elasto-plastic models with a single as well as multiple active slip systems. Based on the minimization of a Lagrange functional (consisting of the sum of energy rate and dissipation potential), we outline an incremental strategy to model the time-continuous evolution of the laminate microstructure, then present a numerical scheme by means of which the microstructure development can be computed, and show numerical results for particular examples in single- and double-slip plasticity. We discuss the influence of hardening and of slip system orientations in the present model. In contrast to many approaches before, we do not minimize a condensed energy functional. Instead, we incrementally solve the evolution equations at each time step and account for the actual microstructural changes during each time step. Results indicate a reduction in energy when compared to those theories based on a condensed energy functional.  相似文献   

13.
For finite strain dynamics a variational model of crack evolution is formulated within the generalized oriented continuum methodology. In this approach position- and direction-dependent deformation and strain measures are used to describe the (macro)motion of the body with defects, which may evolve relative to the moving body. The inelastic behaviour of continua with evolving defects is represented by phenomenological equations including the transversal crack evolution. A strain-induced crack propagation criterion is defined by the difference between the strain energy release rate and the rate of the surface energy of the crack. A possible nucleation of microcracks in terms of the average drag coefficient of the crack configuration is proposed. Based on the crack growth criterion presented in this paper, the kinking of cracks is investigated using variational concepts. A constitutive damage model of Kachanov's type accounting for the crack density is derived in terms of the free energy functional and a dissipation potential.  相似文献   

14.
In this approach, the plastic part of the deformation field, traditionally described by regular mappings, is interpreted as localized yielding along flow surfaces, with a kinematics analogous to that of crack formation. The resulting deformation is structured, being composed of a bulk and a surface part, respectively due to the elastic distortion of massive material portions and to localized yielding. There is an energetic competition between these two contributions in the energy functional, whose minimization is sought under irreversibility conditions for the inelastic phenomena. Numerical experiments are performed with a regularized variational approach. Paradigmatic examples show that plastic strain concentrates in coarse bands, but the bands may coalesce to form a plastic region, depending upon the shape and size of the body, the presence of pre-existing defects (voids, holes, notches) and the values of the governing parameters.  相似文献   

15.
This paper outlines a new variational-based modeling and computational implementation of macroscopic continuum magneto-mechanics involving non-linear, inelastic material behavior, with a special focus on dissipative magnetostriction. It is based on a constitutive variational principle that optimizes a generalized incremental work function with respect to the internal state variables. In an incremental setting at finite time steps, this variational problem defines a quasi-hyper-magnetoelastic potential for the stresses and the magnetic induction, and incorporates energy storage as well as dissipative mechanisms. The existence of this potential further allows the incremental boundary-value problem of quasi-static inelastic magneto-mechanics to be recast into a principle of stationary incremental energy. The second focus of this paper is on the careful construction of the energy storage and dissipation functions for the model problem of hysteretic magnetostriction at the macroscopic level. It is then demonstrated that the proposed model is capable of predicting the ferromagnetic and field-induced strain hysteresis curves characteristic of magnetostrictive material response in good agreement with experiments. The numerical solution of the coupled non-linear boundary-value problem is based on a monolithic multi-field finite element implementation. As a consequence of the proposed incremental variational principle, the discretization of the multi-field problem appears in a compact symmetric format. In this sense, the proposed formulation provides a canonical framework for the simulation of boundary-value-problems in dissipative magnetostriction at the macro-level. The performance of the proposed algorithm is tested by application to relevant numerical examples.  相似文献   

16.
The purpose of this work is the unified formulation and generalization of selected models for extended, gradient, or “higher-order” crystal plasticity via the application of a recently developed rate variational approach to the formulation of continuum thermodynamic models for history-dependent, inelastic systems. The investigation here includes models which were not originally formulated in a thermodynamic or “work-conjugate” fashion. The approach is based on the formulation of rate potentials for each model whose form is determined by (i) energetic processes via the free energy, (ii) kinetic processes via the dissipation potential, and (iii) the form of the evolution relations for the internal-variable-like quantities upon which the free energy and dissipation potential depend. For the case of extended crystal plasticity, these latter quantities include for example the inelastic local deformation, or dislocation densities. The stationarity conditions of the corresponding rate functional then yield volumetric and surficial balance-like field relations determining in the current context for example the form of momentum balance or that of the generalized glide-system flow rule. With the help of this approach, we derive thermodynamically consistent forms of specific models for extended crystal plasticity. Since most of these were formulated for small deformation, we also investigate their generalization to large deformation with the help of, e.g., form invariance. Among other things, the current rate variational approach implies that, beyond the form of the free energy itself, it is form of the evolution relations for the dislocation densities which is important in determining whether or not higher-order model quantities like the glide-system back stress can be formulated in a thermodynamic fashion.  相似文献   

17.
We propose a fundamentally new concept to the treatment of material instabilities and localization phenomena based on energy minimization principles in a strain-softening elastic–plastic bar. The basis is a recently developed incremental variational formulation of the local constitutive response for generalized standard media. It provides a quasi-hyperelastic stress potential that is obtained from a local minimization of the incremental energy density with respect to the internal variables. The existence of this variational formulation induces the definition of the material stability of inelastic solids based on convexity properties in analogy to treatments in elasticity. Furthermore, localization phenomena are understood as micro-structure development associated with a non-convex incremental stress potential in analogy to phase decomposition problems in elasticity. For the one-dimensional bar considered the two-phase micro-structure can analytically be resolved by the construction of a sequentially weakly lower semicontinuous energy functional that envelops the not well-posed original problem. This relaxation procedure requires the solution of a local energy minimization problem with two variables which define the one-dimensional micro-structure developing: the volume fraction and the intensity of the micro-bifurcation. The relaxation analysis yields a well-posed boundary-value problem for an objective post-critical localization analysis. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated for different discretizations of the elastic–plastic bar which document on the mesh-independence of the results.  相似文献   

18.
张泷  刘耀儒  杨强 《力学学报》2015,47(4):624-633
开挖卸荷后的天然岩体往往处于非平衡演化状态, 将直接影响岩体工程结构的正常运行、长期稳定和安全. 时效变形和损伤演化是岩体结构非平衡演化的核心. 在赖斯(Rice) 内变量热力学理论框架下, 提出了岩体结构非平衡演化的有效应力原理, 指出有效应力是总应力中能有效驱动结构演化的部分. 将内变量率形式的非弹性应变率方程和能量耗散率函数表示为有效应力形式, 并提出非弹性余能概念. 给定具体的余能密度函数和内变量演化方程, 得到了考虑损伤的内变量黏塑性应变率方程. 通过相似材料加卸载蠕变试验结果进行参数辨识, 并分别计算了内变量率形式和有效应力形式的黏塑性应变率、能量耗散率和非弹性余能, 并对其进行比较分析. 结果表明:在过渡蠕变和稳态蠕变阶段两种形式的方程计算的黏塑性应变率几乎相等, 但在加速蠕变阶段两者相差较大;非弹性余能和能量耗散率全域积分分别从驱动结构非平衡演化的内在潜力和实际效果的角度表征了结构的非平衡演化状态和演化趋势, 能量耗散率积分更合适用于评价岩体工程结构的长期稳定性. 最后以深埋地下洞室作为工程算例, 并对其长期稳定性进行分析.   相似文献   

19.
A material force method is proposed for evaluating the energy release rate and work rate of dissipation for fracture in inelastic materials. The inelastic material response is characterized by an internal variable model with an explicitly defined free energy density and dissipation potential. Expressions for the global material and dissipation forces are obtained from a global balance of energy-momentum that incorporates dissipation from inelastic material behavior. It is shown that in the special case of steady-state growth, the global dissipation force equals the work rate of dissipation, and the global material force and J-integral methods are equivalent. For implementation in finite element computations, an equivalent domain expression of the global material force is developed from the weak form of the energy-momentum balance. The method is applied to model problems of cohesive fracture in a remote K-field for viscoelasticity and elastoplasticity. The viscoelastic problem is used to compare various element discretizations in combination with different schemes for computing strain gradients. For the elastoplastic problem, the effects of cohesive and bulk properties on the plastic dissipation are examined using calculations of the global dissipation force.  相似文献   

20.
A thermodynamically consistent formulation of nonlocal damage in the framework of the internal variable theories of inelastic behaviours of associative type is presented. The damage behaviour is defined in the strain space and the effective stress turns out to be additively splitted in the actual stress and in the nonlocal counterpart of the relaxation stress related to damage phenomena. An important advantage of models with strain-based loading functions and explicit damage evolution laws is that the stress corresponding to a given strain can be evaluated directly without any need for solving a nonlinear system of equations. A mixed nonlocal variational formulation in the complete set of state variables is presented and is specialized to a mixed two-field variational formulation. Hence a finite element procedure for the analysis of the elastic model with nonlocal damage is established on the basis of the proposed two-field variational formulation. Two examples concerning a one-dimensional bar in simple tension and a two-dimensional notched plate are addressed. No mesh dependence or boundary effects are apparent.  相似文献   

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