碳酸铯阴极缓冲层对有机太阳电池器件性能的影响

以poly(3-hexyhhiophene)(P3HT)作为电池给体材料,[6,6]-phenyl-C60-butyric acid methyl ester(PC61BM)为电池受体材料,使用Cs2CO3作为电池的阴极修饰层,通过测量不同条件下制备的器件的J-V曲线和转换效率,研究了Cs2CO3的厚度以及退火温度对电池器件性能的影响.结果表明在2000 r/min转速下旋涂Cs2CO3并在130℃温度下进行退火10 min,电池的短路电流、填充因子、转换效率分别提高到11.56 mA/cm2、58.28;、3.37;,与未处理的器件相比效率提高了16;,而且使用碳酸铯作为阴极缓冲层可以有效的提高电池的稳定性,延长器件的寿命.     

硒化温度对柔性Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4薄膜及太阳电池性能的影响

采用磁控溅射和后续硒化退火处理的方法在钛箔衬底上制备了柔性CZTSSe薄膜太阳能电池.利用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜等研究了不同硒化温度对于CZTSSe薄膜的物相、成分、表面形貌以及对太阳电池性能的影响.结果 表明,580℃硒化温度下制备的CZTSSe薄膜的结晶质量和致密度最好,表现出贫铜富锌的化学元素比例,并且该温度下制得的柔性薄膜太阳能电池性能相对最高,其光电转换效率达到2.27;.     

掺杂SrTiO3∶Sm3+的纳米TiO2光阳极的制备及其光电性能研究

采用水热法制备SrTiO3∶Sm3+纳米粉体,将其作为下转换剂掺杂于纳米TiO2光阳极.用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)和荧光光谱仪对SrTiO3∶Sm3+粉体进行表征,并探讨了SrTiO3∶Sm3+掺杂量对染料敏化纳米TiO2太阳能电池光电性能的影响.结果表明:合成的SrTiO3∶Sm3+纳米粉体具有下转换功能,将紫外光转换为592 nm处的黄光,拓宽了光谱响应范围;随着SrTiO3∶Sm3+掺杂量的增加,电池的短路电流密度显著增大,当其掺杂量为10wt;时,电池的暗电流密度最小,光电转换效率最大为4.38;,相对于纯TiO2效率提高了27;.     

n型IBC太阳电池选择性发射极工艺研究

为提升n型叉指背接触(IBC)太阳电池的光电转换效率,采用丝网印刷硼浆和高温扩散的方式形成选择性发射极结构,研究了硼扩散和硼浆印刷工艺对电池发射极钝化性能和接触性能的影响。实验结果表明,在硼扩散沉积时间和退火时间一定的条件下,硼扩散通源(BBr₃)流量为100 mL/min,沉积温度为830 ℃,退火温度为920 ℃时,发射极轻掺杂(p⁺)区域的隐开路电压达到710 mV,暗饱和电流密度为12.2 fA/cm²。发射极局部印刷硼浆湿重为220 mg时,经过高温硼扩散退火,重掺杂(p⁺⁺)区域的隐开路电压保持在683 mV左右,该区域方块电阻仅46 Ω/□,金属接触电阻为2.3 mΩ·cm². 采用该工艺方案制备的IBC电池最高光电转换效率达到24.40%,平均光电转换效率达到24.32%,相比现有IBC电池转换效率提升了0.28个百分点。     

CuSCN空穴传输层工艺对钙钛矿电池性能的影响

采用溶液法制备了硫氰酸亚铜(CuSCN)薄膜,并将其作为空穴传输层制备了平面n-i-p型钙钛矿太阳电池.系统考察了CuSCN薄膜退火温度、旋涂转速对钙钛矿太阳电池性能的影响.研究结果表明,CuSCN薄膜在70 ℃下退火10 min可以获得较好的电池性能;在此基础上通过调整旋涂转速至2000 r/min,控制CuSCN薄膜厚度约为240 nm,电池性能获得了进一步的提升,电池效率可达11.77;.该研究结果表明,CuSCN材料是一种有潜力的、低成本高性能无机空穴传输材料.     

硅异质结电池界面处理关键工艺的研究

薄膜硅/晶体硅异质结(HIT)太阳电池是界面器件,其界面性质直接决定器件的性能.本文采用简化的RCA清洗并结合氧化膜保护工艺对硅片进行前期处理;采用等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术(PECVD)制备薄膜硅/晶体硅异质结;通过光发射谱(OES)研究了PECVD在不同的匹配速度下起辉基元浓度随时间的变化,证实了基元浓度的不稳定对电池界面性质有一定的影响;分析了退火工艺对异质结的界面特性的影响,在10-4 Pa量级的背景真空和200℃下进行退火,可显著提高电池开路电压Voc和填充因子FF.本文结果表明:硅片前期处理的氧化膜保护工艺及后退火处理,皆可明显地改善HIT电池的界面性质、提高电池的转换效率.     

吸收层成份比例对CIGS太阳电池性能的影响

本文利用传统的共蒸发三步法制备了CIGS薄膜及电池器件,通过X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、扫描电镜(SEM)、Hall测试仪、太阳光模拟器I-V曲线测试等方法,研究了Cu和Ga元素比例的不同对电池二极管特性及效率的影响,获得了Cu/(In+ Ga)比值为0.89～0.93、Ga/(In+ Ga)比值为0.29～ 0.33是制备高效电池的理想范围的结论,并分析了偏离理想成份范围的电池性能下降的原因.最后通过工艺优化,制备出理想成份范围内的高质量CIGS薄膜,获得了15.27;的高转换效率电池.     

原子层沉积二氧化钛薄膜对钙钛矿太阳电池性能的影响

电子传输层是钙钛矿太阳电池的重要组成部分.采用原子层沉积的方法制备二氧化钛薄膜,并将其作为电子传输层制备了平面钙钛矿太阳电池.系统研究了二氧化钛薄膜厚度和退火温度对钙钛矿太阳电池性能的影响.研究结果表明,TiO2的沉积速率约为0.41 ?/cycle,13 nm左右的二氧化钛薄膜能够获得较好的电池性能;后期退火改善了TiO2薄膜的光学和电学性能,但是退火产生的微小裂纹限制了电池的性能,因此,选择90 ℃退火条件下制 备的二氧化钛.最终利用原子层沉积制备的TiO2得到了17.1;的电池效率.     

ZnO/TiO2复合光阳极染料敏化太阳能电池的研究

采用醇热法制备ZnO纳米粉体,采用水热法制备TiO2纳米粉体,将不同质量分数的ZnO与TiO2混合制备浆料,采用刮涂法在掺氟的SnO2透明导电玻璃(FTO)上制备ZnO/TiO2纳米复合薄膜光阳极,与Pt对电极和电解质组装成染料敏化太阳能电池.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和扫描电镜(SEM)对所制备的样品进行表征,通过光电性能测试和电化学阻抗谱测试,研究了添加不同质量分数的ZnO对电池性能的影响.结果表明:不添加ZnO纳米粉时,纯TiO2光阳极的电池光电转换效率为7.95;,而添加了2wt; ZnO的ZnO/TiO2复合光阳极电池的效率达到9.54;,比纯TiO2电池的效率提高了20;.     

ZnO掺杂对PVK∶Ir(ppy)3体系发光特性的影响

以无机纳米颗粒ZnO作为电子传输材料,并以不同质量比掺杂到PVK∶ Ir(ppy)3体系作为发光层制成一系列磷光器件,器件结构为:ITO/PVK∶ Ir(ppy)3∶ ZnO(100∶ 1∶ x)/ BCP/Alq3/Al, ZnO的掺杂浓度x分别为0;,1;,2;,5;,10;,研究了它们的电致发光特性.结果表明:合适比例ZnO掺杂可以改善器件的发光特性,ZnO的最佳掺杂量为1;,此时器件的相对发光强度是未掺杂的器件的4倍,器件的启亮电压也由未掺杂时的15.5 V降到了10.5 V.当掺杂浓度较大时,电子传输过多在电极另一侧形成漏电流,没有在发光层内进行电子与空穴有效复合,没有对发光起到作用,导致器件的发光性能下降.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.