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On the Mechanism of the Formations of Chromium(IV)oxide from Chromyl Chloride The decomposition of chromyl chloride in the temperature range from 380 to 400°C leads with increasing oxygen pressure to chromium oxides containing up to nearly 90% of CrO2. The interaction with the chlorine prevents a quantitative formation of CrO2. Up to 315°C during the decomposition of chromyl chloride chromium oxides of higher valencies are formed separating chlorine and taking up oxygen simultaneously. By working in flowing oxygen it could be proved that the decomposition goes at lower temperatures via the nondetectable CrO3. By heating gradually and by removing the chlorine as far as possible stoichiometric CrO2 at oxygen pressures above 60 atm could be obtained.  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung Beim Erhitzen gefällter Kieselsäure zeigen sprunghafte Änderungen in der Emanationsabgabe Umwandlungen bei etwa 5700 bzw. 8700 C an.Calciumoxyd reagiert mit SiO2 erst nach 9000 C.Die Umwandlung eines -Al2O3 in Korund erfolgt zwischen 8400 und 9500 C. Diese Umwandlang schreitet von außen nach dem Inneren des Al2O3-Partikels vor; daraus wird auf einen größeren Energieinhalt der Atome an der Oberfläche der Partikeln gegenüber jenen in deren Innerem geschlossen.Kobaltcarbonat zeigt auf Aluminiumhydroxyd bis etwa 4000 C keinen Einfluß; zwischen 4000 und 8000 C tritt eine den Austritt der Emanationsatome stark blockierende Wirkung ein. Die Oberfläche des entstehenden -Al2O3 wird stark verdeckt bis nach 8000 C, also beim Beginn der —-Umwandlung, ein E.V.-Anstieg einsetzt: Das Kobaltoxyd reagiert mit dem Al2O3 unter Bildung von Thenardsblau und der Beginn der Reaktion ist mit einer starken Auflockerung verbunden.CaCO3 wirkt auf die Oberfläche von Al2O3 nach 6000 C stark ein. Zu Beginn der Reaktion von CaO mit Al2O3 tritt eine starke Auflockerung der Al2O3-Oberfläche ein.Die Bildung von Calciumferrit erfolgt zwischen 5500 und 6000 C unter erheblicher Erhöhung der Dispersität beim Beginn der Reaktion.Für Unterstützungen zu großem Dank verpflichtet bin ich den Herren Professoren H.Mark und St.Meyer.  相似文献   

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《Chemie in Unserer Zeit》2017,51(3):198-209
Propylene oxide (PO) is one of the most important intermediates for the chemical industry. It is used for the manufacture of materials such as insulating foams, solvents, deicing fluids among others and has, thus, become essential for our modern life. The first industrial production route for PO and today still the most important one is the so called chlorhydrine process. With the renouncement of chlorine, the SM‐PO and MTBE‐PO processes provide more environmentally friendly routes for the production of PO. However, Styrene and MTBE are obtained as secondary coproducts. The economic feasibility of these processes is determined not only by PO. It is also influenced by the demand of the coproducts. The CU‐PO process has been developed as a coproduct‐free variant of the SM‐PO process. The development of the highly selective catalyst titansilicalit‐1 (TS‐1) together with the vast expansion of the availability of hydrogen peroxide paved the way for the industrial realization of the coproduct‐free HPPO technology at various sites worldwide. Excellent yields and selectivities and water as an environmentally friendly byproduct characterize this new process for the production of PO. The application of homogeneous catalysts or the direct synthesis using air/oxygen and propylene are only of academic importance so far.  相似文献   

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In the present paper some data on phenomena observed during the mechanochemical synthesis of metal chalcogenides are given. The explosive-like character of the synthesis as a result of continual accumulation of energy in the crystal lattice of the substances submitted to mechanical dispersion is described for the first time. The influence of different factors on the time until explosion takes place is investigated.  相似文献   

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The experimental results of our earlier investigation of the azodye bleach mechanism are interpreted in a revised manner. The reductive cleavage of methylorange by a dihydroquinoxaline proceeds in two steps. In the medium pH-range the first step (production of the hydrazo derivative) is slower (and not faster, as considered before) than the second (reductive splitting of the hydrazo derivative). In strongly acid solution this relation is reversed. The rate of disproportionation of the hydrazo derivative of methylorange is proportional to the concentration of the protonated hydrazo compound. For this reaction a two step mechanism is proposed in which a molecule of hydrazo compound is cleaved in a rate determining first step to an oxidizing particle and an amine molecule. In the following fast reaction the oxidizing intermediate attacks a second hydrazo molecule yielding methylorange and a further amine molecule. Based on this reaction sequence an azodye bleach mechanism is formulated which is able to explain the kinetics of the reductive cleavage of methylorange by a 1, 4-dihydroquinoxaline at any pH value. The azodye bleach mechanism is much more complex if the 1,4-dihydroquinoxaline used is able to form a radical or to tautomerize. The resulting reaction kinetics are discussed.  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung Die Zerteilungsphänomene beim Wachstum eines mikroorientierten Styrol-p-Divinylbenzolcopolymeren (Popcornpolymeren) in monomerem Styrol werden beschrieben.Für den Fall des Wachstums eines 2,5-Dichlorstyrol-p-Divinylbenzolcopolymeren in monomerem Styrol wird die Zerteilung durch Bestimmung des Chlorgehalts in den verschiedenen Teilen des Endpolymerisats quantitativ bestimmt. Angaben über Quellungsgrad und Hohlraumgehalt der Popcornpolymeren werden gemacht. Der Gehalt an anhängenden Doppelbindungen, die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit sowie der Start des Wachstums werden diskutiert.
Splitting up effects during the growth of a microoriented styrene p-divinylbenzene copolymer (popcorn polymer) in styrene monomer are described. For the growth of a 2,5-dichlorostyrene-p-divinylbenzene copolymer in styrene monomer the splitting up is quantitatively followed by determining the chlorine content in the different parts of the end polymer. Data on swelling and void content of the popcorn polymers are presented. A discussion of the number of pendant double bonds, growth rate and initiation of growth is given.


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