部分水解聚丙烯酰胺与蠕虫状胶束在微米级毛细管中的驱替粘度（英文）

部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAMs)被大量地用作三次采油中驱替液的增稠剂,表面活性剂在一定的条件下可以通过自组装形成蠕虫状胶束,具有与高分子相似的增稠的作用。本文在半径为1–10μm的毛细管中,分别考察了HPAMs与蠕虫状胶束的微观驱替行为,研究结果表示毛细管内腔的尺寸限制了这些非牛顿流体的增稠作用。随着毛细管半径的减小,聚合物溶液的剪切变稀越剧烈,甚至从非牛顿流体转变为牛顿流体的流体行为。结合驱替研究和超滤、电镜的结果,证明了高分子的缠绕结构在毛细管中已被破坏。通过对比驱替数据,蠕虫状胶束在毛细管中能够更大程度地保留宏观的粘度,我们提出表面活性剂能够通过自组装修复被破坏的缠绕结构,比高分子聚合物在微观有限空间中有更好的增稠能力。     

聚丙烯酰胺稀溶液的粘度与剪切速率的关系的研究

聚丙烯酰胺稀溶液的粘度与剪切速率的关系的研究陈九顺，刘忠义，刘波，张艳红（黑龙江大学化学系，哈尔滨，１５００８０）关键词聚丙烯酰胺，部分水解聚丙烯酰胺，粘度，剪切速率水溶性高聚物聚丙烯酰胺（ＰＡＭ）和部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（ＰＨＰ）的水溶液是一种假塑性流...     

粘度法测定部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的分子量

在 2 5℃、浓度为 1mol L的NaCl水溶液中 ,测定了聚合度 (DP)为 1 48× 10 3～ 3 79× 10 4的聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM)及其水解度 (h)在 0 %～ 70 %之间的部份水解聚丙烯酰胺 (HPAM)的特性粘度 ([η]) .根据聚电解质理论和Kowblansky的研究结果 ,建立了特性粘度 [η]与聚合度DP、水解度h之间的定量关系式 :[η]=0 1113DP0 83 2 9+0 9973DP0 753 1 (1- 0 81h1 2 )h .用该式处理方献数据 ,其平均误差为 13 74%     

化学驱油过程中部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的二级结构研究

高分子量聚丙烯酰胺水溶液因其显著的增粘作用与粘弹性而在三次采油中得到广泛应用 .多年来大庆油田采用注入部分水解聚丙烯酰胺 (HPAM)水溶液驱油 ,实践证明 ,此法可大幅度提高原油采出率[1,2 ] .关于聚丙烯酰胺及其部分水解产物 (结构上等价于丙烯酰胺与丙烯酸的无规共聚物 )的链结构评价及其同高价离子的络合作用已有一些报道 [3～ 6] .在聚合物驱油过程中 ,HPAM水溶液在地下岩层中流动时间较长 ,实验室难以模拟 ,有关 HPAM流经地下岩层后的结构研究尚未见报道 .评价化学驱油油田矿场采出液中 HPAM的链结构 ,并探讨其结构变化机理…     

絮凝处理对聚驱污水中部分水解聚丙烯酰胺浓度的影响

用常见无机和有机絮凝剂处理了聚驱污水,分别考察了絮凝剂单剂和复配处理后聚驱污水中残余部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)质量浓度和透光率随絮凝剂剂量的变化.结果表明:采用无机絮凝剂处理聚驱污水时,残余HPAM质量浓度随絮凝剂剂量增加先减小后增大;采用有机絮凝剂处理聚驱污水时,残余HPAM质量浓度随絮凝剂剂量增加而线性增加.将无机絮凝剂与无机絮凝剂复配使用,则残余HPAM质量浓度与透光率成反比;将无机絮凝剂与有机絮凝剂复配使用,则残余HPAM质量浓度取决于复配体系中阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)的添加量.     

三羟甲基苯酚与部分水解聚丙烯酰胺成胶机理研究

采用13C固体核磁共振技术、X-射线电子能谱及红外光谱技术对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)与三羟甲基苯酚交联前后的结构进行了表征,发现体系中生成仲胺基团的同时伯胺基团有所减少;进一步采用两种表征手段对一系列交联样品进行了测试,定量地计算了仲胺基团含量的增加和伯胺基团含量的减少,得到一致的结果;在此基础上提出了水溶性酚醛交联剂与HPAM的交联机理.     

注聚过程中预交联部分水解聚丙烯酰胺凝胶颗粒的防窜性能

针对地层非均质性所造成的注聚过程中聚合物的窜流,研究了东营预交联凝胶颗粒(DY)和辽河预交联凝胶颗粒(LH)的膨胀性能和封窜性能.结果表明,与LH相比,膨胀倍数合适并具有一定强度和黏弹性的DY具有更好的防窜性能,其突破压力为0.18 MPa/0.09m;二者使得高渗透层和低渗透层的采收率分别提高至20.26%和53.75%.     

部分水解聚丙烯酰胺在多孔介质中的静态吸附研究——水解度对吸附量的影响

部分水解聚丙烯酰胺在多孔介质中的静态吸附研究———水解度对吸附量的影响杨继萍李惠生黄鹏程（北京理工大学化工与材料学院北京１０００８１）（北京航空航天大学材料科学与工程系北京１０００８３）关键词部分水解聚丙烯酰胺，水解度，多孔介质，静态吸附聚合物作为...     

Eu／TiO2光催化降解部分水解聚丙烯酰胺影响因素研究

考查了以四异氧丙基钛(TTIP)为钛源,采用溶胶-凝胶的合成方法制备Eu掺杂TiO2纳米晶催化剂.运用X射线粉体衍射光谱仪(XRD)检测到制备的复合物具有锐钛矿晶型、透射电镜(TEM)和N2吸附表征催化剂的形貌和吸附特性:Eu/TiO2纳米晶粒子分散均匀,平均粒径为9 nm左右.比表面积107 m2/g,孔体积0.5 cm3/g、孔径14.0 nm.此外,研究了在紫外光作用下催化条件对光催化降解部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的影响,如:光催化时间、催化剂的浓度、HAPM的初始浓度、反应的pH值及Na2CO3,NaHCO3和NaCl浓度对催化的影响.结果表明,除NaCl外,其它条件对HPAM的催化降解均有显著的影响.增加催化时间、最佳的催化剂浓度、pH~6和较低的初始浓度有利于催化反应的进行.     

乙酸乙酯/乙醇混合溶液中分散聚合制备单分散亚微米级聚丙烯酰胺微球

以乙酸乙酯/乙醇混合溶液为分散介质, PVP为分散剂, 通过分散聚合法合成了单分散亚微米级PAM微球. 在反应初期, 自动加速现象明显. 由于凝胶效应的影响, 分子量随着单体转化率的提高而逐渐增大. 考察了分散剂浓度对最终产物增率的影响, 并用IR光谱对产物的结构进行了表征, 证明分散聚合体系中吸附稳定机理和接枝稳定机理同时存在, 且以后者为主. 同时还研究了混合溶剂比例、分散剂浓度、初始单体浓度和引发剂浓度对微球粒径及粒径分布的影响. 结果表明, 乙酸乙酯/乙醇体积比在5∶5-7∶3范围内, 可得到粒径在200 nm左右, 且分布较窄的PAM微球; 分散剂浓度增大, 粒径减小; 引发剂浓度增加, 粒径增大; 初始单体浓度较高或较低时, 都得不到单分散性微球.     

Micelle and Solvent Relaxation in Aqueous Sodium Dodecylsulfate Solutions

Dielectric spectra have been measured for aqueous sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) solutions up to 0.1 mol L^?1 at 25 °C over the frequency range 0.005≤ν GHz^?1≤89. The spectra exhibit two relaxation processes at approximately 0.03 GHz and 0.2 GHz associated with the presence of micelles in addition to the dominant solvent relaxation process at approximately 18 GHz and a small contribution at approximately 1.8 GHz due to H₂O molecules hydrating the micelles. Detailed analysis reveals that the micelles bind 20 water molecules per SDS unit, but not as strongly as trimethylalkylammonium halide surfactants do. The relaxation times and amplitudes of both micelle relaxation processes can be simultaneously analysed with the theory of Grosse, yielding the effective volume of a SDS unit in the micelle and the lateral diffusion coefficient of the bound counterions. The findings of this investigation fully corroborate recent molecular dynamics simulations on structure and dynamics of SDS micelles.     

Wormlike Micelle Formation and Rheological Behavior in the Aqueous Solutions of Mixed Sulfate Gemini Surfactant without Spacer Group and Dodecyltrimethylammonium Bromide

The rheological behavior of the aqueous solutions of mixed sulfate gemini surfactant with no spacer group, referred to as d‐C₁₂S, and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C₁₂TABr) at a total concentration of 100 mmol·L⁻¹ but different molar ratios of C₁₂TABr to d‐C₁₂S (α₁) was investigated using steady rate and frequency sweep measurements. The wormlike micelles were formed over a narrow α₁ range of 0.20–0.27. The viscoelastic solutions exhibited Maxwell fluid behavior. At the optimum molar ratio of 0.25, the zero‐shear viscosity was as high as 600 Pa·s and the length of the mixed wormlike micelle was about 0.45–0.85 µm. The present result provides an example to construct long wormlike micelles by anionic gemini surfactant.     

Interaction and Stability of Mixed Micelle and Monolayer of Nonionic and Cationic Surfactant Mixtures

Interaction and stability of binary mixtures of cationic surfactants hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) or hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HPyBr) with nonionic surfactant decanoyl-N-methyl-glucamide (Mega-10) have been studied at different mole fraction of cationic surfactants by using interfacial tension measurements and fluorescence probe techniques. From interfacial tension measurements, the critical micellar concentration and various interfacial thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated. The experimental cmc's were analyzed with the pseudophase separation model, the regular solution theory, and the Maeda's approach. These approaches allowed us to determine the interaction parameter and composition in the mixed state. By using the static quenching method, the mean micellar aggregation numbers of pure and mixed micelles of HTAB + Mega-10 were obtained. It has been observed that the aggregation number of mixed micelles deviates negatively from the ideal behavior. The micropolarity of the micelle was monitored with pyrene fluorescence intensity ratio and found to be increase with the increase of ionic content. The polarization of fluorescence probe Rhodamine B was monitored at different mole fraction of cationic surfactants.     

In-situ Preparation of Integrated Polymeric Pora-U PLOT Columns and their Applications in Gas Chromatography

Summary A new method is described to prepare polymeric porous-layer open-tubular (PLOT) columns by using a two-step in-situ polymerization technology. The integrated method involves a straightforward in-situ polymerization of the monomer. By using -(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate as a bridge, the porous polymer is bonded to the columns inner wall, and this polymer is crosslinked so the whole polymer looks like a single moleculer. The new column avoids the defects of traditional polymer PLOT columns where particles are easily released and swept through the column, causing blockage or a spiking detection signal. The new type of PLOT column is coated with a divinylbenzene and ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate copolymer and has an increased polarity when compared to a conventional polymer Q-type PLOT column. The retention characteristics of the new column were evaluated and found to be comparable with the commercially available HP PLOT-U column. The inertness of the porous polymer allows the elution of a range of apolar and polar compounds: even most active and polar compounds such as H₂O and H₂S eluted symmetrically. The new column possesses high stability and can withstand temperatures up to 210 °C. With this new type of capillary columns, significantly better mechanical stability, temperature endurance, reproducibility, strong separation power and good inertness are obtained in combination with short analysis times.     

表面张力对PEO稀溶液粘度行为的影响

测定了不同分子量聚氧化乙烯(PEO)在水和苯溶剂中的粘度,发现在低浓度区PEO水溶液的比浓粘度出现负偏离, PEO苯溶液比浓粘度与浓度之间依旧满足线性关系.表面张力测定结果表明, PEO分子显著降低了水的表面张力,而苯的表面张力则不受影响.PEO水溶液和纯溶剂水表面张力的不同干扰了高分子溶液和溶剂在粘度计中流过时间的测量,导致低浓度区PEO水溶液比浓粘度出现负偏离.利用PEO水溶液和水表面张力测定结果,结合乌式粘度计的几何尺寸,定量分析了PEO水溶液和纯溶剂水表面张力的差异对粘度测量结果的影响,计算结果与实验结果基本相符.如果用PEO水溶液流过时间对浓度作图的外推值t0*计算相对粘度,可以完全消除PEO水溶液和水表面张力差异对粘度测量的影响.     

毛细上升公式的推导方法及其在方形毛细管中的应用

归纳了文献中导出圆形毛细管液柱上升高度计算公式的方法;明确指出了采用受力分析导出毛细上升高度公式时,对伸展力进行简化处理的原理以及其中所隐含的基本假设;从流体力学角度对液柱上升速率和高度进行了讨论.分3种情况对液柱在方形毛细管中上升的现象进行了系统分析,得出了一些重要的结论.     

Experimental Study of the Effect of Temperature,Pressure and Concentration on the Viscosity of Aqueous NaBr Solutions

The viscosity of 10 (0.049, 0.205, 0.464, 0.564, 0.820, 1.105, 1.496, 2.007, 2.382, and 2.961 mol ċ kg⁻¹) binary aqueous NaBr solutions has been measured with a capillary-flow technique. Measurements were made at pressures up to 40 MPa. The range of temperature was 288–595 K. The total uncertainty of viscosity, pressure, temperature and composition measurements were estimated to be less than 1.6%, 0.05%, 15 mK, and 0.02%, respectively. The effect of temperature, pressure, and concentration on viscosity of binary aqueous NaBr solutions were studied. The measured values of the viscosity of NaBr(aq) were compared with data, predictions and correlations reported in the literature. The temperature and pressure coefficients of viscosity of NaBr(aq) were studied as a function of concentration and temperature. The viscosity data have been interpreted in terms of the extended Jones–Dole equation for the relative viscosity (η/η₀) to calculate accurately the values of viscosity A- and B-coefficients as a function of temperature. The derived values of the viscosity A- and B-coefficients were compared with the results predicted by the Falkenhagen–Dole theory of electrolyte solutions and calculated with the ionic B-coefficient data. The physical meaning parameters V and E in the absolute rate theory of the viscosity and hydrodynamic molar volume V k were calculated using the present experimental viscosity data. The TTG model has been used to compare predicted values of the viscosity of NaBr(aq) solutions with experimental values at high pressures.     

Rheological Properties of Anionic Surfactant Solutions in the Presence of Al3+ Counterion

Aqueous solutions of ionic surfactants with strongly binding counterions exhibit wormlike or network properties. The properties of anionic micelles of sodium dodecyltrioxyethylene sulfate (AES) in the presence of multivalent counterion Al³⁺ were investigated by dynamic rheological methods. The steady-shear viscosity and stress, the zero-shear viscosity, the complex viscosity, and the dynamic shear modulus have been determined as a function of the surfactant and salt concentrations. Some interesting and noticeable results have been obtained, which can express the micellar growth and structure. The formation of wormlike micelles or network structure in surfactant solutions becomes much easier with increasing surfactant and salt concentrations. The Cox-Merz rule and the Cole-Cole plot are not applicable perfectly to the systems studied. The nonlinear viscoelasticity and non-Newtonian behavior can be found in all solutions according to the comparison with the simple Maxwell model. The technique of freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy (FF-TEM) was also applied to confirm the formation of these interesting structures.     

Ultrasonic Spectrometry of Aqueous Solutions of Alkyl Maltosides: Kinetics of Micelle Formation and Head‐Group Isomerization

At frequencies between 100 kHz and 400 MHz, ultrasonic attenuation spectra are measured at 25 °C for aqueous solutions of hexyl‐, heptyl‐, octyl‐, nonyl‐, and decyl‐β‐D ‐maltopyranoside as well as of decyl‐α‐D ‐maltopyranoside. The spectra with surfactant concentration c above the relevant critical micelle concentration (cmc) display three relaxation terms with discrete relaxation times. That with a relaxation time between 0.1 and 1.2 μs is due to exchange of monomers between micelles and the suspending phase. It is discussed in the light of the Teubner–Kahlweit–Aniansson–Wall model of the formation/decay kinetics of systems with Gaussian size distribution of micelles. The relaxation parameters are compared to those for solutions of other non‐ionic surfactants, such as alkyl monoglycosides and poly(ethylene glycol) monoalkyl ethers. At c<cmc this low‐frequency relaxation term is missing and at c≈cmc it is broadened, as is characteristic of solutions of oligomeric molecular structures rather than proper micelles. The relaxation terms with relaxation times between 6 and 15 ns and 0.7 and 2.3 ns reveal head‐group rotations around glycosidic angles and isomerization of the exocyclic hydroxymethyl group, respectively. These unimolecular reactions are also examined with a view to solutions of alkyl monoglycosides as well as of glucose and maltose.     

Experimental Study on Viscosity of Colloidal Silica in Aqueous Electrolytic Solutions

The relative viscosity of colloidal silica dispersion in aqueous electrolytic solutions as the function of volume fraction of dry particles in the solutions has been experimentally determined in this work, in order to study the effects of pH and electrolytes (Na₂SO₄ and AlCl₃) on the hydration of the silica surfaces in the solutions. The results have shown that the maximum relative viscosity of the silica dispersion and the strongest hydration of the silica in aqueous solutions appeared at neutral pH, while the stronger the acidity and the alkalinity of the aqueous solution, the weaker the hydration. In the presence of the electrolytes (Na₂SO₄ and AlCl₃), the relative viscosity of the silica dispersion reduced and the hydration of the silica in aqueous solutions became weak. The higher the concentration of the electrolytes, the weaker the hydration, indicating that the destabilization of the colloidal silica dispersion in aqueous solutions might be realized through adding the high-valence electrolytes to weaken the hydration of the particle surfaces (hydration forces between the particles). Also, it has been shown that the negative zeta potentials of the colloidal silica in aqueous solutions greatly reduced in the presence of the electrolytes. Therefore, the high-valence electrolytes (Na₂SO₄ and AlCl₃) as the coagulant of colloidal silica in aqueous solutions might be originated from that the presence of the electrolytes simultaneously reduces the electrical double layer repulsive force and the hydration repulsive forces between the particles in aqueous solutions.