Thorpe尺度估算库尔勒、茂名、拉萨大气光学湍流廓线

在新疆库尔勒、广东茂名海边、西藏拉萨三个地区释放的探空气球, 实现了温度、气压、风速等常规气象参数以及大气折射率结构常数的廓线测量。基于Tatarski湍流参数化方案以及以上地区探空数据, 利用Thorpe尺度估算了新疆库尔勒、广东茂名海边、西藏拉萨三个地区的高空大气光学湍流廓线, 并将这三个地区实测的廓线与其对应的估算结果做了对比, 结果表明: 估算值与实测值在量级和变化趋势上表现出较好的一致性, 相关性分别为69%, 60%, 68%;Thorpe尺度相较于其他估算湍流廓线的参数化方法输入参数少、更简便。     

近地面湍流对整层湍流的贡献及相关研究

用由HTP-2型温度脉动仪和WXT520气象传感器组成的近地面参数测量系统以及大气相干长度仪的两年观测数据分析了西北高原地区近地面湍流。近地面参数测量系统分两层分别搭建在6 m和2 m高度上。温度脉动仪测量折射率结构常数,气象传感器测量常规气象参数,大气相干长度仪测量大气相干长度。分析结果表明:不同高度的折射率结构常数随高度按幂指数规律变化,白天幂指数平均值为-0.8,夜间为-0.3。用相干长度比评估近地面湍流层对整层湍流的贡献,结果表明:相干长度比有明显的日变化特征,白天小而夜间大;不同月份相干长度比日变化趋势和大小均不同。讨论了近地面局地视宁度与局地温差的关系,结果表明:局地视宁度和局地温差白天正相关,夜间负相关。     

近地面层大气折射率结构常数的模式研究

 运用Bulk方法对东南沿海和合肥一水库附近的折射率结构常数进行了估算，为避免海边海盐对金属丝的污染，用高精度超声风速仪替代温度脉动仪测量折射率结构常数。模式主要输入的参数有气温、地表面温度、湿度、风速及测量点高度。结果表明：运用Bulk方法估算折射率结构常数是可行的，相似性函数分别采用Frederickson公式与Thiermann公式，差别不大；直接测量海面上折射率结构常数比较困难，通过输入海表面温度、海面上的粗糙度长度以及适合的相似性函数，可用于估算海面上的折射率结构常数。     

湍流气象探空仪的研制及其性能分析

 最新研制的湍流气象探空仪是将温度脉动仪附加在常规气象探空仪上,实现了两路折射率结构常数、温湿压常规气象参数、温度谱等测量。通过在合肥和长春的实验表明该系统具有较高的测量精度和稳定性,在高空低温动态条件下探空仪系统噪声与温度脉动仪地面常温静态条件下的噪声相当。探空系统噪声引起的等效折射率结构常数小于2×10^-18 m^-2/3。能服务于激光传输、大气质量评价及天文台选址等相关领域对大气光学湍流研究的需要。     

戈壁地区近地面折射率结构常数统计特性分析

利用温度脉动仪对大气折射率结构常数进行测量,通过在铁塔上不同测量高度架设温度脉动仪,对戈壁地区近地面层开展长期连续测量。从各测量高度折射率结构常数的累积概率、偏度与峰度、季节变化、高度经验关系等四个方面对大量实验数据统计分析,结果表明:测量地区大气折射率结构常数白天和夜间的累积概率以18m为区别界限,表现出明显的不同;所有测量高度折射率结构常数的概率分布均表现出右偏、平峰特性;季节变化对低层折射率结构常数的影响更为明显;测量地区折射率结构常数随高度变化的经验公式表明,白天折射率结构常数随高度递减接近"-2/3"指数,夜间折射率结构常数的高度变化则是表现出层次性,低层折射率结构常数随高度递减接近"-0.16"指数,而高层变化则接近"-1.05"指数。     

超声波法测量大气折射率结构常数

 用AMK-02型超声波大气参数综合测量仪同时测量了常规气象参数和大气折射率结构常数C²_n,分析并找出了该仪器给出的C²_n在转换时刻与热丝温度脉动仪的测量结果差异较大的原因,是由于超声波法测量温度脉动精度太低,只能达到0.01 K。同时建立了另一种适用于超声波仪计算C²_n的方法,即利用该仪器准确的常规气象参数计算C²_n,其计算结果与热丝温度脉动仪的测量结果吻合较好。     

用常规气象参数估算光学湍流廓线方法的比较

 采用美国SPARC数据中心提供的高分辨率无线电探空数据,运用Tatarski公式,对由外尺度或湍流能量耗散率结合常规气象参数估算的折射率结构常数结果进行了比较,间接证明了Sterenborg将外尺度选取1 m时的合理性。并比较了Coulman和Dewan两个外尺度经验公式估算的折射率结构常数。对比分析表明：利用外尺度或湍流能量耗散,结合常规气象参数,都能够估算出折射率结构常数。因湍流能量耗散率观测十分困难,该方法的合理性和代表性需待实验检验。Coulman的外尺度公式只是简单的经验公式,其普适性也需实验检验。而Dewan的外尺度公式中含有实测风速参数,由对流层和平流层不同区域的外尺度公式估算的折射率结构常数相对合理。     

两种估算近海面大气光学湍流强度方法的比较

选取随船观测的三亚地区2016-01-06至2016-01-09连续4天的折射率结构常数C_n~2及温度、风速、相对湿度三种常规气象参数,基于后向传播神经网络和逐步回归理论,分别建立两种模型并对C_n~2进行了连续3天的估算。结果显示,两种模型估算的结果在变化趋势及量级上均符合近海面光学湍流的一般特征和变化规律,并且可以表现出C_n~2的基本日变化特征,整体相关系数分别为0.8661和0.8496。选取了平均绝对误差、平均相对误差、均方根方差以及相关系数等统计量来衡量估算结果。分析表明,两种模型均能准确地估算出近海面的C_n~2,但在夜间弱湍流发生时估算值略高于测量值。为进一步提高估算的准确度,需要改进模式在夜间的估算效果。     

基于风廓线雷达的光波段折射率结构常数方法研究与理论仿真EI北大核心CSCD

湍流对光在大气中的传播有重要影响。光波段折射率结构常数是描述湍流强度的物理量。通过风廓线雷达回波分析是研究湍流强度的新方法。利用风廓线雷达计算出湍流耗散率和平均风的垂直梯度,结合温度、气压等常规气象参数,可估算光波段折射率结构常数,计算的量级在10-18～10-13 m-2/3之间,符合实际情况,证明了方法的可行性。同时对不同等压面上压强梯度、温度梯度及湿度对折射率结构常数的影响进行了数值计算。结果表明,同一等压面上压强梯度改变对Cn2影响很小,可忽略不计;而温度梯度改变对结果有较大影响,故对温度廓线的测量有较高的精度要求;相对湿度10%～90%的变化对光波段折射率结构常数的影响低于一个量级,因此在晴空大气条件下,湿度项可以忽略。     

利用多源测量数据实时估算整层大气光学湍流

综合利用微波辐射计、风廓线雷达、自动气象站、温度脉动仪及历史探空资料等多源测量数据可实时估算整层大气光学湍流。本文通过构建实时大气参数廓线,计算边界层高度,在边界层和自由大气层分别采用指数递减模式和Dewan外尺度模式估算大气折射率结构常数（Cn2）廓线,拼接后积分实现了大气相干长度（r0）的实时估算,并与相干长度仪实测r0进行了对比。通过误差分析可知,r0的模式估算值与实测值在大气层结不稳定状态均方根误差最小,相关性较好,在稳定和近中性状态均方根误差较大,相关性较差,尤其在近中性状态均方根误差最大。研究结果表明,利用多源大气测量数据,采用分层估算的方法实时估算整层大气光学湍流是可行的,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

一个新的海边光学湍流外尺度和C_n~2的廓线模式

2016年12月13日至2017年1月2日期间,在茂名博贺海洋气象科学实验基地,采用自行研制的湍流气象探空仪,获取了30份海边温、湿、压、风速、风向和C_n~2等探空数据.基于HMNSP99外尺度模式,利用海边的探空数据拟合得到一个茂名大气光学湍流外尺度经验公式.同时对实验测得的高空湍流廓线数据进行统计平均,然后基于Hufnagel-Valley模式拟合得到符合海边湍流廓线规律的统计平均模式(C_n~2sea model).根据Tatarski高空湍流参数化方案,将用茂名外尺度公式估算的C_n~2分别与探空测量的C_n~2以及用其他外尺度模式估算的C_n~2进行了比较.对其进行统计性分析发现,利用新拟合的茂名外尺度公式、HMNSP99,Dewan以及(Coulman等外尺度模式计算的log10C_n~2)与实测值的整体相关系数分别为0.924,0.848,0.763和0.651,在变化趋势和量级上都表现出较好的一致性;以上四种外尺度模式估算结果的误差都很小,其整体平均绝对误差和平均相对误差分别为0.514和2.963%,0.627和3.612%,0.943和5.439%,0.766和4.417%,新拟合的外尺度模式的误差最小.进一步验证了新的海边外尺度和C_n~2廓线模式的可靠性和有效性,此外还发现高空大气光学湍流的发生与风切变和温度梯度具有十分密切的关系,为光电工程在海边场景应用所需的大气光学湍流廓线模式提供支持.     

近海边高空光学湍流的探空测量与模式比较

 用自行研制的探空仪测量了近海边高空湍流廓线。探空气球携带微温传感器以4 m·s-1速度上升至20 km测量大气湍流，微温传感器附加在59型气象探空仪上，可同时测量垂直空间分辨率为30 m的气压、温度和湿度以及折射率结构常数。运用Tatarskii公式计算了高空湍流外尺度，分析了边界层湍流和自由大气层湍流特征。与AFGL AMOS模式、Hufnagel模式以及北京天文台兴隆站的探空拟合曲线进行的比较发现，海边测量的高空湍流强度比其它模式大2个量级，折射率结构常数随高度从表面层较大值以近似相同的递减率缓慢地减小，对流层顶附近没有出现较强的湍流区，外尺度测量值小于30 m，并得到外尺度的拟合曲线。     

Added mass matrix estimation of beams partially immersed in water using measured dynamic responses

An added mass matrix estimation method for beams partially immersed in water is proposed that employs dynamic responses, which are measured when the structure is in water and in air. Discrepancies such as mass and stiffness matrices between the finite element model (FEM) and real structure could be separated from the added mass of water by a series of correction factors, which means that the mass and stiffness of the FEM and the added mass of water could be estimated simultaneously. Compared with traditional methods, the estimated added mass correction factors of our approach will not be limited to be constant when FEM or the environment of the structure changed, meaning that the proposed method could reflect the influence of changes such as water depth, current, and so on. The greatest improvement is that the proposed method could estimate added mass of water without involving any water-related assumptions because all water influences are reflected in measured dynamic responses of the structure in water. A five degrees-of-freedom (dofs) mass-spring system is used to study the performance of the proposed scheme. The numerical results indicate that mass, stiffness, and added mass correction factors could be estimated accurately when noise-free measurements are used. Even when the first two modes are measured under the 5 percent corruption level, the added mass could be estimated properly. A steel cantilever beam with a rectangular section in a water tank at Ocean University of China was also employed to study the added mass influence on modal parameter identification and to investigate the performance of the proposed method. The experimental results demonstrated that the first two modal frequencies and mode shapes of the updated model match well with the measured values by combining the estimated added mass in the initial FEM.     

Constraining extended theories of gravity using Solar System tests

Solar System tests give nowadays constraints on the estimated value of the cosmological constant, which can be accurately derived from different experiments regarding gravitational redshift, light deflection, gravitational time-delay and geodesic precession. Assuming that each reasonable theory of gravitation should satisfy Solar System tests, we use these limits on the estimated value of the cosmological constant to constrain extended theories of Gravity, which are nowadays studied as possible theories for cosmological models and provide viable solutions to the cosmological constant problem and the explanation of the present acceleration of the Universe. We obtain that the estimated values, from Solar System tests, for the parameters appearing in the extended theories of Gravity are orders of magnitude bigger than the values obtained in the framework of cosmologically relevant theories.     

一种新的自定标算法--图像变换法

提出了一种新的基于图像变换的自定标算法,由于绝对二次曲线的像的各个元素不在一个数量级上,导致自定标过程中对噪音极其敏感.该方法针对于这一缺点,首先估计一个内参矩阵,然后通过图像变换,使绝对二次曲线的像的各个元素在一个数量级上.理论分析及模拟图像序列和真实图像序列的实验结果表明,该自定标算法能够提高定标准确度及鲁棒性.     

Gravitational coupling,dynamical changes of units and the cosmological constant problem

A spacetime interval connecting two neighbouring points can be measured in different unit systems.For instance,it can be measured in atomic unit defined in terms of fundamental constants existing in quantum theories.It is also possible to use a gravitational unit which is defined by the use of properties of macroscopic objects.These two unit systems are usually regarded as indistinguishable up to a constant conversion factor.Here we consider the possibility that these two units are related by an epoch-dependent conversion factor.This is a dynamical changes of units.Regarding a conformal transformation as a local unit transformation,we use a gravitational model in which the gravitational and the matter sectors are given in different conformal frames(or unit systems).It is relevant to the cosmological constant problem,namely the huge discrepancy between the estimated and the observational values of the cosmological constant in particle physics and cosmology,respectively.We argue that the problem arises when one ignores evolution of the conversion factor relating the two units during expansion of the Universe.Connection of the model with violation of equivalence principle and possible variation of fundamental constants are also discussed.     

Fluorescence and phosphorescence properties of 2-cyano-6-methoxy and 2-cyano-7-methoxy naphthalene

Fluorescence and phosphorescence properties of 2-cyano-6-methoxy and 2-cyano-7-methoxy naphthalenes have been studied. It is observed that the experimentally measured fluorescence lifetimes of the two compounds are much smaller than, while their phosphorescence lifetimes are almost the same as, those of the parent naphthalene molecule. From the measured values of fluorescence quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime the intersystem crossing rate constants for the two molecules have been calculated. They are found to be ten times larger than that of naphthalene. On the other hand, the non-radiative triplet state decay rate constant in each of the two molecules is of the same magnitude as in the parent molecule.     

Direct mode-shape expansion of a spatially incomplete measured mode by a hybrid-vector modification

A direct estimation method for expanding incomplete experimental mode shapes is presented. The approach adopts a hybrid vector which includes measured data at master degrees of freedom (dofs) and constant values at slave dofs. The constant values are refined by a set of mode-correction factors. Modelling errors between the analytical model and tested structure are also considered by introducing a series of model-correction factors. Initial-guess values of the mode-correction factors are used to decouple the coupled constructed equations, and an iterative technique for solving these equations is proposed. The results from a five-degree-of-freedom mass–spring system indicate that the proposed approach provided a better performance than the commonly used existing expansion methods and can reliably estimate unmeasured components of mode shapes, even in cases with limited modal measurements and severe measurement noise. The performance of the proposed method was also investigated using real measurements from a steel cantilever-beam experiment. Experimental data were measured by 20 accelerometers mounted at the cantilever beam: among these accelerometers, three of these were assumed to be measured, and the others were used to check the estimation accuracy of the proposed method. The results show that the unmeasured components in the mode shapes were properly estimated by implementing the proposed method, even for high-frequency modes.     

Loudness relations for individuals and groups in normal and impaired hearing

Individual and group loudness relations were obtained at a frequency in the region of impaired hearing for 100 people, 98 with bilateral cochlear impairment. Slope distributions were determined from absolute magnitude estimation (AME) and absolute magnitude production (AMP) of loudness; they were also derived from cross-modality matching (CMM) and AME of apparent length. With respect to both the means and the individual slope values, the two distributions closely agree. More than half of the measured deviations are less than 20%, with an overall average of -1.5%, meaning that transitivity is preserved for bilaterally impaired individuals. Moreover, over the stimulus range where cochlear impairment steepens the loudness function, both the group means and the individual slope values are clearly larger than in normal hearing. The results also show that, for groups of people with approximately similar losses, the standard deviation is a nearly constant proportion of the mean slope value giving a coefficient of variation of about 27% in normal and impaired hearing. This indicates, in accord with loudness matching, that the size of the slopes depends directly on the degree of hearing loss. The results disclose that loudness measurements obtained by magnitude scaling are able to reveal the operating characteristic of the ear for individuals.