金属材料力学性能的辐照硬化效应

开展金属材料力学性能的辐照硬化研究对抗辐照材料的设计及工程应用具有重要意义.材料辐照损伤效应主要包括材料原子移位产生的辐照缺陷以及由核反应产生的氢、氦等气体杂质对材料性能的影响.金属材料的辐照效应主要包括辐照硬化、辐照脆化和辐照蠕变等.该文主要综述在低温(T<0.3 T_m,T_m是材料的熔点温度)和低辐照剂量下,由原子移位损伤产生的辐照缺陷所导致的辐照硬化行为,即受辐照缺陷的影响,材料的强度会升高.材料的晶粒     

金属材料力学性能的辐照氦效应研究进展

金属材料在辐照过程中会发生嬗变反应,从而在材料内部形成氦泡,进而影响金属材料的宏观力学行为.因此,开展氦影响下金属材料力学性能的研究对抗辐照材料的设计及工程应用具有重要意义.氦对材料力学行为的影响是一个典型的多尺度问题,故论文从从原子尺度到宏观尺度针对含氦金属材料力学行为的研究方面进行了总结,主要包括氦原子的产生、氦团簇/氦泡的形成、氦泡在材料中的微观行为以及氦对材料宏观力学性能的影响.在此基础上,展望了该领域中存在的主要科学问题.     

金属材料力学性能的辐照氦效应研究进展

金属材料在辐照过程中会发生嬗变反应,从而在材料内部形成氦泡,进而影响金属材料的宏观力学行为。因此,开展氦影响下金属材料力学性能的研究对抗辐照材料的设计及工程应用具有重要意义。氦对材料力学行为的影响是一个典型的多尺度问题,故本文从从原子尺度到宏观尺度针对含氦金属材料力学行为的研究方面进行了总结,主要包括氦原子的产生、氦团簇/氦泡的形成、氦泡在材料中的微观行为以及氦对材料宏观力学性能的影响。在此基础上,展望了该领域中存在的主要科学问题。     

金属材料辐照缺陷演化的分子动力学研究进展

辐照条件下,高能粒子在金属材料内部引人稠密的辐照缺陷,导致材料力学性能严重退化,缩短材料服役寿命,是辐照材料研究的关键问题.辐照缺陷多处在纳米尺度,故分子动力学方法是模拟辐照缺陷的有力工具,近年来被广泛用于研究辐照缺陷演化.论文总结了金属材料中辐照缺陷演化的分子动力学研究进展,介绍了级联碰撞、点缺陷、空洞、氦泡、Frank位错环、层错四面体等辐照缺陷,及其与位错、晶界等微结构的相互作用.分子动力学方法揭示的机制与模型,深化了学界对辐照效应的认识,有助于提高辐照材料力学性能和设计耐辐照材料.     

金属材料辐照缺陷演化的分子动力学研究进展

辐照条件下,高能粒子在金属材料内部引入稠密的辐照缺陷,导致材料力学性能严重退化,缩短材料服役寿命,是辐照材料研究的关键问题。辐照缺陷多处在纳米尺度,故分子动力学方法是模拟辐照缺陷的有力工具,近年来被广泛用于研究辐照缺陷演化。本文总结了金属材料中辐照缺陷演化的分子动力学研究进展,介绍了级联碰撞、点缺陷、空洞、氦泡、Frank位错环、层错四面体等辐照缺陷,及其与位错、晶界等微结构的相互作用。分子动力学方法揭示的机制与模型,深化了学界对辐照效应的认识,有助于提高辐照材料力学性能和设计耐辐照材料。     

钨塑性变形与断裂行为及其辐照效应的研究综述

金属钨具有独特的力学特性和物理化学特性,是核能、航空航天、微机电系统等领域广泛应用的结构材料.钨在服役条件下的变形和断裂行为是影响其服役状态的关键因素之一.但是,钨的塑性变形和断裂表现出异于其它金属材料的力学行为,比如,屈服强度表现出非施密特效应和拉压不对称性,断裂韧性低且具有各向异性、尺寸效应和温度效应,等等.这些特性与钨的位错特性、晶界特性、晶粒尺寸、晶粒取向等微结构紧密相关.辐照条件下高能粒子与钨原子的相互作用会引起其微观组织结构的变化,形成的位错、位错环等辐照缺陷导致钨的辐照硬化和辐照脆化,揭示钨微结构与力学行为之间的物理关系、研究辐照对钨力学行为的影响机制成为近年来关注的热点.论文围绕钨的塑性变形和断裂行为及其辐照效应,从实验、理论、模拟三个方面综述研究者们在原子尺度、位错尺度、单晶尺度、多晶宏观尺度取得的研究成果;最后,对钨力学行为研究方面的重要问题做出展望.     

石墨烯辐照损伤及力学性能研究

石墨烯的加工和掺杂是其工程应用和性能开发的重要手段,离子辐照技术是实现上述目的的有效途径.利用分子动力学方法建立了硅离子辐照石墨烯和辐照后拉伸的数值模型.考虑辐照剂量、辐照能量和辐照角度这3个主要影响因素,研究了不同辐照条件下石墨烯的缺陷类型和数量,并分析了在辐照剂量影响下的拉伸破坏.结果表明:当辐照能量较小时,入射粒子会吸附在石墨烯表面.随着辐照能量的增大,入射粒子会穿透石墨烯而形成缺陷,当辐照能量到达一定值时,再无吸附原子.随着辐照剂量的增加,溅射原子和缺陷数目均增多,且缺陷类型以空位缺陷为主,其拉伸力学性能随着缺陷数量的增加而减小,二者近似成线性关系.辐照后石墨烯的拉伸破坏机理与完美石墨烯的有所不同,应力强化阶段明显缩短,缺陷带决定其起裂位置和断裂走向.      

高速冲击表面处理对金属材料力学性能和组织结构的影响

高速冲击表面处理过程中的应变率对金属材料的宏观力学性能和微观组织结构都具有重要影响。根据当前应变率效应的研究成果,从宏观与微观相结合的角度出发,综述了高速冲击表面处理过程中应变率对金属材料强度和塑性的影响规律,并重点阐述了不同应变率下金属材料内部微观组织结构的演变规律,主要包括晶粒结构、绝热剪切带、相变、位错组态和析出相以及变形孪晶等。此外,还分析了组织结构随应变率的演化和微观变形机制的转变对材料力学性能的强化和弱化机理。最后,对高速冲击表面处理梯度组织的变形特点进行了总结。提出了不同组织结构对材料性能影响的综合效应模型,以期为应变率效应的深入研究奠定基础。     

高熵合金辐照硬化与力学性能研究

高熵合金由于多主元元素混合引起高熵结构效应,使其具有优异的物理、力学和化学特性,如高强度、高耐磨性、高耐蚀性、热稳定性、优异的抗辐照性能等.然而,辐照诱发高熵合金材料的硬化行为和力学性能预测仍缺少相关研究,严重地限制了对其长期服役后材料性能的评估.基于晶体塑性理论结合实验结果,研究了空洞形状依赖的硬化行为、位错环诱发的硬化行为以及氧化物弥散增强的高熵合金力学性能.研究发现,考虑多面体空洞与位错的概率依赖的空间交互作用,能够更加准确地预测辐照金属的屈服应力;晶格畸变对屈服强度,有着重要的贡献;氧化物弥散相对位错运动起强烈钉扎的作用,从而对强度产生影响,直接决定抗辐照性能.高熵合金作为一种具有综合优异力学性能的新型结构材料,在先进核能系统中有望被广泛应用,比如核反应堆的核燃料包壳管.     

新型纳米结构金属材料的力学性能及变形机制

“纳米结构” 化是金属及其合金材料获得优异力学性能的有效途径.纳米结构金属材料表面或内部的缺陷, 包括晶界、位错、孪晶、孔洞、裂纹、第二相等, 其形核、演化及互相作用对材料的强度和韧性具有重要影响. 该文综述了与上述科学问题相关的新型纳米结构金属材料的微观组织结构表征及力学性能测试、强韧化机制计算模拟方面的研究进展. 并讨论了急需从微观尺度上就新型纳米结构金属材料的特征力学行为和关键变形机制开展深入、系统研究.      

A generic stress-strain model for metallic materials with two-stage strain hardening behaviour

Constitutive equations are often used to describe the stress-strain behaviour of metallic materials. This allows the execution of parametric studies for various purposes. Despite the large number of developed stress-strain equations, all frequently applied ones fail to accurately describe a strain hardening behaviour in two distinct stages, which many metallic materials tend to show. For this purpose, the authors developed a new stress-strain model, based on the well-known Ramberg-Osgood equation, which focuses on this two-stage strain hardening behaviour. This article describes the model and its analytical background, along with a graphical method to derive suited model parameters. To validate the proposed methodology, it is applied on stress-strain curves of two high-strength steels, an aluminium alloy and a duplex stainless-steel alloy. Whereas a good correspondence for the stainless-steel alloy is confined to limited plastic strains, excellent agreements are observed for the steels and the aluminium alloy. Following the proposed method, it was possible to obtain model parameter values that give a good correspondence within a detectable strain range.     

金属型含能材料力学行为研究进展

含能材料是一种在高温/高压作用下能够发生化学反应,并释放大量能量的新型材料。金属型含能材料作为其中一类,因密度大、强度高、稳定性好等优异性能,成为了现代武器装备中关注的重点材料之一,在破片战斗部等军事领域有着广泛的应用潜力。其中,材料的力学性能直接影响武器装备对目标的侵彻能力,决定着对目标的最终毁伤威力,一直是武器装备应用中关注的关键参数之一。为实现金属型含能材料高穿甲能力并保证高释能特性,研究人员对其力学性能开展了大量研究。本文中,对金属型含能材料力学行为的研究现状进行了综述,包括简单介绍金属型含能材料的制备工艺和力学性能测试系统,详细梳理金属型含能材料力学性能研究、微观分析及理论研究等4个方面的研究进展。总结认为,目前对金属型含能材料力学性能的研究已经有了一些成果,但是缺乏其他复杂环境条件以及其他关键工艺对其力学性能影响的研究,同时缺少材料微观性能对其力学性能的影响以及微观行为和宏观行为之间关联机制的研究,并且尚未建立能够准确反映材料在热、力、率等复杂条件下的力学理论模型。因此,制备性能优异的金属型含能材料、开展复杂条件下金属型含能材料力学性能研究、探索微观行为与宏观行为之间的关联机制,以及建立和完善材料本构模型等研究内容,将是推动金属型含能材料工程应用的重点。

     

Finite element analysis of mode III steady crack growth in anisotropic hardening materials

In this paper, the steady crack growth of mode III under small scale yielding conditions is investigated for anisotropic hardening materials by the finite element method. The elastic-plastic stiffness matrix for anisotropic materials is given. The results show the significant influences of anisotropic hardening behaviour on the shape and size of plastic zone and deformation field near the crack tip. With a COD fracture criterion, the ratio of stress intensity factorsk _ss/k_c varies appreciably with the anisotropic hardening parameterM and the hardening exponentN.     

A review on mechanisms and models for very-high-cycle fatigue of metallic materials

在循环载荷作用下, 合金材料发生裂纹萌生、扩展直至断裂的周次在10⁷以上的过程被称为超高周疲劳 (very-high-cycle fatigue, VHCF).本综述将从30年前超高周疲劳的研究起源讲起, 直到近年的最新进展.引言之后的内容包括: 超高周疲劳研究的起源, 超高周疲劳的主要特征, 超高周疲劳裂纹萌生特征区和特征参量, 裂纹萌生特征区的形成机理与模型, 超高周疲劳性能预测模型. 在叙述中, 试图回答下列问题: 什么是超高周疲劳?为什么要研究超高周疲劳?超高周疲劳的关键科学问题是什么?超高周疲劳的S-N曲线趋势为什么发生变化?超高周疲劳裂纹为什么萌生于材料 (试样) 内部?裂纹内部萌生的过程和机理是什么? 上述问题有的可以给出明确的回答, 有的则是现阶段的最新结果, 并有待于对问题的继续探索.     

A novel technique for the fabrication of laboratory scale model functionally graded materials

In this work, the authors describe the design, fabrication and testing of model functionally graded materials (FGMs). The inhomogeneous property variations were generated by altering material properties through selective ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Poly(ethylene co-carbon monoxide) (ECO) was chosen to make the FGMs because of its rapid degradation under UV light. Irradiated ECO becomes stiffer, stronger and more brittle with increasing irradiation time. Through a series of tension tests, the authors characterized the mechanical behavior of the specific ECO used as a function of UV exposure time. Furthermore, by controlling exposure time, specimens with continuously and discretely varying mechanical properties were produced. The resulting graded materials exhibited a Young's modulus that varied from about 160 MPa to 250 MPa and a strain to failure that varied from about 900 percent to 10 percent over the width in a 150 mm wide specimen. Microhardness measurements were used to determine the differences between discretely and continuously varying mechanical properties.     

A method for fatigue analysis of metallic and composite materials under asymmetric high-cycle loading

A new method of plotting limit stress diagrams is set forth. The method is based on the hypothesis of unified limit diagram invariant to the number of cycles to failure. The unified diagram is given by a transcendental power function whose exponent is considered an additional material constant characterizing the sensitivity of the material to cycle asymmetry (stress ratio). The equations derived on the basis of this function encompass all forms of limit stress diagrams, including convex, nearly rectilinear, and concave ones. The method is tested for a wide range of metallic and composite materials subjected to asymmetric tension-compression, bending, and torsion.Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 40, No. 11, pp. 106–116, November 2004.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

Effect of the kinematic hardening on the plastic anisotropy parameters for metallic sheets

The initial plastic anisotropy parameters are conventionally determined from the Lankford strain ratios defined by $r^{\psi }=\frac{{\epsilon }_{22}^{\mathrm{p}\psi }}{{\epsilon }_{33}^{\mathrm{p}\psi }}$ (ψ being the direction of the loading path). They are usually considered as constant parameters that are determined at a given value of the plastic strain far from the early stage of the plastic flow (i.e. equivalent plastic strain of ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{eq}}^{\mathrm{p}}=0.2\text{\%}$) and typically at an equivalent plastic strain in between 20% and 50% of plastic strain failure (or material ductility). What prompts to question about the relevance of this determination, considering that this ratio does not remain constant, but changes with plastic strain. Accordingly, when the nonlinear evolution of the kinematic hardening is accounted for, the Lankford strain ratios are expected to evolve significantly during the plastic flow.In this work, a parametric study is performed to investigate the effect of the nonlinear kinematic hardening evolution of the Lankford strain ratios for different values of the kinematic hardening parameters. For the sake of clarity, this nonlinear kinematic hardening is formulated together with nonlinear isotropic hardening in the framework of anisotropic Hill-type (1948) yield criterion. Extension to other quadratic or non-quadratic yield criteria can be made without any difficulty. This parametric study is completed by studying the effect of these parameters on simulations of sheet metal forming by large plastic strains.     

A two parameter elasto-plastic formulation for hardening pressure-dependent materials

A new pressure-dependent yield function is proposed by introducing a plastic Poisson's ratio within the theoretical formulation of the plastic potential. In analogy with other classical models, an equivalent stress and an equivalent plastic strain increment are defined. Then, according to these definitions, the equivalent stress–strain curve is derived and an exponential hardening law is introduced. The advantage of the proposed formulation over alternative approaches relies in explicit closed-form expressions of the flow rules and of the plastic multiplier.