基础成分配比对白云鄂博尾矿微晶玻璃结构及性能的影响

以白云鄂博二次选后尾矿和粉煤灰为主要原料,采用熔融法制备得到了CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2系尾矿微晶玻璃.制备流程包括熔融、退火、核化及晶化过程.其中玻璃熔融温度为1450℃,核化温度为720℃,晶化温度为850℃.利用XRD研究了基础玻璃成分配比对微晶玻璃结构的影响.结果表明基础玻璃成分配比直接决定微晶玻璃的主晶相形成.随着基础玻璃成分配比的变化,微晶玻璃可能形成辉石相、钙长石相、镁铁尖晶石相或磁铁矿相.当其他元素固定,CaO/MgO和CaO/Al2O3比值的减小会导致微晶玻璃由辉石相转变为镁铁尖晶石相和钙长石相.而当SiO2/CaO比值大于2时,主晶相则由辉石相转变为磁铁矿相.DTA测试结果表明CaO有利于析晶温度的降低,而MgO、Al2O3和SiO2相对提高了析晶温度.力学性能测试表明抗折强度、密度、耐酸碱度与微晶玻璃主晶相有直接关系.主晶相为辉石相的微晶玻璃具有更高的抗折强度、密度和耐酸性.     

铁含量及价态对白云鄂博尾矿微晶玻璃析晶特性及性能的影响

以白云鄂博尾矿及粉煤灰等固体废弃物为主要原料,采用熔融法、经退火、核化及晶化热处理制备得到了以辉石为主晶相的CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS)系尾矿微晶玻璃.利用化学分析方法测定了不同氧化铁及碳含量对微晶玻璃中Fe3+/Fe2+的影响;利用XRD、DTA、SEM等研究了不同氧化铁及碳含量对微晶玻璃结构及析晶特性的影响.结果表明,不同氧化铁添加量对微晶玻璃中Fe3+/Fe2影响很小,因此对微晶玻璃的析晶特性无本质影响.而随着还原碳粉的加入,Fe3+/Fe2与未加碳粉相比减小明显,微晶玻璃中FeO质量分数的增加极大地提高了微晶玻璃的析晶特性.但过量的碳粉加入导致单质铁的析出,反而降低了微晶玻璃的析晶能力.上述析晶特性的变化直接影响到微晶玻璃的耐酸度及抗折强度.     

SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-F系微晶玻璃的受压析晶

用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了SiO2-Al2 O3-MgO-F系块状玻璃在受压条件下的析晶特征.采用高温熔融法制备基础玻璃,在热处理过程中施加压力制备微晶玻璃.结果表明:样品在热压过程中析出主要晶体为云母相,施加压力对析出晶体的种类影响不大.但是不同阶段施加压力对析出晶体的形态有显著的影响,在核化阶段施压可以形成晶体的定向生长,在晶化阶段施压对晶体的择优生长有较大影响.但是仅在核化阶段施压,卸载后再析晶则会降低晶体择优长大的趋势.     

Fe2O3对CaO-Al2O3-MgO-SiO2系微晶玻璃析晶及断裂特性的影响

采用熔融法,利用纯化学试剂制备了CaO-A12O3-MgO-SiO2 (CAMS)系微晶玻璃,利用DTA、XRD、拉曼光谱仪等研究了Fe2O3对微晶玻璃析晶特性的影响规律,微晶玻璃的物化性能由抗折强度、杨氏模量、剪切模量、泊松比、维氏硬度等进行评价.结果表明,微晶玻璃的析晶特性随着Fe2 O3含量的增加而增强,对应母体玻璃中首先出现富铁相,进而促进辉石主晶相的析出.微晶玻璃的断裂特性及裂纹扩展方式均随析晶度的提高得到明显改善.但过量的Fe2O3添加则对微晶玻璃的析晶特性无明显影响,反而降低了玻璃相的致密性.微晶玻璃的耐酸性、抗折强度、杨氏模量及剪切模量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,微晶玻璃的Fe2 O3含量为6.6wt;时综合性能最优.     

热处理制度对LZAS系微晶玻璃析晶行为的影响

采用烧结法制备了Li2O-ZnO-Al2O3-SiO2 (LZAS)系微晶玻璃.采用DTA曲线初步确定了LZAS系微晶玻璃的成核和晶化温度范围,再用传统方法确定其最佳热处理制度.分别研究了核化温度、核化时间和晶化温度对LZAS系微晶玻璃析晶行为的影响.此外,还对比分析了两步和一步热处理制度对此玻璃析晶行为的影响.研究结果表明:核化温度和核化时间严重影响LZAS微晶玻璃的结晶度,对析出物相种类影响较小;晶化温度对LZAS微晶玻璃析出晶体的种类、晶粒的大小和晶体尺寸的均匀性有重要影响;两步法和一步法热处理对析出晶相的种类和材料的微观结构影响不大,但经历两步法热处理析出晶体的数量更多;LZAS系微晶玻璃在热处理过程中产生了2种相变:方石英转化为β-石英固溶体,γⅡ-LZS转化为γ0-LZS.     

La3+和Ce4+对尾矿微晶玻璃显微结构及性能的影响

选用白云鄂博尾矿及粉煤灰为主要原料,采用熔融法制备得到了CaO-Al2 O3-MgO-SiO2(CAMS)系尾矿微晶玻璃.借助差热分析、X射线衍射以及扫描电子显微镜、维氏硬度仪等研究了La2 O3和CeO2对尾矿微晶玻璃析晶行为、显微结构及性能的影响.结果表明,添加La2 O3和CeO2后尾矿微晶玻璃的主晶相均未发生改变,但稀土的添加会诱导微晶玻璃内产生元素集聚体.聚集体内Si元素分布均匀,稀土元素以及Al、Na聚集,元素Ca和Fe缺失.聚集体的形成致密化玻璃网络结构,从而增加裂纹扩展阻力,消耗裂纹扩展过程中的能量,抑制裂纹的扩展并最终提高材料的维氏硬度.     

高性能铁磁性微晶玻璃析晶机理及磁性研究

以白云鄂博东尾矿及粉煤灰等固体废弃物为主要原料制备得到了性能优异的微晶玻璃.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)及高分辨率透射电镜(HRTEM)等测试手段揭示了微晶玻璃的形核及析晶过程.结果表明,热处理过程中磁铁矿晶核首先析出,主晶相辉石相可在磁铁矿晶核上生长.通过调整氧化铁含量可改变微晶玻璃的析晶、物化及磁学特性.随氧化铁含量的增加,微晶玻璃的析晶特性及物化性能均有所降低,但磁学特性有所提高.在高氧化铁含量的微晶玻璃中,磁铁矿相与辉石相可以同时存在,微晶玻璃的磁性主要来源于磁铁矿相.     

烧结法制备锂锌硅微晶玻璃热处理制度的研究

使用烧结法制备了LZS系微晶玻璃.采用差热分析(DTA)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析手段对该系统微晶玻璃的析晶过程和微观结构进行了研究.通过正交试验讨论了热处理参数对微晶玻璃热膨胀性能的影响.结果表明:随着晶化温度的升高,主晶相由硅酸锂锌转变为石英,晶相含量随之增高;晶体为棒状,随温度升高和时间延长而增大;各参数对热膨胀性影响大小为晶化温度>晶化时间>核化时间>核化温度;可以通过调节热处理工艺参数调节热膨胀系数,热膨胀系数决定于主晶相的热膨胀系数及晶相含量.     

熔融法制备金尾矿微晶玻璃及性能研究

以金尾矿为主要原料,采用熔融法制备CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系微晶玻璃.利用差热分析(DSC)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析手段对所制备的微晶玻璃进行了分析测试与表征,并研究了不同晶化温度对制得微晶玻璃的物相组成、微观结构及性能的影响.结果表明:在850～ 950℃下,随着晶化温度的提高,所制备微晶玻璃的性能均提高.确定较佳的晶化制度为950℃保温3h,所制备微晶玻璃的热膨胀系数、抗折强度及密度分别为68.7×10-7/℃,122 MPa和2.836 g/cm3.     

不同冷却方式黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃析晶动力学研究

以水淬黄磷炉渣和自然冷却态黄磷炉渣为研究对象,采用熔融法制备CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系微晶玻璃.通过差热分析、X射线衍射和扫描电镜,并利用修正后的Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA)方程和Augis-Bennett方程,分析了不同冷却方式下黄磷炉渣制备微晶玻璃的析晶规律.结果表明:不同冷却方式对微晶玻璃的析晶行为有所不同,水淬黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃的析晶活化能E为352.609 kJ/mol,自然冷却黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃的析晶活化能E为405.685kJ/mol;两种不同冷却方式的黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃的晶化机制均为三维体积晶化.水淬黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃中主晶相为硅灰石(CaSiO3)并含有少量的石英矿物;自然冷却黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃中主晶相为钙蔷薇辉石类(Ca(Mn2,Ca)Si2O6)和含铁硅灰石类固溶体((Ca,Fe) SiO3).以自然冷却渣制备的微晶玻璃性能优于水淬渣制备出的微晶玻璃.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.