Image function for one-crystal scintillation gamma-ray spectrometer

The paper deals with the analytical expression of the image forming process which occurs at the absorption of energy of the primary gamma rays in one-crystal scintillation spectrometers with cylindrical crystals. The calculation is performed with a view to its possible use for treating scintillation spectra by means of rapid mathematical machines.In conclusion, the authors thank J. Vávra for help in writing the paper.     

Rational approximations for the holtsmark distribution,its cumulative and derivative

The convergent series expansions of the Holtsmark distribution P(β), its cumulative Q(β), its derivative R(β) and the semiconvergent asymptotic series for these functions are used to calculate rational approximations for P, Q, and R, which are valid for all positive β and have maximum errors of approximately 10^-8, 10^-9 and 10^-7, respectively.     

The spectral-line moment-based (SLMB) modeling of the wide band and global blackbody-weighted transmission function and cumulative distribution function of the absorption coefficient in uniform gaseous media

The spectral-line moment-based (SLMB) modeling is proposed for the calculation of radiative properties of gases on any spectral width. The associated mathematical formulation is obtained by applying several concepts of the k-distribution methods such as the reordering of the wavenumber scale by monotonic variations of the absorption coefficient, together with the application of the k-moment method's principles. This approach gives both a general formula for the BTF and a simple and readily applicable approximation for the blackbody-weighted cumulated k-distribution function of the absorption coefficient. The model is applied for the computation of wide band BTFs and cumulative k-distributions for uniform columns of CO₂ and H₂O in the temperature range (300-2400 K) at atmospheric pressure. Model parameters are deduced from line-by-line (LBL) spectra calculated using the HITEMP database. Comparisons with LBL reference data as well as with contemporary modeling approaches (SLW, FSK, SNB) are performed and discussed.     

The Wigner distribution function

In this letter, the relationship between the characteristic function for two arbitrary noncommuting observables and a generalized Wigner distribution function is established. This distribution function is shown to have no simple interpretation in the sense of probability theory but, in lieu of its special properties, can be used directly for calculating the expectation values of observables.     

Characterization of time-resolved laser differential phase using 3D complementary cumulative distribution functions

An experimental method for characterizing the time-resolved phase noise of a fast switching tunable laser is discussed. The method experimentally determines a complementary cumulative distribution function of the laser's differential phase as a function of time after a switching event. A time resolved bit error rate of differential quadrature phase shift keying formatted data, calculated using the phase noise measurements, was fitted to an experimental time-resolved bit error rate measurement using a field programmable gate array, finding a good agreement between the time-resolved bit error rates.     

多光谱多光轴自动校准技术

分析了具有红外、电视和激光的光电仪器进行多光谱多光轴自动校准的方法.指出在武器系统的设计中,如果条件允许,可在光电仪器的后方设置一个校准棱镜箱(或折反式自准凹面镜组件),以便在控制电路中加入电十字线跟踪产生器等功能单元,使武器系统实现行进间或飞行中自动校准.     

Observation of an anomaly in the angular distribution of cumulative hadrons near the backward direction

The angular distributions of secondary pions, protons, and deuterons originating from π^?Pb interactions at an incident-pion momentum of 5 GeV/c was determined in a new run of measurements relying on track reconstruction. While showing a decrease over a large angular interval with increasing emission angle, the yield of cumulative particles of each species was found to be anomalously large near the backward direction.     

Radial distribution function of rod-like polyelectrolytes

We study the effect of electrostatic interactions on the distribution function of the end-to-end distance of a single polyelectrolyte chain in the rod-like limit. The extent to which the radial distribution function of a polyelectrolyte is reproduced by that of a wormlike chain with an adjusted effective persistence length is investigated. Strong evidence is found for a universal scaling formula connecting the effective persistence length of a polyelectrolyte with the strength of the electrostatic interaction and the Debye screening length. Received 4 March 2002 and Received in final form 1 July 2002 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: jrudnick@physics.ucla.edu     

Oscillation of the radial distribution function

We prove that the radial distribution function oscillates at low density in a system with a short-range nonnegative potential and investigate the branching of the solutions of an approximate equation of state.     

Concept of area scintillation

Stemming from the results of our earlier investigations, the concept of area scintillation is introduced, which takes into account the intensity distribution over the receiver plane. In this context, the area scintillation of fundamental Gaussian and annular beams is formulated, numerically evaluated and graphically illustrated. From the comparison, it is seen that, under the same source power conditions, annular Gaussian beams provide much less scintillations than the fundamental Gaussian beams at small source size. At large source sizes and at shorter propagation distances, annular beams are still favorable, but, as the propagation range is extended, the reverse becomes true. A review of previous findings leading up to the newly introduced concept is also presented.     

Obtaining non-negative quantum mechanical distribution function

The distribution function obtained by smoothing the original Wigner function with a weighting function, is shown to be positive everywhere, if the weighting function itself is a Wigner transform of any normalised function. The marginal distribution is recovered with a special choice of this function.     

Multibeam X-ray lithography to form deep regular microstructures

A method for the fabrication of regular microstructures with a high aspect ratio (for example, X-ray gratings) by direct multibeam vector recording in layers of an SU-8 resist is presented. An X-ray beam with a wavelength from 0.4 to 1.7 Å is used for recording. The features of the method are described. The fabricated samples of regular microstructures of the SU-8 resist and gold-plated X-ray masks are presented as finished products.     

多光束扫描成像系统的像差分析

根据几何光学理论,志出多光束扫描成 综合像差方程,分析了导致离轴扫描线像差的入射光线与成像系统光轴夹角、转镜面数等因素,并研究了各单项偈关工的权重因子。基于上述多光束扫描成像的综合像差方程,分析并给出了校正离轴扫描线像差的特殊透镜所应具备的预畸变因子。     

Multibeam effects on fast-electron generation from two-plasmon-decay instability

Experiments with multiple laser beams have been carried out in both spherical and planar geometry to study two-plasmon-decay instability, the predominant source of suprathermal electrons in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion experiments. These electrons are observed using the hard x rays generated through electron-target interactions. The experiments show for the first time that the total overlapped intensity governs the scaling of the suprathermal-electron generation regardless of the number of overlapped beams, in contrast to conventional theories that are based on the single-beam approximation.     

Light scintillation in oceanic turbulence

The scintillation index of plane and spherical light waves as well as of a Gaussian beam, propagating in the clear-water weakly turbulent ocean, is revealed. The results are of utmost importance for underwater optical communications and sensing. An analysis of the threshold between the weak and strong regimes of oceanic turbulence is made, with the accent on the contribution from salinity-induced turbulence. It is found that strong oceanic turbulence can occur at distances as short as several meters, in striking contrast with atmospheric studies for which the typical distances are on the order of a kilometer.     

A note on the wigner distribution function

We rigorously prove that in general it is impossible to obtain a nonnegative phase-space distribution function through averaging a Wigner distribution function (WDF) over the finite phase-space cells. Moreover, we introduce a classification of WDFs according to the possibility of performing such an averaging procedure. Some examples of WDFs are also briefly discussed.     

Electron distribution function relaxation in monatomic gases

The authors discuss an analytic solution of the Boltzmann equation which describes the relaxation in time of the electron distribution function for electrons in a plasma derived from the monatomic gases He, Ne, Ar, and Xe. It is assumed that there are no perturbing forces on the electrons and that at t=0 they have a Maxwellian distribution function corresponding to an average energy of 2 eV. The electrons then lose energy through elastic collisions with neutrals and eventually energy-equilibrate with the neutrals, which are assumed to be cold. The evolution of the electron distribution function in time and velocity space is calculated for each gas. This model is approximately correct for the afterglow period of an electrical discharge in a monatomic gas. It is possible to calculate a time which is a measure of the decay time of the electron energy in an afterglow plasma