基团贡献法在估算反应热过程中的系统性验证及校正（英文）

在进行化工过程危险评估和安全设计时,反应热是一项非常重要的热力学参数。通常情况有两种方法获得反应热:量热法与估算法。相比来说,量热法的结果更精确,但所需时间和费用较多,也经常由于实验条件的限制无法进行;而估算法相比来说更便捷,但结果却不够准确。基团贡献法(GCM)就是一种常见的估算法。为了系统地研究估算法的准确度,从而使其能够在工业生产中对反应热进行初筛,本文分别通过量热实验法和GCM估算得到了包括11种常见反应类型在内的33个反应的反应热,并对结果进行了详细对比;按照反应类型对量热结果(Q_(calorimetry))和估算结果(Q_(GCM))之间的误差进行了总结;根据相对误差范围,反应类型被分为不同的组从而能够将Q_(GCM)校正为Q_(calorimetry);并且针对不同的反应类型,提出了一些校正系数将Q_(GCM)校正为Q_(recommended)(Q_r),使得GCM在工业应用中,量热方法不方便的时候可以服务生产。最后,本文对误差来源进行了详细的分析,并且为如何能够估算得更准确提出了一些建议。     

不同结构二元羧酸改性棉纤维铁配合物的制备和光催化性能

分别使用3种不同结构的二元羧酸[酒石酸(TA)、 苹果酸(MA)和丁二酸(SA)]对棉纤维改性引入羧基并与Fe ³⁺离子反应制备羧酸改性棉纤维铁配合物, 考察了二元羧酸结构和浓度对改性棉纤维的羧基含量(Q_COOH)及其铁配合物的铁配合量(Q_Fe)的影响. 研究了3种羧酸改性棉纤维铁配合物作为有机染料氧化降解反应和Cr(Ⅵ)还原反应光催化剂的性能. 结果表明, 改性棉纤维的Q_COOH值随羧酸浓度的增加而增加. 不含羟基的SA比2种羟基羧酸TA和MA能给棉纤维引入更多羧基, 而2种羟基羧酸改性棉纤维铁配合物则具有更高的Q_Fe值. 3种羧酸改性棉纤维铁配合物对染料氧化降解反应和Cr(Ⅵ)还原反应都表现出显著的光催化作用, 且随其Q_Fe和辐射光强度的提高而增强. TA改性棉纤维铁配合物比其它2种配合物具有更高的光催化活性. 3种配合物不但能将Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr(Ⅲ)离子, 而且还能将其部分吸附去除, MA改性棉纤维铁配合物具有较高的铬离子去除效率.     

稀散金属铟的离子液体EMIInCl4的热化学性质研究

在充满干燥氩气的手套箱中用直接混合等物质的量的EMIC(氯化1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑)和高纯无水InCl₃的方法, 制备了含稀散金属铟的离子液体EMIInCl₄. 在298.15 K下, 利用自行组装的具有恒温环境的溶解反应热量计, 测定了离子液体EMIInCl₄和EMIC在水中的反应溶解热, 并将这些实验数据按Pitzer方程作拟合, 分别得到了EMIInCl₄和EMIC的无限稀释摩尔溶解热Δ_sH_m⁰和Pitzer溶解焓参数. 根据溶解热和水化热数据, 估算了InCl₄^－(g)解离成In^3＋(g)和4Cl^－(g)的解离热, 还估算了反应: EMIC＋InCl₃→EMIInCl₄的摩尔反应热Δ_rH_m＝(－60.37±1.8) kJ•mol^－1. 在合成离子液体EMIInCl ₄中也观察到了放热现象, 这表明在合成过程中生成了InCl₄^－.     

碳氢燃料热裂解机理及化学动力学模拟

发动机设计中,燃烧室的热管理问题日益突出.其根源必然涉及到碳氢燃料的化学机理模型.讨论了大分子烃类燃料热裂解反应的反应类型,分析了各反应类型的详细动力学以及对热裂解反应的灵敏度、重要性.根据热裂解反应类型有限和基于物质的一维表示,开发了大分子烃类反应机理的自动生成程序ReaxGen.建立了相应的热、动力学数据库,探讨了如何建立碳氢燃料的详细热裂解化学动力学模型.最后我们建立了正庚烷热裂解反应的详细机理,并用该机理模型模拟预测了产物分布和转化率,理论上计算了热沉值.所得结果与文献结果进行对比讨论.     

HEH[EHP]从硫酸介质中萃取钴的反应热测定和热动力学性质

热动力学函数;微量量热法;HEH[EHP]从硫酸介质中萃取钴的反应热测定和热动力学性质     

三种测定蛋白质热稳定性方法的比较

蛋白质的热稳定性一般使用热变性中点温度(melting temperature,T_m)来表示,即蛋白质解折叠50%时的温度. 测定蛋白质T_m值的常用方法有差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)、圆二色光谱法(circular dichroism,CD)和差示扫描荧光法(differential scanning fluorimetry,DSF)等. 为了比较不同方法的检测特点和效果,选择了5种具有不同结构特点的蛋白,分别使用上述方法对其T_m值进行测定. 结果发现,三种方法测得的T_m值整体上较为一致,但也存在一定的差异. 研究还发现,结构更复杂的蛋白,并不一定具有更多T_m值.     

十二钨磷酸碱土金属盐与DMF和乙醇加合物的合成及反应热的测定

在非水溶剂中合成了十二钨磷酸碱土金属盐与DMF和EtOH的加合物Ca_3/2(PW₁₂O₄₀)·9DMF·EtOH、Sr_3/2(PW₁₂O₄₀)·8DMF·EtOH和Ba_3/2(PW₁₂O₄₀)·9DMF.通过元素分析和红外光谱确定了它们的组成和Keggin结构.测定了十二钨磷酸钙、十二钨磷酸锶和十二钨磷酸钡同DMF和EtOH的加合反应热.30℃下其反应热分别为-207.4±2.3、-197.1土5.4kJ/mol和-270.9±2.4kJ/mol.     

氟吗啉合成工艺热危险性及动力学研究

氟吗啉是一种新型杀菌剂, 合成工艺热危险性和动力学研究将解决工程问题, 并保障安全生产. 采用差示扫描量热-热重分析仪(DSC-TG)测试主要原料、中间体和产品的热稳定性, 采用反应量热仪(RC1)研究反应热行为, 同时开展反应动力学研究. 研究结果显示, 主要中间体(3,4-二甲氧基苯基)(4-氟苯基)甲酮吸热分解温度为559.3 K, 乙酰吗啉吸热分解温度为478.2 K, 氟吗啉吸热分解温度为638.6 K. 氟吗啉合成反应摩尔放热量为15.44 kJ/mol, 绝热温升ΔT_ad为9.1 K, 本研究合成工艺的热危险性较小. 氟吗啉合成反应动力学方程为：r_A=kc_A^a=8.34×10^-3C_A^0.57, 对主要中间体(3,4-二甲氧基苯基)(4-氟苯基)甲酮的反应级数为0.57 级.     

工业混合碱各组分含量测定——一种综合型实验方案设计

利用两类双指示剂法、BaCl₂法和电位滴定法等4种实验方法,分别测定了工业混合碱I (NaOH+Na₂CO₃)和混合碱II (Na₂CO₃+NaHCO₃)溶液中NaOH、Na₂CO₃与NaHCO₃等3种成分的质量浓度(即单位体积溶液中组分质量)。计算和比较了不同分析方法测定结果的误差和标准偏差,对不同分析方法测定结果进行了显著性检验,并分析了产生误差及造成显著性差异的原因。结果表明：电位滴定法的准确度和精密度均较好,BaCl₂法的准确度和精密度较差;BaCl₂法与其他3种方法测定结果的数据之间存在显著性差异。本文内容不仅对工业混合碱中各组分含量测定方法提供了一个参考,而且为酸碱滴定实验教学提供了一个综合型实验项目的设计方案。     

表面活性剂分子间弱相互作用的直接能量表征——高灵敏等温滴定量热法

分子间弱相互作用热力学研究的直接实验方法就是利用量热手段测定相互作用的能量参数. 本文对TAM III-ITC 纳焦级量热计进行了电标定实验和标准反应热测量, 结果显示本量热计的精密度为±0.09%; 量热用基准物质三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)与盐酸的反应热((-47.48±0.12) kJ·mol^-1)与文献值一致. 采用此量热计,对典型的头-尾链型阳离子表面活性剂十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)测量得到了与文献报导值很好吻合的临界胶束浓度(cmc)和胶束化焓, 而且对具有亲水-疏水面式刚性结构的生物表面活性剂胆酸钠(NaC)也获得了可靠的结果. 进一步地, 对于相反电荷的混合表面活性剂体系(DTAB/NaC), 分别研究了在富NaC区和富DTAB区体系混合胶束的形成. 结果说明DTAB/NaC混合表面活性剂体系在富NaC区有较强的协同效应, 而在富DTAB区的协同效应较弱. 本文结合电导率测定结果, 对DTAB/NaC混合体系在水溶液中的分子自组装热力学行为进行了有价值的讨论.     

Comparison of Experimental Techniques for Measuring Isosteric Heat of Adsorption

Experimental measurements of heats of adsorption published in the literature are often in disagreement; differences of 10–20% are common. The three most widely used experimental methods are: (1) differentiation of adsorption isotherms at constant loading; (2) measurement of adsorption isosteres; (3) calorimetry. Results from these methods were compared for the systems nitrogen on CaA, oxygen on CaA, and carbon dioxide on NaX. Although the same materials and similar degassing procedures were used for all experiments, calorimetric heats are about 2 kJ/mol higher than the heats from isoteric measurements. Additional experiments are needed to bring these methods into exact agreement.     

吡唑酮型成品红成色剂的照相活性与化学结构之关系

本文合成了七种典型的吡唑酮型成品红成色剂、根据Brand提出彩色显影方程γ=Alogτ+B,测定了这些成色剂的照相活性A。作者论证了在相同显影条件下,A值与吡唑酮型成品红成色剂彩色显影的偶合速度成正比。另外,作者运用SCF-PPP-MO方法计算了吡唑酮型成品红成色剂模型分子中偶合位置上的电子密度、超离域度及定域能等反应参数,发现lnA与电子密度具有较好的线性关系,其关系式为: lnA=15.97Q_r,-18.03 (n=6,r=0.95) 从而得出:彩色显影偶合反应是静电作用控制的。     

Determining the wax content of crude oils by using differential scanning calorimetry

By the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a new method to measure the wax content of crude oil has been developed. In this paper, the wax content of a crude oil is proposed and proved to be the Q (total thermal effect of wax precipitation in sample) ratio of the crude oil and its corresponding wax obtained by using standard acetone method, i.e. Q_oil/Q_wax. For the 14 studied crude oils with the wax content ranging from 1 to 27 wt.%, the wax contents determined by the presented method are in good agreement with those determined by standard acetone method, with an absolute average deviation of only 0.82 wt.%. This method has an advantage over reported DSC methods in which the exact dissolution or precipitation enthalpy of wax is a must. It is also found that the wax contents determined by either of the two methods show good linear relationship with the total thermal effect Q_oil, with the correlation coefficients over 0.96. According to the empirical correlations, the wax content of a crude oil can be easily determined by using the DSC total thermal effect Q_oil. In addition and more significantly, the new method can be applied to improve the accuracy in determining the amount of precipitated wax in a waxy crude oil at different temperatures.     

Thermochemische untersuchungen an nitraminen

Heats of combustion of seven nitramines were determined by calorimetric measurement from which standard enthalpies of formation could be derived. By means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) heats of fusion were measured of those substances which have a fusion point below their decomposition temperature (tetryl, methyltetryl, ethyltetryl). Heats of transformation of the four known polymorphic forms of octogen were ascertained. Specific heats (C_p) of the seven compounds are indicated for the temperature region from ?7O°C up to beginning decomposition.     

Geminale substituenteneffekte : Teil I. Thermochemie von 1-nitro-, 2-nitro-, 2,2-dinitro-und 2-cyano-2-nitroadamantan

The heats of combustion of 1-nitroadamantane (1), 2-nitroadamantane (2), 2,2-di-nitroadamantane (3) and 2-cyano-2-nitroadamantane (4) were measured by combustion calorimetry, and the heats of sublimation were derived from the temperature dependence of the vapour pressure measured in a flow system. The results for ΔH^XXX_c(c) and ΔH_Sub (in kJ mol⁻¹, standard deviation in parentheses) are: 1, −5824.1 (±2.2) and 63.6 (±1.0); 2, −5841.0 (±2.2) and 58.0 (±2.3); 3, −5685.2 (±1.0) and 96.4 (±1.4); 4, −6238.4 (±1.5) and 70.0 (±1.9).

A comparison of the resulting heats of formation ΔH^XXX_f(g) (in kJ mol⁻¹, standard deviation in parentheses) for 1 = −191.1 (± 2.4), 2 = −179.8 (±3.2), 3 = −154.3 (±1.7) and 4 = −21.0 (±2.5) reveals a destabilizing interaction of the geminal substituents in 3 and 4 amounting to 59 kJ mol⁻¹ (nitro/nitro) and 33 kJ mol⁻¹ (nitro/cyano) respectively.     

Solution calorimetry to monitor swelling and dissolution of polymers and polymer blends

The observed rate of drug release from a polymeric drug delivery system is governed by a combination of diffusion, swelling and erosion. It is thus not a simple task to determine the effects of the polymer on the observed drug release rate, because the swelling characteristics of the polymer are inferred from the drug release profile. Here we propose to use solution calorimetry to monitor swelling. Powdered polymer samples (HPMC E4M, K4M, K15M and NaCMC, both alone and in a blend) were dispersed into water or buffer (pH 2.2 and 6.8 McIlvaine citrate buffers) in a calorimeter and the heat associated with the swelling phenomena (hydration, swelling, gelation and dissolution) was recorded. Plots of normalised cumulative heat (i.e. q_t/Q, where q_t is the heat released up to time t and Q the total amount of heat released) versus time were analysed by the power law model, in which a fitting parameter, n, imparts information on the mechanism of swelling.

For all systems the values of n were greater than 1, which indicated that dissolution occurred immediately following hydration of the polymer. However, while not suitable for determining reaction mechanism, the values of n for each polymer were significantly different and, moreover, were observed to vary both as a function of particle size and dissolution medium pH. Thus, the values of n may serve as comparative parameters. Properties of the polymer blends were observed to be different from those of either constituent and correlated with the behaviour seen for polymer tablets during dissolution experiments. The data imply that solution calorimetry could be used to construct quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) and hence to optimise selection of polymer blends for specific applications.     

The use of advanced calorimetric techniques in polymer synthesis and characterization

Progress in the understanding of polymer synthesis, including the crucial step of initiation and undesired side reactions, and in characterization of polymers, especially their thermal behaviour, are directly related to advances in calorimetric technologies.

In polymer synthesis, since polymerization reactions are highly exothermic, reaction calorimetry (RC) is an appropriate technique for on-line process monitoring. Measurements are non-invasive, rapid, and straightforward. Viscosity increase and fouling at the reactor wall are typical features of many polymerizations. The global heat transfer coefficient, UA, also changes drastically when viscosity increases and affects the accuracy of calorimetric measurements. Our approach was focused on oscillating temperature calorimetry (TOC). Reactions were performed with two different reaction calorimeters, i.e. an isoperibolic calorimeter and a Calvet-type high sensitivity differential calorimeter, respectively. Special attention was paid to the interpretation of the measured signals to obtain reliable calorimetric data. The evolution of heat transfer coefficient was followed by performing two Joule effect calibration experiments, before and after the reaction, and the two values interpolated to obtain the desired profile of UA. A differentiation method based on the convolution of the measured heat flow by the generated one was used for determining the time constants and deconvoluting the measured heat flow.

With respect to polymer characterization, pressure-controlled scanning calorimetry, also called scanning transitiometry, is now a well established technique. The transitiometer was coupled to an ultracryostat to work at low temperature. The assembly was used to follow the pressure effect on phase change phenomena such as fusion/crystallization and glass transition temperature T_g of low molecular weight substances or high molecular weight polymers.     

Bilanz-reaktionskalorimetrie

Reaction calorimetry is used to investigate chemical or physical reactions under realistic process conditions.The capabilities of the measuring system and the versatility of the evaluation principle are described at a simple example: dosing of cold water into the warmer reactor and heating up of the reactor content.The base of the calorimetric computations are the complete mass and heat balances. Hence the known heat fluxes can be used to give the true heat production rate of the reaction, as the example shows.The results demonstrate that even for chemical systems which produce (or consume) rather small amounts of heat, still high precision of the calorimetric data can be achieved.