高压辅助法制备红外非线性AgGaGe5Se12、AgGaGeS4晶体

AgGaGe5 Se12、AgGaGeS4非线性晶体在中远红外激光具有良好的应用前景.合成高纯多晶是制备可器件化单晶元件的关键.但S、Se易挥发、高温下饱和蒸气压高,易导致石英坩埚的爆炸,组分偏离化学计量比.为此,本文采用一种新型的高压辅助法合成出大尺寸高纯的多晶原料,解决了石英坩埚爆炸和组份偏离问题,并在此基础上进行了单晶的生长过程.多晶X射线粉末衍射测试结果与模拟图谱或者标准PDF卡片一致;X射线荧光光谱分析得到各元素百分含量非常接近化学计量比,AgGaGe5 Se12中Ag、Ga、Ge、Se各占7.86;、5.08;、23.80;、63.26;,AgGaGeS4中Ag、Ga、Ge、S各占28.22;、18.24;、19.52;、34.02;;单晶透过率测试得到AgGaGe5 Se12、AgGaGeS4透过率分别为60;、70;,证明此方法制备的AgGaGe5 Se12、AgGaGeS4晶体性能优良,展现了该方法在多晶合成的应用潜力.     

部分硫/硒(S/Se)红外非线性晶体原料的快速合成方法研究

含有硫/硒(S/Se)元素的部分化合物在现有中红外非线性晶体材料中占据相当重要的地位.高纯多晶原料是生长优质S/Se光学晶体的基础,但常规合成方法存在周期长、数量少等缺点.为此,针对部分S/Se化合物,我们对传统的合成方法进行优化、改进,实现GaSe,AgGaSe2,AgGaGeS4,AgGaGe5Se12等的快速合成,单次合成原料200～300 g,合成周期小于48 h,经过粉末衍射(XRD)测试表明合成的原料质量较好,能够生长出较大尺寸单晶.文中对快速合成方法的机理、存在的问题等也进行了相关讨论.     

ZnGeAs2多晶合成与表征

ZnGeAs2是黄铜矿结构的三元化合物半导体材料,在红外非线性光学方面有重要应用前景.本文探讨了ZnGeAs2多晶的形成途径和合成机理,报道了一种ZnGeAs2多晶合成方法.以高纯(6N)Zn、Ge、As单质为原料,按化学计量比,富Zn1‰和As2‰配料,采用双温区合成方法,辅以机械、温度振荡和梯度降温的合成工艺,合成出均匀致密的单相ZnGeAs2多晶.经XRD和EDS分析表明:合成产物为黄铜矿结构的单相ZnGeAs2多晶,晶胞常数为a=b=0.56745 nm,c=1.11580 nm,与标准PDF卡片(No.730397)一致;各组成元素的原子比Zn∶Ge∶AS=1.00∶0.98∶1.95,接近理想化学计量比.上述分析结果表明,合成产物可用于ZnGeAs2单晶生长,为进一步研究ZnGeAs2晶体的非线性光学性能和应用奠定了较好的基础.     

两温区气相输运和机械振荡合成ZnGeP2多晶材料

ZnGeP2多晶的合成是其单晶生长的前提和基础,多晶材料的质量是生长高质量单晶的关键.因此,要获得高质量的ZnGeP2单晶体,必须提供高质量的ZnGeP2多晶材料.对两温区气相输运机械振荡法合成ZnGeP2多晶材料的工艺进行了研究,利用高纯(6N)P、Ge、Zn单质为原料,采用两温区气相输运和机械振荡合成出了ZnGeP2多晶材料.合成出的多晶材料经比重测试和X射线粉末衍射测试证明与标准值一致.采用改进的布里奇曼法生长出外观完整、无裂纹的φ15 mm × 25 mm单晶体,在2.5～10 μm范围内红外透过率达50;以上.     

坩埚旋转下降法生长硒镓银单晶体

本文报道了硒镓银多晶原料合成与单晶生长的新方法--熔体温度振荡法和坩埚旋转下降法.5～6N高纯Ag、Ga、Se单质按AgGaSe2化学配比富0.5;Se配料,1100℃下合成并在熔点附近进行温度振荡,获得了高纯单相致密的AgGaSe2多晶材料.用合成的多晶为原料,采用坩埚旋转下降法生长出φ22×80mm的AgGaSe2单晶锭.晶体外观完整,在10.6μm附近红外透过率达62.4;,吸收系数低于0.01cm-1,对10.6μm CO2激光实现倍频,能量转换效率达12;.     

Sb2(S1-x Sex)3(0≤x≤1)薄膜太阳能电池的研究进展

Sb2(S1-xSex)3(0≤x≤1)化合物是重要的半导体材料,主要包括Sb2Se3、Sb2Se3及Sb2(S,Se)3三种材料,元素储量丰富且环境友好、组分简单、价格低廉,同时其禁带宽度合适(1.1～1.8 eV),吸光系数大(＞105 cm-1),非常适合用作新型低成本低毒的薄膜太阳能电池的吸收层,有可能成为下一个研究热点.本文综述了近几年来Sb2Se3、Sb2Se3及Sb2(S,Se)3薄膜太阳能电池的研究进展,并对其发展趋势进行了展望.     

AgGa0.2In0.8Se2晶体小温度梯度生长与性质表征

利用单温区机械振荡法合成出高纯单相AgGa0.2In0.8Se2多晶,单次合成量超过400 g;DSC测试结果显示其熔点为782℃,结晶温度为771℃.利用坩埚下降法在小温度梯度(2℃/cm)下生长出尺寸为φ25 mm× 75 mm高品质无开裂AgGa0.2In0.8Se2单晶.解离面(112)面摇摆曲线半峰宽为0.056°.厚度为3 mm双面抛光的(112)面晶片在1.5～18 μm波段透过率为65.0; ～ 67.5;,表明所生长AgGa0.2In0.8Se2晶体具有较低的吸收系数,为0.01 ～0.1之间.     

新型红外晶体硫锗镓银的多晶合成

本文直接使用高纯Ag,Ga,Ge,S单质作为原料合成AgGaGeS4多晶.为防止S蒸气高压使多晶合成管炸裂,采用双温区气相输运的合成方法.对合成的多晶作粉末衍射(XRD)分析,衍射图谱与标准JC-PDF卡片上峰值位置一致,表明样品为高纯单相AgGaGeS4多晶.使用该多晶原料成功生长出了优质单晶,并对合成工艺中存在的关键问题进行了讨论.     

AgGa1-xInxSe2单晶的生长研究

采用高纯(99.9999;)Ag、Ga、In和Se单质为原料,按化学计量比富Se0.3～0.5;配料,通过机械振荡和温度振荡相结合的方法合成出单相高致密AgGa1-xInxSe2多晶材料.以此为原料采用布里奇曼法生长出外观完整的尺寸为φ15mm×25mm的AgGa1-xInxSe2单晶锭(x=0.2).沿自然显露面对晶体进行了解理和X射线衍射分析,发现该面是(101)面.同时进行了红外透过率测试,其红外透过率为41;.     

改进两温区气相输运法合成磷锗锌多晶材料

按富P0.5;配料工艺,采用改进的两温区气相输运法合成ZnGeP2多晶原料,既简化了传统两温区法的装料工艺,又有效避免了合成安瓿爆炸,提高了合成产量.经XRD,SEM,EDS分析结果表明:新方法合成的ZnGeP2多晶原料纯度高,具有黄铜矿结构,空间群为42m,晶格常数a=b=0.5456 nm,c=1.0691 nm,多晶料的组成元素原子比Zn: Ge:P=1:0.95:2.06,接近ZnGeP2的理想化学配比Zn: Ge:P=1:1:2.以此为原料,用坩埚下降法生长出等径尺寸约为φ25 mm×50 mm的ZnGeP2单晶体.     

(C2N2H10)2Mg(HP2O7)2·2H2O synthesis and crystal structure

(C₂N₂H₁₀)₂Mg(HP₂O₇)₂·2H₂O, is a new inorganic organic hybrid structure. It has been synthetized using wet chemistry. Its crystal structure consists of cis- and trans-edge sharing [MgO₄(H₂O)₂] octahedra resulting in chains, which are linked via [HP₂O₇] units to form [Mg(HP₂O₇)₂(H₂O)₂]⁴⁻ layers. The Mg²⁺ cations and the ethylendiammonium cations are located on centers of inversion. The ethylendiammonium cations are alternately located in the interlayer space. The cohesion of the crystal is well ensured by coulombic interactions between anions and cations and by several hydrogen bonds. The diphosphate anion shows an eclipsed conformation.     

Crystal structure of Rb2[GeO2(OH)2]·2H2O

Single crystals of Rb₂[GeO₂(OH)₂] · 2H₂O are studied by X-ray diffraction. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic system, sp. gr. Pna2₁, a = 13.523(6) Å, b = 8.143(4) Å, c = 13.407(6) Å, Z = 8, R ₁ = 0.0506. In [GeO₂(OH)₂]^2? anions, the Ge-O distances (1.71–1.73(1) Å) are shorter than the Ge-OH distances (1.76–1.80(1) Å). Anions are linked to each other by pairs of hydrogen bonds to form infinite chains. The chains are linked by hydrogen bonds involving water molecules to form a 3D structure. The assignment of the bands in the IR spectrum of the compound under study is performed.     

Ultraviolet Absorption of Hg2Cl2-and Hg2Br2 Single Crystals

The optical unpolarized absorption spectra of Hg₂Cl₂ and Hg₂Br₂ single crystals were measured in the spectral range 230–400 nm. A sharp exciton peak and other absorption bands of both halides were observed near the fundamental absorption edge. The absorption peaks due to the splitting of the halogen doublet were also observed. Positions of the exciton peaks are characteristic for the Frenkel (localized) type of excitons. Possible interpretations of the other observed bands are discussed.     

Elastic properties of the dithionates Na2S2O6 · 2 H2O,K2S2O6, Rb2S2O6, CaS2O6 · 4H2O and SrS2O6 · 4 H2O

Single crystals of the title compounds having optical quality and dimensions of several cm were grown from aqueous solutions. The elastic and thermoelastic constants were determined from ultrasonic resonance frequencies of thick plates. The true point symmetry of K₂S₂O₆ and Rb₂S₂O₆, which is screened by a hexagonal hypermorphy, could be clearly revealed to be trigonal (32) by the existence of the elastic constant c₁₄. In the case of CaS₂O₆ · 4H₂O and SrS₂O₆ · 4H₂O the constant c₁₄ of the specimens appeared too small to confirm the trigonal symmetry group required from electrooptic and non-linear optic effects unambiguously. The isotypy of K₂S₂O₂ and Rb₂S₂O₆ as well as that of CaS₂O₆ · 4H₂O and SrS₂O₆ · 4H₂O is confirmed by their elastic behaviour. The mean elastic stiffness of dithionates is closely related to that of the corresponding sulphates. In the vicinity of the second-order phase transition of K₂S₂O₆ near 235 K weak anomalies of the temperature derivatives of the longitudinal elastic stiffnesses are observed.     

Optical properties of the germanate melilites Sr2MgGe2O7, Sr2ZnGe2O7 and Ba2ZnGe2O7

Refractive indices and their dispersion in the wavelength range from 365 nm to 2325 nm and transmission ranges of the tetragonal melilite‐type germanates Sr₂MgGe₂O₇, Sr₂ZnGe₂O₇ and Ba₂ZnGe₂O₇ were determined. The uniaxial positive crystals Sr₂MgGe₂O₇ and Ba₂ZnGe₂O₇ both offer the possibility for phase matched second harmonic generation, a detailed analysis of phase matching conditions is given. The refractive indices of Sr₂ZnGe₂O₇ show an isoindex (isotropic) point at 467 nm. The investigation was performed on Czochralski grown large single crystals. The crystal structure of all three germanates were determined by means of X ‐ray diffraction. The results corroborate unmodulated melilite‐type structures at room temperature. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Identification of a new family of diphosphate compounds, AI2BII3(P2O7)2: Structures of Ag2Co3(P2O7)2, Ag2Mn3(P2O7)2, and Na2Cd3(P2O7)2

Syntheses and single-crystal X-ray structural results are reported for three new mixed diphosphates of the family A^I ₂B^II ₃(P₂O₇)₂; Ag₂Co₃(P₂O₇)₂ (I), Ag₂Mn₃(P₂O₇)₂ (II), and Na₂Cd₃(P₂O₇)₂ (III). All crystallize in the triclinic system, space group P1 bar: (I) a = 5.351(4), b = 6.375(4), c = 16.532(4) Å, = 80.83(6) = 81.45(4), = 72.87(5)°, V = 528.9(6) ų, Z = 2, D _calc = 4.649 mg/m³, R/Rw = 0.0428/0.0548 for 3949 obs. reflns; (II) a = 5.432(7), b = 6.619(6), c = 16.51(3) Å, = 80.78(8) = 82.43(9), = 72.82(7)°, V = 557.7(13) ų, Z = 2, D _calc = 4.338 mg/m³, R/Rw = 0.0679/0.1303 for 2100 obs. reflns and (III) a = 5.67(3), b = 7.08(4), c = 7.90(4) Å, = 77.0(2), = 82.5(2), = 67.8(2)°, V = 286(3) ų, Z = 2, D _calc = 4.249 mg/m³, R/Rw = 0.0307/0.0342 for 1945 obs. reflns. (I) and (II) are isostructural but (III) is of a different type. All three structures are characterized by layers of P₂O₇ groups alternating with layers of mixed metal atoms. Differences are seen in the conglomerate bonding patterns of B atoms and in the irregular geometry of Ag in (I) and (II) compared to the octahedral bonding seen for Na in (III). The differences in structure may be understood in terms of the ratios of the ionic radii of A and B atoms.     

Crystal structure of bis 4-benzyl piperidinium monohydrogenmonophosphate pentahydrate, [C6H5CH2CHCH2CH2NH2CH2CH2]2HPO4·5H2O

The salt bis 4-benzyl piperidinium monohydrogenmonophosphate pentahydrate is orthorhombic with the following unit cell dimensions: a = 11.235(2) Å, b = 27.924(6) Å, c = 9.321(4) Å space group Pca2₁ with Z = 4. The structure was solved by the Patterson method and refined to final R value of 0.049 for 1802 independent reflections. The flack parameter is 0.14 with an e.s.d. of 0.23. The structure consists of infinite parallel two-dimensional [110] planes built of mutually connected ions and water molecules by strong O—H,...,O and N—H,...,O hydrogen bonding. There are no contacts other than normal van der Waals interactions between the layers.     

Synthesis and characterization of (NH4)2CuBr2Cl2·2H2O crystals

Single crystals of a new compound, (NH₄)₂CuBr₂Cl₂.2H₂O, were grown from saturated aqueous solution at room temperature by slow evaporation method. The grown crystals were characterized through elemental, powder XRD, thermal and DSC analyses and FTIR and far IR spectra. The elemental analysis and the decomposition pattern formulated using the TG‐DTG studies confirm the stoichiometry of the compound. The crystallinity of the compound is confirmed from the powder XRD pattern. A preliminary single crystal X‐ray diffraction structural analysis reveals that the title compound belongs to the orthorhombic system with a = 7.7466 Å, b = 7.783 Å and c = 8.1211 Å. The low temperature DSC shows thermal anomalies at –161.1, –156.5, –152.4, –145.2, –134, –18.5, and 1.4°C during the heating run and at –4.3, –54.8, –66.1, –90.6, –109.7 and –147.2 °C during the cooling run. The thermal hysterses indicate first order phase transitions in the title compound at these temperatures. The FTIR spectra were used to assign the characteristic vibrational frequencies due to NH₄⁺, CuX₄^2– ions and other chemical bonds. The effect of substitution of two bromine atoms on the phase transitions of a closely related crystal, diammonium tetrachloro cuprate dihydrate is also discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Optical Properties of MnIn2S2Se2 Single Crystals

Optical transmittance and reflectance spectra of MnIn₂S₂Se₂ single crystals are measured in the wavelength range from 0.5 to 30 μm. The interference method is used to determine the refractive index of the compound for wavelengths between 0.8 and 12 μm. From an analysis of the absorption spectrum it follows that the fundamental edge is due to forbidden indirect transitions between parabolic bands for the polarization E ⊥ c with a gap energy of 1.50 eV at room temperature.     

Oxygen-conducting compounds with La2Mo2O9 structure in the ternary system La2Mo2O9-Sm2W2O9-Sm2Mo2O 9 + : Synthesis and properties

Polycrystalline samples in the ternary system La₂Mo₂O₉-Sm₂W₂O₉-Sm₂Mo₂O ₉ ⁺ were synthesized in air. The region of the existence of compounds with the lanthanum molybdate (La₂Mo₂O₉) structure in this system was determined. The polymorphism of the synthesized compounds was studied. Doping with samarium or with samarium and tungsten was shown to lead to the suppression of the transition between the monoclinic and cubic phases α → β and the appearance of the transition β _ms → β between two cubic phases. In samples with a high samarium content, the phase transition β _ms → β manifests itself as significant anomalies in the temperature dependences of the dielectric permeability and electric conductivity. An increase in the concentration of samarium in the samples leads to a substantial decrease in the conductivity compared with the nondoped compound La₂Mo₂O₉.