水热反应温度对碱性条件下TiO2纳米晶生长动力学及其光电性能的影响

以钛酸丁酯为原料,在碱性条件下水热合成了锐钛矿相TiO2纳米晶.采用X射线衍射仪、比表面积测试仪、扫描电子显微镜等方法对纳米晶粒的晶体结构、比表面积以及光阳极的表面形貌分别进行表征,研究水热反应温度对TiO2纳米晶生长动力学过程的影响规律.结果表明:随着温度的升高,锐钛矿相纳米晶的平均晶粒尺寸先增大后减小.光电转换性能测试表明,电池的光电转换性能随着水热反应温度的升高而增大,在220℃时获得最大光电转换效率4.05;( 1sun,100 mW/cm2).并分析了水热反应温度对碱性条件下TiO2纳米晶粒的生长动力学过程和电池光电转换性能的影响机制.     

Cu∶CdS/TiO2的制备及其光电化学性能研究

采用水热法制备(001)晶面裸露的TiO2纳米片阵列薄膜,并采用水热法进行CdS纳米颗粒复合,探讨不同水热反应时长对复合薄膜结构及性能的影响.为了提高复合薄膜的光电化学性能,在水热反应过程中引入Cu前驱体,并探讨不同掺杂浓度对复合薄膜性能的影响.研究结果表明Cu元素掺杂有效拓宽了CdS复合TiO2纳米片阵列薄膜(CdS/TiO2)的光吸收范围,并且提高了CdS/TiO2的光电化学性能.当水热反应3h,Cu掺杂浓度为1∶1 000时,CdS/TiO2的光电性能达到最佳.     

柔性有序ZnO纳米棒/TiO2纳米粒子复合薄膜的制备及其光电转换性能研究

采用电沉积法,在柔性不锈钢网基底上制备了ZnO纳米棒阵列,随后旋涂P25浆料,最终经退火后得到了ZnO纳米棒阵列/TiO2纳米粒子的复合结构薄膜,详细探讨了TiO2纳米粒子的填充,初级ZnO纳米棒阵列的形貌,P25浆料的旋涂次数以及表面活性剂PEG添加量等制备条件对复合结构光阳极形貌及光电性能的影响.研究表明:TiO2纳米粒子的引入能有效提高光阳极的比表面积,增强半导体与染料的耦合能力,ZnO纳米棒阵列能够为电子提供快速传输的通道.最佳制备条件为:初级ZnO纳米棒沉积次数为两次,浆料浓度为1 g/50 mL,旋涂浆料次数为三次,PEG添加量为4g/100 mL,制备的复合结构DSSC的光电转换效率较单一纳米棒阵列有一定的提高.     

TiO2纳米花的合成及其在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用

采用水热合成技术,以盐酸、去离子水和钛酸丁酯为反应前驱物,在透明导电玻璃(FTO)衬底上合成TiO2纳米花薄膜.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对其形貌和结构进行了分析.结果表明在FTO衬底上形成的纳米花是由四方形柱状结构的纳米棒构成的,纳米棒由具有金红石晶型的直径为4~6 nm的几十条单晶纳米线束聚集在一起构成的.研究了以TiO2纳米花薄膜为光阳极制备的染料敏化太阳能电池的光电性能,电池的开路电压、短路电流密度和转换效率均随着反应前驱物中钛酸丁酯的浓度的增加而变小,这是由于纳米花的比表面积随着钛酸丁酯的浓度增加而减少造成的.     

TiO2纳米棒复合结构光阳极的制备及其在染料敏化太阳电池中的应用

通过水热法制备了垂直于导电基底的金红石纳米棒阵列,首次通过磁控溅射方法制备了一维阵列金红石/锐钛矿核壳结构,并将其应用于染料敏化太阳能电池(dye-sensitized solar cells,DSSCs).样品结构和形貌分别利用X射线衍射仪、透射电镜、扫描电子显微镜进行表征观察.结果表明,磁控溅射法制备的复合结构光阳极具有更好的形貌和比表面积.光电转换性能测试表明,与单纯水热生长的金红石纳米棒光阳极相比(1.10;),磁控溅射法制备的复合结构光阳极具有更高的光电转换效率(2.85;),光电转换效率提高了将近2.6倍.     

一种线型结构钛酸钠微晶水热制备及其性能的研究

采用水热法制备了一种线型结构钛酸钠晶体,其直径为50 ～ 200 nm,长度为几微米到几十微米.利用XRD、SEM和UV-vis等测试手段表征了材料的晶化、结构、形貌及光学性能.研究结果表明:水热反应时间和温度对线型结构钛酸钠微晶的形成具有显著的影响;其最佳的反应条件:反应温度为180℃和反应时间为24h.并初步探讨了钛酸钠线型微晶的生长机理.650℃高温烧结处理得到的线型结构TiO2微晶,具有较高的紫外光光催化活性:0.5 g/L浓度TiO2线型微晶,对初始浓度为20 mg/L甲基橙溶液1h光催化降率可达80;以上.     

载Ag二氧化钛纳米线的制备及其光催化性能

利用水热合成法,制备出了二氧化钛纳米线,通过葡萄糖还原Ag(NH3)+2,在制备出的二氧化钛纳米线表面负载了 Ag纳米颗粒.利用透射电镜(TEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)对产物进行了表征.结果表明:该Ag/TiO2纳米线在可见光区域表现出较强的吸收性能.测试了样品降解酸性红3R溶液的活性.结果表明,TiO2纳米线表面负载Ag纳米颗粒对提高其光催化性能具有积极的作用.     

稀土Gd3+掺杂TiO2纳米带的制备及其光催化性能研究

以水热法制备出的钛酸盐纳米带为原料,利用二次水热反应制备了Gd3+掺杂TiO2纳米带.采用XRD、TEM和N2吸附-脱吸等手段对样品的晶型、微观形貌及比表面积进行了表征,讨论了Gd3+掺杂浓度、二次水热温度对材料结构及性能的影响.研究结果表明,Gd3+的掺杂没有影响原有样品的晶型,样品保持了锐钛矿相,但二次水热温度过高会破坏纳米带的形状,掺杂提高了样品的光催化活性,最佳掺杂量为5.O;.以掺杂量为5.0;、二次水热温度为180°C制备出的样品为光催化剂降解甲基橙,在光照180min后,甲基橙的降解率可达68;.     

阳极氧化工艺制备TiO2纳米管阵列及其碳包覆改性

首先采用阳极氧化工艺制备了TiO2纳米管阵列,然后利用水热工艺对其进行C包覆改性,探讨了热处理温度、F-浓度、阳极氧化电压、阳极氧化时间等参数对TiO2纳米管阵列形貌及性能的影响,并初步研究了其生长机理.通过实验得到TiO2纳米管阵列的最佳制备条件:F-浓度0.5wt;;阳极氧化电压30 V;阳极氧化时间1h;热处理温度450℃.C包覆改性后的TiO2纳米管阵列对可见光的吸收明显增强,尿素浓度为20wt;时制得的TiO2纳米管阵列对亚甲基蓝的光降解率高达92.7;,相较于未进行C包覆改性的TiO2纳米管阵列提高了7.9;,说明C包覆改性可以显著提高TiO2纳米管阵列的光催化性能.     

温度对TiO2-B纳米纤维的结晶度和稳定性的影响

本文以锐钛矿相二氧化钛纳米颗粒和NaOH溶液为前驱物,通过水热反应和退火处理制备了TiO2-B纳米纤维.用XRD、HRTEM和EDS对样品的结构、形貌及其演化进行了表征.讨论了水热反应温度和退火温度对TiO2 -B纳米纤维的结晶度、形貌和热稳定性的影响.结果表明:在160℃、180℃和200℃温度下水热反应,分别得到H2Ti4O9、H2Ti3O7和H2Ti4O9与H2Ti3O7混合的纳米纤维,400℃退火后,无论是H2Ti4O9还是H2Ti3O7纳米纤维都转化为TiO2-B纳米纤维,但从180℃水热反应得到的H2Ti3O7纳米纤维转化的TiO2-B纳米纤维具有较高结晶度和热稳定性.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.