Modification of optical, chemical and structural response of CR-39 polymer by 50 MeV lithium ion irradiation

CR-39 polymer samples were irradiated with 50 MeV lithium ion beam; the fluence was varied in the range 10¹¹–10¹³ ionscm⁻². Irradiation effects were studied using UV–visible, FTIR spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction techniques. The observation of the recorded spectra shows that the detector is sensitive to swift ions irradiation and its UV absorption is influenced by the stopping power (dE/dx)_e. The FTIR spectra does not show any considerable changes due to the irradiation indicating that the detector is chemically stable. No appreciable change in the diffraction pattern of CR-39 polymer after irradiation upto the fluence level of 10¹³ ionscm⁻² is observed, showing its structural stability also.     

Effect of 100 MeV Ni ion irradiation on MOCVD grown n-GaN

Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) grown n-type Gallium nitride (GaN) has been irradiated with 100 MeV Ni⁹⁺ ions at room temperature. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images show the nano-clusters' formation upon irradiation and the irradiated GaN surface roughness increases with the increasing ion fluences. High-resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD) analysis reveals the formation of Ga₂O₃ due to the interface mixing of GaN/Al₂O₃ upon irradiation. FWHM values of GaN (0 0 0 2) increases due to the lattice disorder. Photoluminescence studies show reduced band edge emission and yellow luminescence (YL) intensity with the increasing ion fluences. Change in the band gap energy between 3.38 and 3.04 eV was measured by UV-visible optical absorption spectrum on increasing the ion fluences.     

Modifications induced by gamma irradiation upon structural,optical and chemical properties of polyamide nylon-6,6 polymer

The effects of gamma rays were studied on the optical, structural and chemical properties of the PA-66 polymer samples. The polymer samples obtained from Goodfellow (Cambridge, UK) were irradiated with gamma rays at various doses ranging from 100 to 1250 kGy. The pristine and gamma rays irradiated samples were characterized by UV–visible (UV–VIS) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. UV–VIS shows a shift in absorption toward the visible region for irradiated samples and a decrease in band gap energy (E_g). The XRD analyses show an increase in the crystalline nature of the polymer at higher doses as a result of significant decrease in the peak width of XRD patterns. The FTIR spectra show decrease in intensity and shift of various bands with increase in gamma dose.     

MOCVD生长的InN薄膜中In分凝现象

利用金属有机物化学气相淀积(MOCVD)方法不同生长条件下在c面蓝宝石衬底上制备了InN薄膜,通过不同的物理表征手段研究了InN薄膜的物理性质,结果表明:合适的生长温度可以抑制InN薄膜表面分凝现象。研究认为较低的生长温度使作为N源的NH3分解率较低,In—N的成键可能性小,导致In在表面聚集出现分凝;而较高生长温度时,InN薄膜中In—N键能较小,易发生断裂,反应活性较强的N和H原子逸离薄膜表面,In滞留在薄膜表面也导致In分凝现象的出现。相对于表面分凝的样品,未出现表面分凝的样品的薄膜晶体质量和表面形貌也得到了提高。同时,通过Raman散射谱研究了晶格振动E2声子模的应力效应。     

Preparation and characterization of superionic materials in a new mixed system (Cu(1−x)AgxI)–(Ag2O)–(P2O5), (0.05≤x≤0.25)

In this paper attempts have been made to prepare superionic glassy electrolytes in the mixed system 30(Cu_(1−x)Ag_xI)–46.66(Ag₂O)–23.33(P₂O₅), where x=0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25, respectively, using the melt quenching process. The solid samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and silver ionic transport number studies. XRD analysis and FT-IR spectroscopic results have provided details regarding the various phases present in the new system and also indicated the formation of composite materials consisting of glassy and crystalline phases. The transport number measurements have indicated the formation of superionic solids having Ag⁺ ions as the mobile species in the present system.     

Synthesis of amorphous boron carbide by single and multiple charged boron ions bombardment of fullerene thin films

In this paper, results of structural modification of fullerene thin films by single and multiple charged boron ions (B⁺, B³⁺) are presented. The applied ion energies were in the range of 15-45 keV. The characterization of as-deposited and irradiated specimens has been performed by atomic force microscopy, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV/vis spectrophotometry. The results of Raman analysis have shown the formation of amorphous layer after irradiation of fullerene thin films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has confirmed the formation of new B-C bonds in irradiated films at higher fluences (2 × 10¹⁶ cm⁻²). The morphology of bombarded films has been changed significantly. The optical band gap was found to be reduced from 1.7 to 1.06 eV for irradiated films by B³⁺ ions and 0.7 eV for irradiated films by B⁺ ions.     

Effect of ion irradiation on the thermoluminescence properties of K2Ca2(SO4)3 phosphor

This paper presents the thermoluminescence (TL) studies of ion-irradiated potassium–calcium mixed sulfate phosphor. The sample was prepared by the solid-state diffusion method. The X-ray diffraction study of the prepared sample suggests an orthorhombic structure with an average particle size of 0.16 μ m. The samples were irradiated with 1.2 MeV argon ions at fluences varying between 10¹¹ and 10¹⁵ ions/cm². The argon ions penetrate to a depth of 1.93 μ m and lose their energy mainly via electronic stopping. Due to ion irradiation, a large number of defects such as oxygen vacancies, radicals and color centers are formed in the sample. TL glow curves were recorded for each of the ion fluences. A linear increase in the intensity of TL glow peaks was found with an increase in the ion dose from 72 kGy to 720 MGy. The kinetic parameters associated with the prominent glow peaks were calculated using glow curve deconvolution, different glow curve shapes and sample heating rate methods.     

Synergistic effects of ultrasonication and ethanol washing in controlling the stoichiometry,phase-purity and morphology of rare-earth doped ceria nanoparticles

Over a period of last thirty years, use of ethanol has been historically reported for obtaining nanopowders with low agglomeration for various oxide systems. In addition to these benefits, we show for the first time that treatments in ethanol medium coupled with an ultrasonication step can impart crucial additional advantages in controlling the phase purity and stoichiometry/composition for such systems. This is an important issue especially for any complex multicationic oxide nanoparticles system and hence we selected one of the most popular catalyst systems of doped-ceria (CeO₂) nanoparticles with very high (50%) level of rare-earth (lanthanum) doping for this case study. The effect of an ultrasonication combined ethanol treatment was compared with the other solvent media (pure water and ethanol) without ultrasonication. The underlying mechanism for this process involves lowering the deprotonation rate in ethanol medium which eventually reduces the condensation of the individual metal oxides while the ultrasonication ensures the reproducibility of the synthesis by providing a homogeneous colloidal solution for each washing stages. This novel modification in synthesis of nanoparticles aims to provide meaningful solutions in optimising the phase, composition and morphology of multicationic complex system of nanocrystals.     

XRD和FTIR的掺硅酸钠富水材料强度演化机制

硅酸盐水泥和铝酸盐水泥是广泛应用的无机注浆材料,混合使用这两种材料可制备凝结时间短及强度高的胶凝材料。然而,在富水条件下（水灰比大于1）,添加适量二水石膏所制备的硅酸盐-铝酸盐水泥基材料水化后期发生强度衰减。为了改善硅酸盐-铝酸盐水泥基富水材料的强度性能,将一定量的硅酸钠掺入硅酸盐水泥-铝酸盐水泥-二水石膏三元体系中。采用RMT-150力学试验系统测试含不同硅酸钠掺入量的硅酸盐-铝酸盐水泥基富水材料的强度,分析其强度演化特性及掺入硅酸钠对其强度的影响;采用扫描电镜（SEM）,X射线衍射（XRD）及傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对不同硅酸钠掺量的富水材料微观结构进行表征,分析其微观形貌、物相的变化规律,进而揭示该富水材料的强度演化机制。强度试验结果显示,不掺硅酸钠的富水材料早期强度低,并且后期强度发生衰减;而硅酸钠的掺入有助于提高硅酸盐-铝酸盐水泥基富水材料的早期强度,并且在一定程度上减少材料固化后的后期强度衰减量,当硅酸钠掺入量高于3%以上时,可以有效控制该富水材料后期强度的衰减。SEM,XRD及FTIR研究结果表明：不掺硅酸钠的硅酸盐-铝酸盐水泥基富水材料水化14 d时,检测到所属六方晶系的物相CAH₁₀ 及C₂AH₈转变为具有立方晶系结构的C₃AH₆,这种晶型转变是导致该富水材料强度衰减的原因。相比不掺硅酸钠的富水材料,当硅酸钠掺入1%时,富水材料水化3 d生成更多的水化硅酸钙（C-S-H）凝胶,这有利于提高富水材料的早期强度;水化14 d后,XRD结果显示,在d=11.75, 6.24 Å出现C₂ASH₈的衍射峰,而直至28 d才检测到C₃AH₆（d=5.16, 3.18 Å）衍射峰,并且C₃AH₆衍射强度较不掺硅酸钠的材料低,FTIR谱3 643 cm-1处出现的振动带证实了这一发现。这说明掺入1%硅酸钠促使六方晶系（CAH₁₀ 及C₂AH₈）转变为C₂ASH₈,进而抑制了CAH₁₀及C₂AH₈向C₃AH₆的转变。但是,添加1%的硅酸钠却不足以完全抑制富水材料水化后期的晶型转变,因此富水材料水化后期仍会发生强度衰减。当硅酸钠掺入量升至4%时,硅酸盐-铝酸盐水泥基富水材料中的C₂ASH₈生成量显著增大,并且水化28 d后未检测到C₃AH₆,表明富水材料内的晶型转变完全得以抑制,材料水化后期强度衰减得到有效控制。     

Athermal migration of vacancies in iron and copper induced by electron irradiation

Abstract

Irradiation with high-energy particles induces athermal migration of point defects, which affects defect reactions at low temperatures where thermal migration is negligible. We conducted molecular dynamics simulations of vacancy migration in iron and copper driven by recoil energies under electron irradiation in a high-voltage electron microscope. Minimum kinetic energy required for migration was about 0.8 and 1.0 eV in iron and copper at 20 K, which was slightly higher than the activation energy for vacancy migration. Around the minimum energy, the migration succeeded only when a first nearest neighbour (1NN) atom received the kinetic energy towards the vacancy. The migration was induced by higher kinetic energies even with larger deflection angles. Above several electron-volts and a few 10s of electron-volts, vacancies migrated directly to 2NN and 3NN sites, respectively. Vacancy migration had complicated directional dependence at higher kinetic energies through multiple collisions and replacement of atoms. The probability of vacancy migration increased with the kinetic energy and remained around 0.3–0.5 jumps per recoil event for 20–100 eV. At higher temperatures, thermal energies slightly increased the probability for kinetic energies less than 1.5 eV. The cross section of vacancy migration was 3040 and 2940 barns for 1NN atoms in iron and copper under irradiation with 1.25 MV electrons at 20 K: the previous result was overestimated by about five times.     

The BCC to FCC/HCP phase transformation of the Co70Fe30 alloy produced by ion irradiation of Co70Fe30/Cu discontinuous multilayers

We report on the BCC to FCC/HCP structural transformation of Co₇₀Fe₃₀ alloy produced by room temperature ion irradiation of Co₇₀Fe₃₀/Cu discontinuous multilayers. The structural changes were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. For this study, two different samples were examined, one irradiated with 50 keV He⁺ and another with 600 keV Kr⁺ with doses of 1×10¹⁷ and 3×10¹⁵ ions/cm², respectively. No substantial change is observed after He⁺ irradiation, while after Kr⁺ irradiation an unexpected structural transition from BCC to FCC/HCP closed packed of the Co₇₀Fe₃₀ alloy was found.     

水稻秸秆田间焚烧残留物的结构特征初探

秸秆焚烧残留物(生物质炭,biochar)因其特殊的结构特征,对土壤的碳固定及其污染物的迁移转化行为产生重要的影响。本文利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等一系列定性定量分析方法研究了田间不同焚烧强度下产生的稻杆残留物的基本理化性质及结构特征。结果表明: 田间秸秆焚烧残留物的基本理化特征与焚烧强度密切相关。焚烧强度越高,TOC含量越低,但所产生残留物中碳原子的有序度增加,其中的脂肪性成分逐渐减少而芳香性则逐渐增加。此外,有机组分对田间秸秆焚烧残留物比表面积的贡献较为显著。     

Study of nitrogen ion implantation and diffusion phenomena on thin chromium layers followed by the atomic force microscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy techniques characterization

This research investigates the effect of ion implantation dosage level and further thermal treatment on the physical characteristics of chromium coatings on Si(1 1 1) substrates. Chromium films had been exposed to nitrogen ion fluencies of 1 × 10¹⁷, 3 × 10¹⁷, 6 × 10¹⁷ and 10 × 10¹⁷ N⁺ cm⁻² with a 15 keV energy level. Obtained samples had been heat treated at 450 °C at a pressure of 2 × 10⁻² Torr in an argon atmosphere for 30 h. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed significant increase in surface roughness as a result of nitrogen ion fluence increase. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) studies revealed a clear increased accumulation of Cr₂N phase near the surface as a result of higher N⁺ fluence. XRD patterns showed preferred growth of [0 0 2] and [1 1 1] planes of Cr₂N phase as a result of higher ion implantation fluence. These results had been explained based on the nucleation-growth of Cr₂N phase and nitrogen atoms diffusion history during the thermal treatment process.     

Interfacial reaction of silver ultra-thin film deposited on interpenetrating polymer network substrate by liquor-phase reduction

The interfacial reaction, metal transformations, and nonmetal bond types of silver ultra-thin film deposited on polyurethane (PU) based interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) substrate by the liquor-phase reduction at room temperatures were studied by atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The IPN substrate was prepared by dip-pulling precursors onto a silicon wafer or a glass plate, followed by solidification at room temperature. The interpenetrate structures of IPN with two crosslinked networks restricted the aggregation of silver during the reduction and deposition. The devised -OH terminal group in PU simplified the determination of reactive site in IPN and reinforced the adhesion between IPN and silver through interfacial reaction. The XPS results, which matched well with the ATR-FTIR results, verified the chemical reactive site of PU in IPN with silver in the oxide state.     

Investigation of the formation of silicon nanocrystals by annealing of amorphous SiCx/c-Si structures

In this work, we study the changes in the optical properties of 300-nm-thick hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide layers after an annealing process. Both intrinsic and phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon carbide layers (a-SiC_x:H) were deposited on silicon wafers by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) at 400 °C and annealed in a quartz furnace at 800 °C. The presence of randomly oriented silicon nanocrystals was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements after the partial recrystallization process only in the doped layers. The presence or the absence of the nanocrystals clearly changes the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. From the fitting of the experimental curves with the model of Lorentz oscillators, the refractive index and the extinction coefficient of the different layers were obtained.     

Contemplations on the impressions of MeV swift heavy ion irradiation on nonlinear optical dimethyl-amino-pyridinium-4-nitrophenolate-4-nitro-phenol (DMAPNP) single crystals

Organic nonlinear optical crystal dimethyl-amino-pyridinium-4-nitrophenolate-4-nitro-phenol was subjected to 100 MeV Ag⁸⁺ ions and 50 MeV Si⁸⁺ ions. The radiation effects are studied in terms of processes observed with the pristine samples and in comparison with them. The dielectric properties of the crystals were studied before and after irradiation from 100 Hz to 5 MHz at various temperatures (308–383 K). A drastic increase in the dielectric constant is seen due to irradiation. The dielectric constant and conductivity increases with the increase of irradiation fluence for the samples. The observed results are discussed in detail.     

红黄鹅膏菌原亚种及其黄褐变种的傅里叶变换红外光谱鉴别

为了检验傅里叶变换红外光谱技术在变种的水平上鉴别大型真菌的能力,利用该技术对红黄鹅膏菌原亚种样品和红黄鹅膏菌黄褐变种样品作了光谱研究.结果显示它们的傅里叶变换红外光谱在整体上十分相似,仅在相对吸收强度上有微小差异.为了提高光谱灵敏度、放大差异,对它们的光谱做一阶和二阶导数处理并进行相关分析,发现红黄鹅膏菌黄褐变种和两个红黄鹅膏菌原亚种的二阶导数光谱差异十分明显,相关系数仅分别为0.254和0.356,而两个红黄鹅膏菌原亚种的二阶导数光谱较相似,相关系数为0.865.研究表明利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合相关分析可以容易的把红黄鹅膏菌原亚种和红黄鹅膏菌黄褐变种区分开.     

Modification induced by proton irradiation in polyallyldiglycol carbonate (PADC)

Swift heavy ions interact predominantly through inelastic scattering while traversing through any polymeric medium producing excited/ionised atoms. Beyond a certain threshold, they affect the lattice structure leading to remarkable flexibility in engineering many physical and mechanical properties of the polymer. Polyallyldiglycol carbonate (PADC) is a class of polymeric detectors which finds its applications in various fields. In the present work, PADC samples were irradiated by four different fluences (≈10¹²–10¹³ cm⁻²) of 62 MeV protons from heavy ion accelerator (ISL) at HMI, Berlin. The modifications in the proton irradiated polymers as a function of fluence have been studied through different characterisation techniques such as Fourier Transform IR, UV-Vis, Electron Spin resonance, Thermogravimetric analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Track studies. The optical band-gap was found to be constant while a decrease in transmittance of PADC was observed with the increase in proton fluence. The thermal stability of PADC was found to be an inverse function of fluence. Further, these proton irradiated PADCs were exposed to fission fragments from ²⁵²Cf source and the bulk etch-rate was improved with the increase in proton fluence and was found to be increased by 90% for the PADC irradiated at the highest fluence as compared to the pristine. Thus, proton irradiation has led to degradation of the polymer by chain scission converting it into an easily etchable material.     

13种易制毒化学品红外光谱快速定性分析

建立了可用于13种易制毒化学品快速定性鉴定分析的衰减全反射傅立叶变换红外光谱（ATR-FTIR）方法。长期以来,由于缺乏定性判别依据,红外光谱法仅被用于快速定性筛查分析。为扩大红外光谱法在法庭科学领域的应用,本研究收集并分析了152份各类缴获麻黄碱样品,对匹配度系数法和特征吸收峰法这两种定性判别依据进行了考察和比较。麻黄碱样品与标准品的匹配度系数区间为0.437～0.981,整体趋势为纯度越高匹配度系数越高,但匹配度系数与纯度并不成线性关系,所以匹配度系数的阈值很难确定。特征吸收峰的挑选原则为在2 500~650 cm-1范围内挑选8个相对吸收强度较高且不受常见掺杂物干扰的吸收峰。当以全部特征吸收峰均检出为阳性检出依据时,152份麻黄碱样品的阳性检出率为98.7%。综合评价结果表明采用特征吸收峰法作为判别依据,专属性强、适用范围宽、定性结果准确可靠。确定了1-苯基-2-丙酮、3,4-亚甲基二氧苯基-2-丙酮、胡椒醛、N-乙酰邻氨基苯酸、邻氨基苯甲酸、麻黄碱、伪麻黄碱、3-氧-2-苯基丁腈、1-苯基-2-溴-1-丙酮、N-苯乙基-4-哌啶酮、4-苯胺基-N-苯乙基哌啶、1-苯基-1-丙酮、N-甲基-1-苯基-1-氯-2-丙胺这13种易制毒化学品的特征吸收峰。采用基于特征吸收峰的ATR-FTIR法对易制毒化学品进行快速定性鉴定分析,将极大提高易制毒化学品定性检验的鉴定效率、降低检验鉴定成本。