抛光加工参数对KDP晶体材料去除和表面质量的影响

针对软脆易潮解KDP功能晶体材料的加工难点,提出了一种基于潮解原理的无磨料化学机械抛光新方法,研制了一种非水基无磨料抛光液,该抛光液结构为油包水型微乳液.通过控制抛光液中的含水量可以方便地控制KDP晶体静态蚀刻率和抛光过程中材料的去除率.实验中还研究了不同加工参数对晶体材料去除率和已加工表面质量的影响.该抛光液的设计为易潮解晶体的超精密抛光加工提供了一条新的技术途径.     

硒化锌的化学机械抛光研究

采用化学机械抛光(CMP)的方法,自制抛光液作为研磨介质,对(50×50×1.5)mm3硒化锌(ZnSe)晶片抛光.通过分析抛光液的pH值、抛光盘转速、抛光液的磨料浓度、压力、抛光时间和抛光液流量等参数对CMP的影响,组合出最佳工艺参数,并通过原子力显微镜和平晶测试方法对最佳工艺参数获得的ZnSe晶片进行测试,实验结果显示,ZnSe晶片抛光后的表面粗糙度Ra为0.578 nm,平面面形误差小于1.8 μm.     

大尺寸非规则碲锌镉晶片双面抛光技术

碲锌镉(CdZnTe)晶体性能优越,是高性能碲镉汞(HgCdTe)外延薄膜的首选衬底材料。双面抛光是一种加工质量较高的碲锌镉晶片表面抛光方式,其具有效率高、平整度好、晶片应力堆积少的优点。但当碲锌镉晶片尺寸增大后,其加工难度也随之上升,易出现碎片多、加工速率慢、表面平整度差等问题。本文开展了大尺寸非规则碲锌镉晶片双面抛光技术研究,深入分析了面积大于50 cm²的非规则碲锌镉晶片双面抛光工艺中,不同参数对抛光质量的影响,通过模拟并优化晶片运动轨迹,优化抛光液磨粒粒型、抛光压力、抛光液流量等抛光工艺参数,实现了具有较高抛光速率和较好表面质量的大尺寸非规则碲锌镉晶片双面抛光加工,对进一步深入研究双面抛光技术有着重要意义。     

基于离子束抛光的KDP晶体表面嵌入铁粉清洗研究

磁流变抛光技术是实现KDP晶体超精密加工的新方法,但磁流变液中的铁粉容易嵌入质软的KDP晶体表面.本文提出了利用基于低能离子溅射原理的离子束抛光技术去除KDP表面嵌入的铁粉.利用红外拉曼光谱和白光干涉仪分别分析了低能离子束抛光前后KDP晶体表面物质结构变化和表面粗糙度的变化;结果显示,低能离子束溅射不改变KDP晶体表面的组成结构,并改善了KDP晶体表面质量,因此离子束抛光可用于KDP晶体的加工;利用飞行时间二次离子质谱分析技术分别对单点金刚石车削、磁流变抛光和低能离子束抛光后的KDP晶体表面进行元素分析,结果显示低能离子束抛光可有效去除磁流变抛光在KDP晶体表面嵌入的铁粉.     

CVD金刚石化学机械抛光工艺研究

本文提出采用化学机械抛光的新工艺实现传统方法无法达到的超光滑、低损伤的表面抛光.本文在对金刚石氧化的化学热动力学研究基础上,配制了以高铁酸钾为主要氧化剂的化学机械抛光液,指出加快化学机械抛光过程金刚石氧化的工艺措施.研制了用于CVD金刚石化学机械抛光的可加热抛光头和摩擦力测量装置,着重研究了CVD金刚石的化学机械抛光工艺.试验得到最佳的抛光工艺参数:抛光压力为266.7 kPa,抛光盘转速为70 r/min,抛光头转速为23 r/min,抛光温度为50℃.化学机械抛光的摩擦系数在0.060 ～0.065范围内变化,为混合润滑状态.     

离子束作用下KDP晶体表面粗糙度研究

为了避免传统加工过程对KDP( Potassium dihydrogen phosphate)晶体表面产生损伤、嵌入杂质等降低晶体抗激光损伤阈值的不利因素,文章探索采用离子束抛光技术实现KDP晶体的加工.本文主要分析了离子束抛光作用下KDP晶体表面粗糙度的演变过程,采用垂直入射和倾斜45°入射两种方式研究KDP晶体表面粗糙度,利用倾斜45°入射的加工方式提高了KDP晶体的表面质量,其表面均方根粗糙度值由初始的3.07 nm减小到了1.95 nm,实验结果验证了离子束抛光加工KDP晶体的可行性.     

抛光液酸碱性对固结磨料抛光硫化锌晶体的影响

硫化锌晶体是一种重要的红外光学材料,在红外成像、导弹制导、红外对抗等红外技术领域应用广泛.抛光液能够与工件及抛光垫发生化学反应从而影响工件表面质量和材料去除率.实验采用乙二胺、氢氧化钠、柠檬酸、盐酸分别配制不同的酸碱性抛光液,研究抛光液酸碱性对固结磨料抛光硫化锌晶体材料去除率、表面形貌和表面粗糙度的影响.实验结果表明:酸性抛光液抛光的材料去除率高于碱性抛光液;柠檬酸抛光液可同时获得优表面质量和高加工效率,抛光后的晶体表面粗糙度Sa值为4.22 nm,材料去除率为437 nm/min.     

硬盘微晶玻璃基板化学机械抛光研究

利用自制的抛光液对硬盘微晶玻璃基板进行化学机械抛光.研究了抛光压力、SiO2浓度、pH和氧化剂过硫酸铵浓度等因素对材料去除速率MRR和表面粗糙度Ra的影响,系统分析了微晶玻璃抛光工艺过程中的影响因素,优化抛光工艺条件,利用原子力显微镜检测抛光后微晶玻璃的表面粗糙度.结果表明:当抛光盘转速为100 r/min、抛光液流量为25 mL/min、抛光压力为9.4 kPa、SiO2浓度为8wt;、pH=8、过硫酸铵浓度为2wt;时,能够得到较高的去除速率(MRR=86.2 nm/min)和较低表面粗糙度(Ra=0.1 nm).     

LBO晶体超光滑表面抛光机理

胶体SiO2抛光LBO晶体获得无损伤的超光滑表面,结合前人对抛光机理的认识,探讨了超光滑表面抛光的材料去除机理,分析了化学机械抛光中的原子级材料去除机理.在此基础上,对胶体SiO2抛光LBO晶体表面材料去除机理和超光滑表面的形成进行了详细的描述,研究抛光液的pH值与材料去除率和表面粗糙度的关系.LBO晶体超光滑表面抛光的材料去除机理是抛光液与晶体表面的活泼原子层发生化学反应形成过渡的软质层,软质层在磨料和抛光盘的作用下很容易被无损伤的去除.酸性条件下,随抛光液pH值的减小抛光材料的去除率增大;抛光液pH值为4时,获得最好的表面粗糙度.     

纳米尺度延性域干切削KDP晶体的无粘屑研究

为了避免使用切削液及其相应清洗工艺对KDP晶体表面产生雾化、引入杂质等降低晶体抗激光损伤阈值的不利因素,采用干切削技术对KDP晶体进行超精密切削.在干切削KDP晶体工艺中所遇到的难点是切削屑片易粘附已加工表面,由此产生屑片粘附点难清洗、易雾化等问题.本文提出了基于真空抽屑装置干切削KDP晶体的新工艺,重点解决了干切削工艺下KDP晶体表面粘屑现象,实现了无需清洗、无杂质的加工表面.在选择延性域切削参数条件下,取得了表面粗糙度为2.69 nm(Ra)的无粘屑、超光滑表面.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.