BN对镁基含碳耐火材料性能的影响

以电熔镁砂细粉、用后镁碳砖细粉、α-Al2O3微粉和石墨为主要原料,以酚醛树脂为结合剂,以BN微粉为添加剂,经混炼、成型、热处理后制成镁基含碳耐火材料,重点研究了添加剂BN加入量(质量分数分别为0、0.5;、1.0;、1.5;、2.0;和2.5;)及煅烧温度(分别为1250℃、1375℃和1500℃)对烧后试样体积密度、显气孔率、常温耐压强度、烧后线变化率、抗氧化性、显微结构和矿物相组成的影响.结果表明:加入BN以及提高煅烧温度有利于提高烧后镁基含碳耐火材料的烧结性能.BN在高温条件下优先与环境中氧发生反应生成三氧化二硼,并与基质中电熔镁砂及用后镁碳砖中的氧化镁反应生成低熔点相硼酸镁,硼酸镁液相的生成是镁基含碳材料烧结性以及抗氧化性增强的主要原因.烧后试样主晶相为方镁石,次晶相为镁铝尖晶石.     

二氧化锰添加剂对莫来石相发育及性能影响

以氧化铝和二氧化硅作为原料,二氧化锰作为添加剂,在烧结温度1300℃时,研究了不同二氧化锰添加量制备所得试样的结构和性能,通过对试样物相组成、显微结构、体积密度、显气孔率和抗折强度五方面的分析,研究了二氧化锰作为添加剂对莫来石相的形成、发育和性能的影响,并分析了莫来石相形成和发育过程中二氧化锰的作用机理.结果表明:MnO2的添加能促进固相烧结反应,降低烧结温度,抑制石英相的生长,促进莫来石相的形核和发育.同时在烧结过程中Mn4+能够加快晶粒生长.     

不同氧化铝源对合成铁铝尖晶石的影响

以工业氧化铝、α-氧化铝微粉、电熔白刚玉作为氧化铝源,分别与氧化铁、鳞片状石墨和烧结镁铝尖晶石按照相同比例配料、混合、压制成型及干燥,在空气气氛条件下,通过高温烧结合成铁铝尖晶石试样.利用XRD和SEM分别对三种氧化铝源合成试样的物相组成和显微结构进行表征.结果表明:以工业氧化铝为氧化铝源合成的试样,铁铝尖晶石合成率高、晶体发育好、晶格常数接近理论值0.8148 nm.     

二氧化硅对锆酸钙材料结构及性能的影响

以分析纯氧化锆和碳酸钙为原料,成本相对低廉的二氧化硅为添加剂,利用固相反应烧结制备锆酸钙材料.研究了二氧化硅对锆酸钙材料相组成、晶胞参数、微观结构及常温性能的影响.用X射线衍射、扫描电镜及X 'pertplus分析软件分别对烧后锆酸钙试样的晶相组成、显微结构和晶胞参数进行表征和计算,并对试样的体积密度和显气孔率进行了测定.结果表明:利用碳酸钙和氧化锆在1600℃下保温3h,制备出的锆酸钙材料致密度较低;引入二氧化硅可以促进锆酸钙材料的烧结,当二氧化硅的加入量小于0.5mol;时,二氧化硅主要是通过在锆酸钙材料中形成间隙固溶体,产生晶格缺陷而促进材料的烧结;同时二氧化硅在锆酸钙材料中形成固溶体后,还导致锆酸钙相晶胞参数和晶胞体积的增大;由于O2-半径较大,难以进入间隙位置,使得二氧化硅在锆酸钙材料中的固溶量很小.当二氧化硅的加入量大于或等于0.5mol;时,锆酸钙的晶胞参数和晶包体积将几乎不发生变化,但是在锆酸钙材料中会有硅酸二钙相的出现和增加;二氧化硅最佳加入摩尔百分含量为0.25; ～ 0.5;.     

Ca0.6Mg0.4Zr4(PO4)6涂层改善堇青石陶瓷

本文采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍涂覆技术在致密堇青石陶瓷表面制备了Ca0.6Mg0.4Zr4(PO4)6(C0.6M0.4ZP) 涂层,采用XRD、SEM等分析手段研究了涂层的相组成和微观结构,并通过分别测定涂覆和未涂覆涂层试样在1000℃下受腐蚀后的质量损失和强度变化,对涂层的耐碱腐蚀性能进行了表征.结果表明,在堇青石表面制备的涂层均匀致密,由单相的C0.6M0.4ZP组成.SEM分析表明涂层与堇青石基体间结合良好.C0.6M0.4ZP涂层具有较好的耐碱腐蚀性能,可显著提高堇青石陶瓷的高温耐碱腐蚀性能.     

添加剂对锌铝尖晶石晶粒尺寸的影响

本文以氧化铝和氧化锌为原料,B2O3、Y2O3、TiO2为添加剂,采用固相反应法合成锌铝尖晶石,将试样在1550℃进行烧结,研究了三种添加剂对矿物组成和微观结构的影响,采用XRD、SEM等手段对烧后试样的物相组成和显微结构进行表征.结果表明:三种添加剂均使显气孔率显著降低,当含量超过1.5;时,显气孔率下降不明显.B2O3进入锌铝尖晶石间隙内形成间隙固溶体;Y2O3与Al2O3发生化学反应生成钇酸铝;当TiO2含量小于1.5;时,TiO2进入锌铝尖晶石晶格内形成置换固溶体,超过1.5;以后,TiO2与Al2O3反应生成钛酸铝.添加Y2O3的试样,生成的钇酸铝在锌铝尖晶石晶间,与空白样相比,晶粒尺寸更均匀;添加B2O3的试样,晶粒尺寸最大;其次是添加TiO2的试样.添加TiO2的试样抗KCl侵蚀性最好.     

钙长石晶体的形成机制研究

以分析纯碳酸钙、氧化硅和氧化铝为原料,通过烧结法制备钙长石晶体,研究了煅烧温度和保温时间对钙长石晶相、微观形貌的影响.结果表明:硅灰石和钙铝黄长石是钙长石合成过程的中间产物,随着煅烧温度的升高试样内部形成大量液相,液相的形成及饱和析晶是钙长石形成的主要机制.板状钙长石晶体可以在1400℃的煅烧温度下保温一定的时间(2～8 h)获得,且保温时间越长,钙长石晶体的析出程度越大,晶粒尺寸也越大.     

添加剂促进锌铝尖晶石生成机理研究

以氧化铝和氧化锌为原料,采用固相反应法合成锌铝尖晶石,将试样在800～1500℃进行烧结,研究了添加剂对矿物组成和微观结构的影响,采用XRD、SEM和EDS等手段对烧后试样的物相组成和显微结构进行表征.结果表明:在800℃时,空白样的主晶相为氧化锌,次晶相为锌铝尖晶石,添加ZrO2的试样主晶相为锌铝尖晶石,次晶相为氧化锌和氧化锆,添加TiO2的试样,主晶相为锌铝尖晶石,次晶相为钛酸锌,两种添加剂均有促进锌铝尖晶石生成的作用,添加TiO2和ZrO2的试样晶粒尺寸均比空白样大;1500℃时,氧化钛与氧化铝反应生成钛酸铝,当TiO2含量在1;～5;之间时,随着TiO2含量增加,锌铝尖晶石晶粒尺寸增大.     

蔗糖辅助水热合成ZnO及其光催化性能

以硝酸锌为锌源,蔗糖为络合剂,采用水热法合成氧化锌粉体.研究了热处理工艺对合成产物的物相组成、形貌和催化性能的影响.利用XRD、SEM、紫外-可见分光光度计等测试手段对样品进行了表征,以亚甲蓝溶液为模拟污染物对产物的光催化性能进行了评价.实验结果表明:热处理有助于提高氧化锌的结晶度和光催化性能,在高压汞灯照射240 min时,经热处理后的试样对亚甲蓝的降解率达98.4;,比同条件下未热处理的试样光催化性能提高52.3;.     

镍负载超细微晶石墨对铝碳耐火材料显微结构和力学性能的影响

为充分发挥碳纳米管、微晶石墨和鳞片石墨等碳源在铝碳耐火材料中的协同强韧化作用,本工作首先采用高能球磨法研磨含硝酸镍的微晶石墨和氧化铝微粉制备了镍负载超细微晶石墨复合粉体,然后与鳞片石墨一起作为碳源,单质硅粉为添加剂,酚醛树脂为结合剂制备了铝碳耐火材料.结果表明:铝碳耐火材料中引入硝酸镍负载的超细微晶石墨复合粉时,在经1000℃处理的材料中可以观察到多壁碳纳米管和碳化硅晶须的形成,1200～1400℃下材料内碳化硅晶须明显增加.含这种负载催化剂复合粉的铝碳材料经1000～1400℃热处理后,材料的强度大幅度提高,材料断裂时位移量增大.可以认为上述通过超细微晶石墨复合粉引入的硝酸镍高温下原位催化树脂形成的碳纳米管,与超细微晶石墨、鳞片石墨复合碳源以及材料内部形成的碳化硅晶须产生协同增强增韧的作用,赋予铝碳材料更加优异的力学性能.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.