介孔球形LiFePO4/C原位复合材料制备与表征

磷酸铁锂由于其安全性好,价格低廉,理论比容量高等优势而成为一种重要的锂离子电池正极材料.本文利用微生物法与水热法相结合的新方法成功制备出介孔LiFePO4/C原位复合材料.以微生物为模板和碳源,通过与金属离子和磷酸根离子的矿化作用形成盐类混合物,经200℃水热反应,从而形成LiFePO4/C原位复合材料.通过结构与性能表征,该复合材料具有介孔球形结构,在0.1C倍率下的首次放电容量可达到134 mA·h.g-1,比普通水热法合成的样品的比容量提高了近30;,且其充放电性能有着很好的对称性和较小的极化现象.其性能显著提高的主要原因是材料具有介孔球形结构和原位复合碳的存在,从而促进了锂离子的嵌入与脱出和电子传导.     

基于聚合反应制备的钛离子掺杂LiFePO4/C复合材料

首先基于聚合反应合成FePO4/PANI前驱体,再以为LiOH·H2O,FePO4/PANI 和 PVA原料制备了LiFePO4正极材料,此外再对其进行碳包覆以及Ti4+掺杂,三种试样分别标记为LiFePO4,LiFePO4/C及LiFe0.96Ti0.02PO4/C.通过XRD、EDS及充放电测试等手段表征了材料的微观结构与电化学性能.实验结果证明:试样的XRD图谱均与标准LiFePO4图谱一致,不存在无定形碳衍射峰.与未掺杂试样LiFePO4/C相比,LiFe0.96Ti0.02PO4/C的电子电导率与其相近,但离子扩散系数有所改善,Ti4+在晶格中均匀分布,因此与其他两试样相比,其电化学性能更好.试样在C/10、C/2、1C、3C及5C倍率下的放电比容量为158.7 mAh·g-1、153.3 mAh·g-1、147.6 mAh·g-1、136.4 mAh·g-1及123.5 mAh·g-1,具有良好的倍率性能与电位稳定性.     

pH值对新型溶胶-凝胶法制备LiFePO4/C结构和性能的影响

以价廉的FeCl2·4H2O为原料、采用改进的溶胶-凝胶法制备了LiFePO4/C正极,考察了溶胶体系pH值对凝胶时间、正极材料结构、形貌和性能的影响.研究表明,不同pH值时胶粒表层吸附的电荷数量不同、造成排斥力大小不同,从而导致凝胶时间的差异.pH值为3时制备的LiFePO4/C试样颗粒细小、分布均匀、团聚现象不明显,晶粒尺寸为最小的39.6 nm;该试样在1C、5C时的放电容量分别为132.2 mAh/g、94.7 mAh/g,氧化还原反应峰电位差最低,具有良好的电化学性能.     

两步烧结法制备碳包覆的LiFePO4/C复合正极材料的研究

采用两步烧结法处理原位合成的碳包覆的LiFePO4/C复合正极材料,采用XRD、SEM对材料的结构及表面形貌进行了表征;通过CV、EIS及充放电测试仪进行电化学性能测试.结果表明,两步烧结法制备的材料具有良好的倍率性能及循环性能.0.2C时的首次放电比容量为142.5 mAh/g,循环30次后,放电比容量仍达到126.9 mAh/g;0.5 C时的首次放电比容量为122.9 mAh/g;1 C时的首次放电比容量为106.4 mAh/g;2 C时的首次充放电为81.3 mAh/g.     

月桂酸辅助流变相法制备LiFePO4及电化学性能研究

以月桂酸为碳源和表面活性剂,采用流变相法合成了LiFePO4正极材料,研究了煅烧温度、月桂酸量对LiFePO4晶形结构、形貌以及电化学性能的影响.研究表明,500℃温度、月桂酸量x=nCH3(CH2)10COOH/nLiOH=0.2条件下合成的LiFePO4正极材料为纯相的橄榄石结构,样品颗粒大小较为规则,粒径分布均匀,以0.1C倍率充放电首次放电容量为164.7 mAh·g-1,循环30次容量为151.3 mAh·g-1.     

水/乙醇摩尔比对CaTi2O4(OH)2纳米片状结构及电化学性能的影响

利用一步溶剂热法制备了CaTi2O4(OH)2片状结构.利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜测试样品的晶体结构和形貌,采用CHI660E电化学工作站对样品进行电化学性能分析,研究水/乙醇摩尔比对CaTi2O4(OH)2样品的物相、形貌及电化学性能的影响.实验结果表明:随着水/乙醇摩尔比增加,样品的比电容先增加后减小,当水/乙醇摩尔比为50/10时,当水/乙醇摩尔比为50/10时,样品在10 mA/cm2电流密度下比电容达到最优值268.8 F·g-1.     

LiFePO_(3.92)F_(0.08)/C的合成、表征和电化学性能研究（英文）

通过两步固相法反应制备LiFePO4/C和LiFePO3.92F0.08/C。采用XRD、红外(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)对样品的结构和形貌进行分析。结果表明LiFePO3.92F0.08/C中有F的分布并且仍然保持橄榄石结构,但是具有了更好的倍率性能和循环稳定性能。LiFePO3.92F0.08/C在不同倍率下的首次放电比容量分别为154.9(0.2 C)、124.3(1 C)、83.2 mAh/g(10 C)。特别是在1 C倍率下循环30次后,放电比容量仍达122.1 mAh/g,容量损失仅为2.16%。F-掺杂能够提高材料电子电导率和锂离子扩散系数进而显著改善其电化学性能。     

磷酸铁前驱体形貌对磷酸铁锂电化学性能的影响

采用沉淀法和水热法,合成了不同形貌的磷酸铁前驱体,并用碳热还原法得到LiFePO4/C正极材料.探讨了磷酸铁前驱体形貌特征对合成的磷酸铁锂电化学性能的影响程度.用XRD和SEM对产物物相结构、表观形貌进行了表征和分析.结果表明,水热合成的时间越长,磷酸铁的结晶性越好,趋于球形,电化学性能越好;但反应温度达180℃时,形貌趋向于椭圆,放电比容量反而较高.不同形貌的磷酸铁制备出的磷酸铁锂均为橄榄石结构,物相均一;不同形貌磷酸铁制备的磷酸铁锂正极材料电化学性能各异.磷酸铁形貌对磷酸铁锂正极材料电化学性能有影响,但不是决定因素.     

水热法制备ZnO/石墨烯复合材料及其电化学性能研究

采用水热法制备ZnO/石墨烯复合材料,研究了ZnO、石墨烯不同配比与其电化学性能的关系.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、恒电流充放电、循环伏安法和交流阻抗等测试方法对复合材料结构、形貌及电化学性能进行表征,并通过电池解扣结合SEM和EDS进一步研究电极充放电前后的形貌及组分变化.结果表明,ZnO与石墨烯质量比为1∶1时电化学性能最好,在50 mA/g电流密度下首次可逆比容量高达680 mAh/g,且循环100次之后仍保持相对最高.电池解扣分析证明电极材料在充放电过程中表面会产生微裂纹影响其电化学性能.     

聚乙烯吡咯烷酮分子量对LiFePO4/C形貌及电化学性能的影响

以价廉、低毒的无机盐为原料、去离子水为溶剂,通过简易可行的络合溶胶-凝胶法合成了LiFePO4/C复合正极材料.利用XRD、SEM、EIS及恒流充放电测试考察了聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)分子量对试样的形貌及电化学性能的影响.结果表明,以PVP-k30为表面活性剂所合成的试样颗粒均匀细小、形貌较规则且单分散性良好;该试样具有优良的电化学性能,0.1C的放电比容量为155.7 mAh/g,3C倍率下放电比容量依然能保持112.4 mAh/g,明显优于其它分子量PVP所制备的试样.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.