Cu-Ce复合浸渍型CWAO催化剂的研制

以Cu盐和Ce盐为原料、FSC为载体,以过量浸渍法制备负载型催化剂.用活性和稳定性作为催化剂的评价指标,通过CODCr去除率、脱色率及处理出水的金属溶出浓度分别表征催化剂的活性与稳定性.研究催化剂组分Cu与Ce的浸渍顺序、配比及焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响,进而优化催化剂的制备条件.结果表明:Cu与Ce共浸渍所制备催化剂活性高稳定性强,其对水样的CODCr去除率和处理出水的Cu溶出浓度分别为83.9;、24.05mg/L; Cu与Ce的配比为1∶1时催化剂活性和稳定性均较高;Cu-Ce复合催化剂在550℃下取得了较高的活性和稳定性.SEM、XRD分析表征,催化剂活性组分在担体上分布均匀,活性组分主要以CuO、CeO2的形式存在.     

共沉淀法制备的Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂低温脱硝性能研究

本文分别以NH4OH、(NH4)2CO3、NaOH作为沉淀剂,采用共沉淀法制备了一系列Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂,并借助XRD、BET、NH3-TPD及XPS等测试手段对催化剂进行了表征,初步探讨了沉淀剂对Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂SCR脱硝性能影响.结果表明:与(NH4)2CO3和NaOH相比,采用NH4OH作为沉淀剂制备的Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂表现出了最佳的低温脱硝活性.当空速为16000 h-1,活性组分的负载量为15;时,催化剂在80℃的NO去除率达85;以上.这主要是由于该催化剂中的锰氧化物主要以无定形态存在;其孔结构更加细化、孔径较小及较大的孔容,为活性组分的均匀负载提供了有利条件;表面具有较多的弱酸性位点和中等酸性位点,且具有良好的氧化还原性强能力,有利于NO和NH3的吸附、氧化,有效的促进了催化剂的低温SCR脱硝活性.     

载体改性及其对负载型Fe催化剂降解苯酚废水性能的影响

采用聚乙二醇(Polyethylene glycol,PEG)改性的Boehmite为载体,利用浸渍法制备了Fe为活性组分的负载型催化剂.考察了催化剂对苯酚废水降解的催化活性,并通过 SEM、BET 以及 XRD 等技术手段对改性前后的Boehmite进行了表征.结果表明,改性后的Boehmite比表面积及孔体积都有所增大,孔径分布更加集中.催化剂活性显示:利用改性Boehmite所制得的Fe/PEG-Boehmite催化剂在苯酚废水降解过程中活性优于没有利用PEG改性的催化剂,二者在反应60 min后对苯酚废水化学需氧量(Chemical demand oxygen,COD)去除率分别为93;和67;.因此,对于活性组分含量相同的催化剂而言,PEG对Boehmite载体的改性有助于所制备催化剂对苯酚废水COD去除率的提高.     

焙烧温度对Fe/γ-Al2O3催化剂去除苯酚模拟废水COD的影响

利用浸渍法制备了Fe/γ-Al2O3催化剂。考察了催化剂中Fe含量,催化剂焙烧温度对苯酚废水COD去除率的影响。发现300℃焙烧的Fe0.01/γ-Al2O3催化剂对苯酚废水的COD去除率最高,在反应温度为30℃,pH为3,加入100μL H2O2时,反应1 h后COD去除率约为65%。同时,采用N2物理吸附,XRD以及SEM等技术手段考察了催化剂的性质及其表面形貌。结果表明:300℃焙烧的催化剂中含有AlO(OH)。对于活性组分含量相同的催化剂而言,AlO(OH)的存在有助于苯酚废水COD去除率的提高。同时,焙烧温度的增加,催化剂表面会发生烧结,比表面积下降,催化剂活性降低。     

湿式氧化催化剂RuO2/γ-Al2O3的制备及降解苯酚的研究

采用浸渍法制备了4;质量分数的RuO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂,并利用XRD和SEM对催化剂进行了晶体结构表征.研究了催化剂制备的焙烧温度和时间、进水pH值和处理温度对RuO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性影响,并对其影响机制进行了初步探讨.结果表明,焙烧温度升高、焙烧时间延长会导致催化剂的活性组分RuO2的晶粒增长过大;在300℃经3h焙烧,形成的RuO2晶粒细小,苯酚溶液的COD(化学需氧量)去除率较高.在本研究的pH范围内,进水pH值为酸性时,COD去除率高于碱性时的COD去除率;当反应温度升高时,RuO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂降解苯酚的能力显著提高,且反应的诱导期明显缩短,当反应温度从150℃升高至180℃时,在进水pH值为5.6,反应2h后,此催化剂的COD去除率为96;以上.研究表明,RuO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有较好的活性和和稳定性.     

ZnW/β中ZnO含量对其催化四氢萘加氢裂化反应性能的影响

Zn的引入不仅可以调控β分子筛的酸性质，而且还会影响催化剂的加氢活性。为了研究Zn的引入对催化剂加氢裂化反应性能的影响，利用浸渍法合成了一系列不同ZnO含量的ZnW/β加氢裂化催化剂，并对其物理化学性能进行了分析表征。研究了ZnO含量对其催化四氢萘加氢裂化制备BTX(苯/甲苯/二甲苯)催化性能的影响。结果表明，最高BTX收率随着ZnO含量的增加先升高(质量分数<1%时)后降低(质量分数>1%时),这是由于随着ZnO含量的增加，ZnW/β催化剂的强酸量和总酸量明显减小，抑制了四氢萘的过度裂化。而当ZnO的负载量达到1%(质量分数)后，ZnO与WO₃反应会生成非活性组分ZnWO₄晶体，非活性组分ZnWO₄晶体的生成量随着ZnO的含量增大而增大，降低了催化剂中加氢活性组分WO₃的含量，导致ZnW/β催化剂的加氢中心与酸中心匹配不佳。ZnO负载量为1%的ZnW/β催化剂在反应空时为0.36 h时达到最高的BTX收率(41.57%,质量分数),说明该催化剂的酸量适中且加氢中心与酸中心匹配最佳。因此...     

Cu-Fe-Ru-La/γ-Al2O3湿式氧化催化剂的制备、表征及机理

采用等量浸渍法以γ-Al2O3为载体,制备过渡金属Cu和Fe、贵金属Ru、稀土金属La的复合催化剂.采用催化湿式空气氧化法处理模拟印染废水,研究金属离子配比、焙烧温度对催化剂活性及稳定性的影响,并对催化剂CWAO反应机理进行探讨:权衡催化剂的活性和稳定性,催化剂的组分质量配比和焙烧温度分别为Cu∶ Fe∶ Ru∶ La=1∶1∶1∶3、450℃.对催化剂进行XRD、XPS、孔结构、FT-IR、TG-DTA、SEM、TEM表征,结果表明:焙烧使催化剂组成物质分解为氧化物,元素Cu、Fe、Ru、La分别以CuO、Fe2O3、RuO2、La2O3形式存在;焙烧温度升高,晶粒长大结晶趋于完整,催化剂孔容孔径增大但比表面积减小,晶粒尺寸分布在5～ 20 nm; Cu-Fe-Ru-La/γ-Al2O3催化剂使用前后结构无明显变化且反应后溶出的金属浓度低,催化剂具有较高的稳定性.     

ZnO-SiO2的制备及其光催化降解罗丹明B

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备负载型ZnO-SiO2光催化材料,研究升温速率及负载量对ZnO结构、形貌及光催化活性的影响.通过X射线衍射、N2物理吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜、光致发光光谱和紫外-可见漫反射光谱等手段对催化剂进行表征,并以罗丹明B为模拟污染物,紫外光为光源,评价催化剂活性.结果表明,升温速率对ZnO-SiO2光催化剂结晶度和光催化活性影响显著.当ZnO与SiO2的质量比为1∶1时,ZnO-SiO2具有均匀、平滑的球形形貌,并且ZnO光催化活性明显改善.     

湿式氧化催化剂RuO2／γ—A12O3的制备及降解苯酚的研究

采用浸渍法制备了4％质量分数的RuO2／γ-Al2O3催化剂，并利用XRD和SEM对催化剂进行了晶体结构表征。研究了催化剂制备的焙烧温度和时间、进水pH值和处理温度对RuO2／γ-Al2O3催化剂活性影响，并对其影响机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明，焙烧温度升高、焙烧时间延长会导致催化剂的活性组分RuO2的晶粒增长过大；在300℃经3h焙烧，形成的RuO2晶粒细小，苯酚溶液的COD(化学需氧量)去除率较高。在本研究的pH范围内，进水pH值为酸性时，COD去除率高于碱性时的COD去除率；当反应温度升高时，RuO2／γ-Al2O3催化剂降解苯酚的能力显著提高，且反应的诱导期明显缩短，当反应温度从150℃升高至180℃时，在进水pH值为5．6，反应2h后，此催化剂的COD去除率为96％以上。研究表明，RuO2／γ-Al2O3催化剂具有较好的活性和和稳定性。     

多级孔TiO2/ZSM-5催化剂的孔道效应对 亚甲基蓝催化降解性能影响

以廉价凹凸棒石为原料,通过调控介孔模板剂聚乙二醇(PEG-1000)用量用水热合成法制得多级孔ZSM-5分子筛,并用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2/ZSM-5光催化剂.通过FT-IR、XRD、SEM和N2吸附-脱附对多级孔TiO2/ZSM-5光催化剂的官能团、晶体结构、形貌和孔道特征进行表征,并对典型的亚甲基蓝印染废水进行光催化实验,考察模板剂用量和TiO2负载量对光催化剂孔道效应和催化性能的影响.结果表明:ZSM-5分子筛作为载体,其介孔体积与介孔模板剂PEG用量成正比,调节PEG用量可定向控制载体的孔道结构;TiO2负载量在一定程度上影响光催化效率和载体孔体积.当PEG为0.16 g,TiO2负载量为10;时,多级孔TiO2/ZSM-5具有良好光催化活性,光照40 min光催化降解率可达90;.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.