立方体纳米Cu2O表面热力学函数的粒度及温度效应

液相还原法合成了4种粒度在40-120 nm的立方体纳米氧化亚铜（Cu₂O）。利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、显微拉曼光谱仪和场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）对纳米Cu₂O的物相组成及形貌结构进行了表征。采用原位微热量技术实时获取纳米/块体Cu₂O与HNO₃反应过程的热动力学信息,结合热化学循环及动力学过渡态理论计算得到纳米Cu₂O的表面热力学函数。在薛永强等建立的无内孔球形纳米颗粒的热力学模型基础上,发展了立方体纳米颗粒的热力学模型。最后由理论结合实验结果分析了粒度和温度对表面热力学函数的影响规律及原因。结果表明,摩尔表面Gibbs自由能、摩尔表面焓和摩尔表面熵均随粒度减小而增大,且与粒度的倒数呈线性关系,这与立方体热力学模型规律一致;随着温度的升高,摩尔表面焓和摩尔表面熵均增大,摩尔表面Gibbs自由能则减小。本文不仅丰富和发展了纳米热力学基本理论,还为纳米材料表面热力学研究及应用提供了方法和思路。     

立方体纳米Cu2O吸附热力学及动力学的粒度效应研究

采用不同粒径的单一(100)晶面的立方体纳米Cu₂O作为模型材料, 研究了粒径和温度对其吸附动力学和吸附热力学性质的影响规律. 基于已建立的纳米材料吸附热力学和动力学理论, 推导出了单一(100)晶面立方体纳米Cu₂O材料的吸附热力学和吸附动力学性质与粒径之间的关系式. 实验结果与理论预测结果一致: 随着纳米Cu₂O粒径的减小, 吸附速率常数增大而吸附活化能和吸附指前因子减小; 标准摩尔吸附Gibbs自由能 Δ_a $G^{\rlap{-}0}_{m}$减小而标准吸附平衡常数ln $K^{\rlap{-}0}$、 标准摩尔吸附焓 Δ_a $H^{\rlap{-}0}_{m}$和标准摩尔吸附熵 Δ_a$S^{\rlap{-}0}_{m}$均增大, 且以上参数均与粒度的倒数具有较好的线性关系.     

纳米氧化铜的粒度对多相反应动力学参数的影响

本文提出了纳米体系多相反应动力学活化能的模型，并以纳米氧化铜与硫酸氢钠溶液的反应为体系，研究了反应物粒度对动力学参数的影响规律，讨论了表观活化能降低的原因。结果表明：反应物粒度对多相反应的反应级数、速率常数、表观活化能和指前因子均有较大的影响；随着反应物粒径的减小，表观活化能和指前因子减小,而反应级数和速率常数增大，并且速率常数和表观活化能与反应物粒径的倒数呈线性关系；这些影响规律与理论模型是一致的。另外，还发现反应物粒度是通过摩尔表面积、摩尔表面能和摩尔表面熵影响多相反应的动力学参数的。     

5-氯水杨醛缩2,5-二甲基苯胺的液相生成反应的热动力学

采用RD496-CK2000微热量计测定了5-氯水杨醛缩2,5-二甲基苯胺(CHMB)的液相生成反应热动力学曲线。根据物理化学的基本原理推导的等温等压下不可逆化学反应的热动力学研究方程,计算了该反应的热动力学参数(活化焓、活化熵及活化自由能)、速率常数和动力学参数(表观活化能、指前因子及反应级数)。     

粒度对多相反应动力学参数的影响

以纳米氧化锌与硫酸氢钠溶液为反应体系, 研究反应物粒度对动力学参数的影响规律. 讨论了表观活化能降低的原因. 结果表明：当反应物粒径、反应温度和搅拌速率一定时, 纳米氧化锌与硫酸氢钠溶液的反应速率仅与反应物的浓度有关；反应物粒度对多相反应的反应级数、速率常数、表观活化能和指前因子均有较大的影响；随着反应物粒径的减小, 表观活化能和指前因子减小, 而反应级数和速率常数增大, 并且速率常数和表观活化能与反应物粒径的倒数呈线性关系；反应物粒度是通过摩尔表面积、摩尔表面能和摩尔表面熵三个方面影响多相反应的动力学参数的.     

组氨酸锌配合物生成反应的热动力学研究

用微量量热法对醋酸锌与组氨酸在水中的反应进行了热动力学研究。通过实验和计算得出了该反应的热动力学参数 (活化焓、活化熵、活化自由能 )、速率常数和三种动力学参数 (活化能、指前因子及反应级数 )。并对温度改变对该反应的影响及配合物的合成条件进行了讨论。     

硫酸锌与组氨酸固液反应的热动力学研究

用微热量计对硫酸锌与组氨酸在水中的固液反应进行了热动力学研究。通过实验和计算得出了该反应的热动力学参数（活化焓,活化熵及活化自由能）,速率常数和动力学参数（活化能,指前因子及反应级数）,并对温度改变对该反应的影响及配合物的合成条件进行了讨论。     

化学反应的热动力学方程及其应用

材料学、电子学和计算机技术促进了微量热计对“动态热化学”的研究,该原理被应用于RD496-Ⅲ型微量热计中,由其得到的热动力学数据,依物理化学的基本原理可推导出等温等压下不可逆化学反应的热动力学研究方程,从中可简便地求出所研究反应的热动力学参数(活化焓、活化熵及活化自由能),速率常数和动力学参数(表观活化能、指前因子及反应级数),并以实验示例说明其应用。     

用微量热法研究亚甲基蓝与溴酸根的氧化还原反应的热动力学

用微热量计对亚甲基蓝与溴酸根在水中的氧化还原反应进行了热动力学研究.根据在微量热计上测得的数据和算得该反应的热力学参数(活化焓、活化熵及活化自由能)、数率常数和动力学参数(活化能、指前因子及反应级数),对此反应的机理也作了探讨.     

花生状微/纳米CaMoO_4的表面热力学性质

采用室温反相微乳液法制备了3种不同尺寸的花生状微/纳米CaMoO4.基于纳米CaMoO4与块体CaMoO4热力学性质的本质差异,结合化学热力学基本理论及热动力学原理,推导出纳米CaMoO4摩尔表面热力学函数的关系式.在此基础上,采用原位微量热技术获得了花生状微/纳米CaMoO4的摩尔表面热力学函数.结果表明,花生状微/纳米CaMoO4的表面热力学性质变化具有尺寸效应,即随着尺寸的减小,摩尔表面焓、摩尔表面Gibbs自由能、摩尔表面熵均增加.     

Ag3PO4微晶表面热力学函数的温度及形貌效应

在室温下采用离子交换法制备了四足状、 立方体状和十二面体状Ag₃PO₄微晶及Ag₃PO₄块体, 并进行了表征. 以Ag₃PO₄微/纳米和块体材料热力学性质的区别为基础, 结合化学热力学理论和热动力学基本原理, 导出摩尔表面热力学关系式. 在此基础上, 采用原位微量热技术获取Ag₃PO₄的化学反应动力学信息和表面热力学函数, 讨论了形貌和温度对表面热力学性质变化的影响. 结果表明, 四足状Ag₃PO₄的摩尔表面焓(\begin{array}{c}{H}_m^s\end{array})、 摩尔表面Gibbs自由能(\begin{array}{c}{G}_m^s\end{array})和摩尔表面熵(\begin{array}{c}{S}_m^s\end{array})最大, 立方体状次之, 十二面体状最小; \begin{array}{c}{H}_m^s\end{array}和\begin{array}{c}{S}_m^s\end{array}随温度的升高而增大, \begin{array}{c}{G}_m^s\end{array}则随温度的升高而减小.     

A Thermochemical Study on Complex Nickel（Ⅲ）L—α—Histidine

The formation enthalpy ofcomplex nickel(Ⅱ）-histidine(His)in water was determined by means of microcalorimetry in the temperature range of 298.15-323.15K.The standard enthalpy of the formation of Ni(His)2^2 (aq) was calculated.On the basis of the experimental and the calculated results,three thermodynamic parameters(the activation enthaly,the activation entropy and the activation free energy),the rate constants,three kinetic parameters(the apparent activation energy,the pre-exponential constant and the reaction order)of the formation reaction of the title complex were obtained.     

粒度对纳米体系化学反应热力学性质的影响

为了研究纳米粒子的粒度对化学反应热力学性质的影响规律, 以球形原子簇来模拟纳米金刚石颗粒, 用量子化学方法对粒度不同的金刚石纳米粒子与氧气反应的热力学性质进行了计算. 结果表明, 粒度对多相反应的标准摩尔反应焓△rH0m、标准摩尔反应熵△rS0m、标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数△rG0m和标准平衡常数K0均有明显的影响, 随着反应物粒径的减小, △rH0m、△rS0m和△rG0m均降低,而K0增大. 这些影响规律与实验结果基本一致.     

Thermodynamics of nanoadsorption from solution: Theoretical and experimental research

In this study, the effect of nanoparticle size on adsorption thermodynamics was investigated. The results of theoretical and experimental studies show that particle size significantly affects the equilibrium constant and thermodynamic properties of nanoadsorption. Relationships between the equilibrium constant, thermodynamic properties and particle size were derived using the thermodynamic theory of nanoadsorption. The equilibrium constant and thermodynamic properties were obtained by investigating the adsorption of Cu²⁺ onto different sizes of nano-ZnO and the adsorption of Ag⁺ onto different sizes of nano-TiO₂. Good agreement was achieved between results obtained by experiments and predicted by theoretical analyses. The equilibrium constant and the molar Gibbs free energy of nanoadsorption were found to increase with smaller nanoparticle size. However, the effects of particle size on the molar enthalpy and the molar entropy are uncertain. In addition, the molar Gibbs free energy, the molar enthalpy, the molar entropy and the logarithm of the equilibrium constant are linearly related to the reciprocal of the diameter of the nanoparticle. The thermodynamic properties revealed in this study may provide important guidelines for research and application in the field of nanoadsorption.     

尺寸效应对氧化锌微/纳体系热力学性质的影响

采用微乳液水热辅助法合成了三种不同尺寸的手榴弹状ZnO 微/纳结构. 通过设计热化学循环, 建立了纳米ZnO与块体ZnO体系热力学性质之间的关系. 并结合微量热技术对不同尺寸ZnO微/纳体系的热力学性质进行了计算. 结果表明, 尺寸效应对微/纳体系热力学性质有显著的影响: 随着反应物尺度的减小, 体系的标准摩尔反应焓、标准摩尔反应Gibbs 自由能、标准摩尔反应熵均降低, 而材料自身的标准摩尔生成焓、标准摩尔生成Gibbs 自由能、标准摩尔熵均增加.     

Size effect on thermodynamic properties of CaMoO4 micro/nano materials and reaction systems

CaMoO₄ micro/nano hollow spheres with three different sizes were prepared via a reverse-microemulsion route at room temperature. Through designing a novel thermochemical cycle, the relationship between thermodynamic properties of nano CaMoO₄ and bulk CaMoO₄ was built. Combined with in situ microcalorimetry, change regularities for the thermodynamic properties of the prepared CaMoO₄ micro/nano materials and reaction systems were obtained. The results reveal that size effect has significant influence on thermodynamic properties of micro/nano materials and reaction systems. Along with the size decreasing, the standard molar enthalpy, standard molar Gibbs free energy and standard molar entropy of reaction of micro/nano reaction systems decreased, but the standard molar enthalpy of formation, standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation and standard molar entropy of micro/nano materials increased.     

Thermodynamic properties and equilibrium constant of chemical reaction in nanosystem: An theoretical and experimental study

The theoretical relations of thermodynamic properties, the equilibrium constant and reactant size in nanosystem are described. The effects of size on thermodynamic properties and the equilibrium constant were studied using nanosize zinc oxide and sodium bisulfate solution as a reaction system. The experimental results indicated that the molar Gibbs free energy, the molar enthalpy and the molar entropy of the reaction decrease, but the equilibrium constant increases with decreasing reactant size. Linear trends were observed between the reciprocal of size for nano-reactant and thermodynamic variable, which are consistent with the theoretical relations.     

A Thermochemical Study on Complex Nickel(Ⅱ) L-α-Histidine

IntroductionNickel is an essential trace biological element.L-α- Amino acids are the structural units of pro-teins.L- α- Histidine is one of the eight species ofamino acids which have to be absorbed from foodbecause they are not synthesized by organism.Thus,the investigation on the complexation ofnickel and L -α- histidine is of considerable practicaland fundamental importance.For the nickel com-plexes of amino acids,more extensive work hasbeen carried out[1— 3 ] . However,the thermochem…