基于有限元的金属基短纤维复合材料MMC的一种统计蠕变模型

在有限元分析的基础上建立了一个单向应力状态下金属基短纤维复合材料(MMC)的统计蠕变模型.首先建立细胞模型并进行有限元分析,得到了单向应力状态下材料细观尺寸及载荷方向对宏观蠕变响应的影响规律.通过在细胞模型中增加一界面层(考虑材料特性和厚度)来研究基体和纤维的界面对MMC宏观蠕变响应的影响.基于细胞模型的数值结果,提出了一适用于纤维平面随机分布的随机统计模型,该模型考虑了纤维的断裂.通过试验获得纤维的统计分布规律.分析结果表明随机统计模型可以满意地描述试验结果.进一步讨论了材料细观尺寸,纤维的断裂特性以及界面层的材料特性和厚度对MMC宏观蠕变响应的影响.     

基于等效滑移与潜在硬化机制的多晶金属亚宏观弹塑性模型

将多晶材料中晶片之间与晶粒界面上的滑移作为消耗塑性功的主要物理机制,提出一个由亚宏观滑移系作为耗能构元的材料模型,并用功共轭方法得到了亚宏观滑移系的等效滑移剪切率.重新给出了滑移系自身运动硬化、潜在硬化及Bauscninger效应的力学描述,导出了本构方程.在探讨材料性质参数对后继屈服面形状及尺寸变化影响的基础上,论述了模型的基本性质.与以晶粒为基本构元的多晶体自洽理论比较,所得到的本构方程具有简洁的数学表达,而且能精确有效地预测多晶金属材料在复杂加载条件下的宏观弹塑性力学行为.     

适合裂尖穿越界面行为分析的断裂模拟方法研究

分析了线弹性断裂力学在模拟裂尖垂直穿越弹性界面行为时存在的理论缺陷;对理想化的层状弹性材料,采用内聚力模型研究了界面前方材料的内聚强度对裂尖穿越界面行为的影响;根据有限元计算结果,讨论了内聚力模型与线弹性断裂力学在模拟裂纹垂直于界面扩展时的差别.计算结果显示,界面前方材料的内聚强度大小对裂尖穿越界面行为有重要影响,是导致内聚力模型与线弹性断裂力学模型计算结果差异的关键因素.计算结果分析表明:研究复杂材料中裂纹扩展行为时,不仅需要一个基于能量的断裂准则,还需要补加一个强度准则,内聚力模型在理论上符合这一要求.     

弹粘塑性材料中Ⅲ型动态扩展裂纹尖端场的构造研究

采用弹牯塑性力学模型,对弹粘塑性材料中Ⅲ型动态扩展裂纹尖端场进行了渐近分析.在线性硬化条件下,裂纹尖端的应力和应变场具有相同的幂奇异性,奇异性指数由材料的粘性系数唯一确定.数值计算结果表明,运动参量裂纹扩展速度本身对裂尖场的分区构造影响很小.材料的硬化系数主导裂尖场的分区构造,但二次塑性区对裂尖场的影响较小.材料的粘性主导裂纹尖端应力和应变场的强度.同时对裂尖场的构造有一定影响.当裂纹扩展速度为0时,动态解退化为相应的准静态解;当硬化系数为0时,线性硬化解还原为相应的理想塑性解.     

一类生物材料界面的强韧化分析

通过对珍珠母中有机基质界面的显微观察,证实了在有机基质界面中矿物桥的存在. 由此确定珍珠母的微结构不是传统上认为的“砖墙”式结构,而应是“砖、桥、灰浆”式结构. 对珍珠母的力学实验及其分析表明,矿物桥对珍珠母有机基质界面的强度和韧性有重要影响. 通过与仿生结构的SiC/BN层状材料的实验比较和分析,结果表明在这两种材料中裂纹传播的方式以及材料的韧性机制均是由材料微结构所确定,并发现正是由于其微结构间存在的这种细微差异导致了在材料宏观力学性能上的差异,由此证明矿物桥对珍珠母的宏观力学性能起着重要的作用,同时也为材料的仿生设计提供了一种概念性的指导.     

细观等效理论预测再生混凝土宏观力学参数北大核心CSCD

预测分析再生混凝土各组分对再生混凝土宏观力学参数的影响是开展再生混凝土基本力学性能的一种方式.为了分析再生混凝土各组分对再生混凝土宏观力学参数的影响,根据再生混凝土的细观结构组成,建立了细观等效模型,利用扭转变形、细观夹杂理论、弹性等效思想和M-T模型方法,推导了由原生骨料、老界面层、老水泥砂浆、新界面层和新水泥砂浆等组成的再生混凝土的宏观力学参数预测模型.预测结果表明,随着再生骨料的取代率增加,水泥砂浆的含量不断增加,再生混凝土孔隙率也随之增大,导致再生混凝土的Poisson比随之增大,弹性模量、剪切模量和体积模量不断降低.模型的预测结果较好地反映了再生混凝土宏观力学参数随再生骨料取代率的增加不断变化的这一趋势,也为再生混凝土宏观力学参数的预测提供了一条简单实用的新方法,有利于再生混凝土基本力学性能的研究分析.     

热弹性马氏体相变材料单晶体的细观力学统一本构模型

基于马氏体相变的晶体学理论和Hill Rice内变量本构理论 ,建立了热弹性马氏体相变材料单晶体的细观力学统一本构模型并对它进行了详细的讨论 .该本构模型能描述在复杂热力学加载条件下 ,热弹性马氏体相变材料微结构正向相变、反向相变以及重取向过程在单晶体中所表现出来的宏观本构特性 .理论预测与实验结果符合很好 .     

微极性多组分多孔介质材料的混合物理论

将描述多组分系统的复合混合物理论与微极性连续介质力学理论相结合,建立了描述微极性多组分多孔介质材料的混合物理论.假定系统由多组分的微极性弹性固体和多组分微极性粘性流体组成.给出由混合物理论建立的系统的平衡方程.依据热力学第二定律以及本构假设建立了系统的本构方程,并使场方程闭合.为考虑固相的压缩性,在液相自由能函数中引入液相体积分数作为内变量,得到动力相容条件,用以限制固、液两相界面压力差的变化.最后,基于线性化理论得到线性化的本构方程和场方程,建立了考虑介质微极性的热-水力-力学组分输运模型.此理论框架可以运用到可变形多孔介质中污染物、药物以及农药输运等问题中,所得到的微极性多组分多孔介质系统的闭合场方程经退化后,可变为固、流相都为单一组分的多孔介质系统场方程,它与Eringen得到的结果一致.     

基于微观方法对液态铝泡沫宏观析液过程的数值模拟研究

通过微元管内流动模型,研究了液态金属熔体泡沫体内单条Plateau边界内析液过程中的速度场.分析了不同Newton表面粘度,即不同的气液界面运动能力(无量纲参数M)下,Plateau边界内速度的分布.结果显示:在相同的气液界面运动能力和曲率半径条件下,泡沫体内固壁处Plateau边界内速度约是内部Plateau边界内速度的6～8倍,从而解释了不同容器内泡沫体析液速率的差异现象;发现M存在1个临界值,在此值的两边,液膜厚度与曲率半径的比值对Plateau边界内速度的影响呈现出相反的趋势.结合多尺度方法,进而利用微观计算结果建立了泡沫体的整体宏观析液模型,将模型计算结果和经典析液方程计算结果及实验值作了比较,结果表明:该文模型计算结果与实验值在泡沫层上部、中部吻合较好,M值和气泡大小对析液过程有显著影响.     

各向同性弹性半空间与带孔隙横观各向同性热弹性材料界面上波的传播

在一各向同性弹性半空间上覆盖一层带孔隙的横观各向同性热弹性材料时,研究孔隙对表面波传播的影响.建立"焊接"接触及光滑接触界面条件下的数学模型,导出其频率方程.用图形给出相速度和衰减系数随波数的变化曲线,描述了"焊接"接触界面条件时孔隙和各向异性的影响.得到了"焊接"接触时的单位损耗,以及体积率场、正应力、温度变化的幅值,并对一组特殊模型用图形描述了孔隙和各向异性的影响.研究中还推演出一些特例.     

The Effect of an Active Diluent on the Properties of Epoxy Resin and Unidirectional Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastics

The influence of an active diluent on the properties of an epoxy matrix and carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) is investigated. The physicomechanical properties of an ED-20 epoxy resin modified with diglycidyl ether of diethylene glycol (DEG-1), the adhesion strength at the epoxy matrix–steel wire interface, and the mechanical properties of unidirectional CFRP are determined. The concentration of DEG-1 was varied from 0 to 50 wt.%. The properties of the matrix, the interface, and the composites are compared. It is stated that the matrix strength affects the strength of unidirectional CFRP in bending and not their strength in tension, compression, and shear. The latter fact seems somewhat unexpected. The interlaminar fracture toughness of the composites investigated correlates with the ultimate elongation of the binder. A comparison between the concentration dependences of adhesion strength and the strength of CFRP shows that the matrices utilized provide such a high interfacial strength that the strength of CFRP no longer depends on the adhesion of its constituents.     

Influence of fiber structure modification on the mechanical properties of flax fiber-epoxy composites

The mechanical characteristics of flax fibers were optimized by using the NaOH treatment process to improve the properties of composite materials. Shrinkage of the fibers during this treatment had a significant effect on the structure and, as a result, on the mechanical properties of the fibers and the composites based on them. Due to the higher mechanical strength and stiffness of flax fibers after NaOH treatment under isometric conditions, the strength and stiffness of composites in general increase. Further, NaOH treatment leads to a rougher surface morphology, as shown, e.g., for jute fibers, compared with the surface of untreated fibers without improved fiber/matrix adhesion.     

Modeling of the mechanical characteristics of chaotically reinforced GRP

Experimental results on the mechanical properties under tension and compression of composites based on a phenol-formaldehyde binder reinforced with short glass fibers are reported. Unidirectional structures, in which the reinforcing elements had different orientations with respect to the external load, were studied, as well as chaotically reinforced composites. In addition, the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix and of the reinforcing elements as well as the bond strength between them were also determined. An analysis of the results obtained in the tension experiments is presented, based on a model in which the frictional mechanism of interaction between the polymer matrix and the reinforcing elements is utilized. The quantitative relationships deduced give results agreeing with those obtained experimentally.     

Effects of plasma and nitric acid treatment of carbon fibers on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic polymer composites

Polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers were submitted to nitric acid oxidation and a dielectric barrier discharge treatment to improve the interfacial adhesion in carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites. The mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The results obtained showed that the tensile strength of the composites improved considerably due to the treatments.     

Energetic modelling for carbon fibre reinforced carbon

In this contribution an energetic model for multi-phase materials is developed describing the influence of microstructure on different length scales as well as the evolution of phase changes. Restrictions on the energy functional are discussed. In such a non-convex framework, interfacial contributions serve for relaxing the total energy. Such models can be applied to describe the macroscopic material properties of carbon fibre reinforced carbon where phase transitions between regions of different texture of the carbon matrix are observed on nanoscale as well as columnar microstructures on microscale [2]. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Environmental degradation of carbon nanotube-modified composite laminates: a study of electrical resistivity

The environmental durability of carbon nanotube (CNT)-modified carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) is investigated. The key problem of these new-generation composites is the modification of their polymer matrix with nanoscaled fillers. It was recently demonstrated that the damage tolerance of these materials, as manifested by their fracture toughness, impact properties, and fatigue life, can be improved by adding CNTs at weight fractions as low as 0.5%. This improvement is mainly attributed to the incorporation of an additional interfacial area between the CNTs and the matrix, which is active at the nanoscale. However, this additional interface could have a negative effect on the environmental durability of the aforementioned systems, since it is well known that the moisture absorption ability of a matrix is enhanced by the presence of multiple interfaces, which serve as an ingress route to water. To examine this problem, CNT-modified CFRPs were exposed to hydrothermal loadings. At specified intervals, the composites were weighted, and the water uptake vs. time was recorded for both the modified and a reference systems. The electrical conductivity of the composites was registered at the same time intervals. After the environmental exposure, the interlaminar shear properties of the conditioned composite systems were measured and compared with those of unmodified composites, as well as with the shear properties of unexposed laminates. Russian translation published in Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 31–48, January–February, 2009.     

考虑晶粒几何形状的尺度效应

复合材料方法中的混合律方法在研究纳米晶体材料力学性能时得到了广泛的使用,准确得出各相的体积分数对该方法结果的准确性具有十分重要的影响．将纳米晶体看成由晶界、晶粒和三叉晶三相组成的复合材料,根据晶粒具有多面体的几何特点,用二维的三相复合的正多边形模型来研究纳米晶体力学性能的尺度效应,对于不同几何形状的晶粒采用对应的正多边形模型,这样我们就可以更加准确地得到各相的体积分数,从而更好地预测纳米晶体材料的力学性能．     

Nanoindentation testing and modeling of chromium-carbide-based composites

High-resolution measurements of mechanical properties are of immense importance in the design of new composite materials. Measuring the intrinsic properties of each phase separately in multiphase composites gives information on the spatial heterogeneity of their local properties and serves as a guide to process engineering and to the design of advanced materials. In this study, the nanoindentation, X-ray analysis, and microstructural SEM investigations have been used to reveal the properties and structural features of ceramic-metal composites — chromium-carbide-based cermets. The semiellipse method for the account of pileups has been applied to this multiphase material to determine the hardness and elastic modulus of the constituent phases. After reconsideration of the contact area, the properties of the phases showed a good agreement with published data. Finally, the measured local elastic properties were used as inputs for modeling the effective elastic response of these materials, and a very good agreement with experimental results was found.     

Application of metal laminates to aircraft structures: Prediction of penetration performance

A major thrust of the transportation industries in the US is the incorporation of advanced structural materials in airplanes and automobiles. These advanced materials include metal matrix composites, where particulate or whisker reinforcements stiffen and strengthen a ductile phase matrix. In aerospace structures, specific stiffness, improved strength, and weight reduction are key factors. Both in the certain parts of the airframe structure and in the engine fan containment area, increased emphasis is being given to the ability of the material to resist penetration from engine debris and other projectiles which might impact the aircraft structures. Experimental measurements of the ballistic limit velocity of a material versus material thickness gives a method to rank the relative penetration performance of aircraft structural materials. Dynamic finite element analysis aids in understanding the experimental results and in predicting the aircraft debris containment response. For certain aluminum alloys and metal laminates, the relationship between the ballistic limit velocity and plate thickness is linear, while for an aerospace titanium alloy, the ballistic penetration response is more complex.