pH敏感型mPEG-Hz-PLA聚合物纳米载药胶束的制备

以合成的含有腙键的聚乙二醇大分子(mPEG-Hz-OH)为引发剂,以丙交酯为单体引发开环聚合反应,并通过调整投料比,制备出3种不同分子量的含腙键的生物可降解嵌段聚合物(mPEG-Hz-PLA).将腙键引入到聚合物的骨架中,以此构建聚合物胶束并作为pH敏感型纳米药物载体.制备的pH敏感型胶束的CMC值等于或低于5.46×10-4 mg/m L,DLS和TEM显示粒径均小于100 nm,且粒径分布均匀.非pH敏感型胶束在不同pH下的粒径变化不明显,而pH敏感型胶束在酸性环境下(pH=4.0和pH=5.0)胶束粒径出现了明显变化.以阿霉素为模型药物制备了pH敏感型载药胶束,其粒径比空白胶束大(100~200 nm),且粒径分布均匀.药物释放实验表明pH敏感型载药胶束随着释放介质pH降低累积释药量增高.MTT实验表明空白胶束对HeLa细胞和RAW264.7细胞几乎没有抑制作用,而载阿霉素的胶束对2种细胞的抑制作用都随着剂量的增大和时间的延长而增强.     

pH响应性聚合物胶束的制备、表征及对阿霉素的控制释放研究

以主链含腙键的聚乙二醇大分子(PEG-NH-N=CH-OH)为引发剂,通过开环聚合己内酯(ε-CL),制备了一种具有pH响应性的两亲性嵌段共聚物PEG-NH-N=CH-PCL.运用核磁共振(~1H NMR)、透射电镜(TEM)和动态光散射(DLS)等对聚合物的结构、胶束的形貌及粒径进行表征.结果表明,聚合物胶束呈规整球形且分布均匀,平均粒径约98nm,pH 5.0时胶束粒径显著增加.负载阿霉素(DOX)的聚合物胶束的载药量为16.4%,包封率为57.4%.体外释放研究表明,pH 5.0时药物释放速率比pH 7.4时快,48h后累计释放率达91.1%.因此,该pH响应性聚合物胶束作为抗癌药物载体具有潜在的应用价值.     

新型温度/pH敏感性ABA型三嵌段共聚物的合成、胶束化及凝胶化行为研究

采用原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）方法合成了水溶性良好的不同聚合度的三嵌段共聚物P（DEAEMA-co-MEO₂MA-co-HMAM）-b-PEG-b-P（DEAEMA-co-MEO₂MA-co-HMAM）. 利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）以及凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）对聚合物结构及组成进行表征;通过透光率、表面张力的测定以及动态光散射（DLS）、荧光探针和透射电镜（TEM）技术研究了共聚物水溶液的性质及胶束化行为. 通过对不同pH下共聚物的凝胶状态和不同pH下温度诱导的溶胶-凝胶转变过程的观察,研究了温度和pH对共聚物凝胶化行为的影响. 测定了载药凝胶分别在不同温度和不同pH的缓冲溶液中对药物的累积释放率. 结果表明：ABA型三嵌段共聚物具有良好的温敏性和pH敏感性,在温度或pH诱导下可形成核壳胶束和凝胶. 载药凝胶对药物的累积释放率随温度和pH的降低而升高.     

两亲性杂臂星型嵌段共聚物胶束的制备、表征及载药性能研究

以溴代异丁酰溴与3,5-二羟基苯甲酸制备3,5-二(2-溴-2丙酰氧基)苯甲酸,再与聚乙二醇单甲醚酯化,合成含溴大分子引发剂PEG-Br2。以苯乙烯为单体,利用原子转移自由基聚合方法(ATRP)合成了两种不同亲疏水段比例的两亲性星型杂臂嵌段共聚物PEG-b-(PS)2。本实验利用FTIR、1H-NMR、GPC等技术对聚合物的分子结构及分子量进行表征,利用透析法制备聚合物胶束;采用AFM对聚合物胶束的纳米结构进行观察;采用荧光探针法测得其临界胶束浓度(CMC)分别为0.99 mg·L-1和0.59 mg·L-1;利用DLS测得聚合物胶束粒径为150 nm左右;以疏水型抗肿瘤药物氨甲喋呤(MTX)为模型药物,对载药胶束的体外释药行为进行了研究,测得聚合物胶束的载药量分别为为13.32%和10.00%,包封率分别为61.75%和46.82%。结果表明,随着疏水段的增大,星型杂臂嵌段共聚物胶束药物包载量及CMC随之降低,且在人体pH条件下药物释放较低;同时发现两种载药胶束在肿瘤细胞酸性条件下释药速率增加。综上,此类结构的聚合物胶束作为抗肿瘤药物MTX的载体分子具有很好的应用前景。     

双重敏感mPEG-PDPA-P(AAm-co-AN)聚合物自组装体的药物递送

设计合成了一种新型两亲性三嵌段ABC聚合物聚乙二醇单甲醚-聚甲基丙烯酸二异丙胺基乙酯-聚(丙烯酰胺-co-丙烯腈)(mPEG-PDPA-P(AAm-co-AN))。该聚合物具有pH敏感嵌段PDPA和温度敏感嵌段P(AAm-co-AN)，临界溶解温度(UCST)较高，且可以通过改变单体比例来调节UCST。在室温、中性环境下，该聚合物通过自组装形成刺激响应型胶束，可用于抗肿瘤药物的控释研究。温度升高诱导聚合物胶束向不对称囊泡结构转变，pH降低促使聚合物形成更加松散的胶束。在体外释药探究中，聚合物胶束对亲水药物阿霉素(DOX)和疏水药物槲皮素都具有良好的载药效果，在37℃、pH=7.4的条件下泄漏量低，随着温度升高和pH降低，胶束释放药物的速率和释放量明显增加。     

pH敏感两亲性嵌段聚合物的合成及其对新型抗生物膜药物的控释研究

采用ATRP技术,以PEG Br为大分子引发剂,2-二异丙氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯(DPA)为单体,合成了一种pH敏感两亲性嵌段聚合物PEG-b-PDPA,其结构经¹H NMR和GPC确证。采用超声乳化法制备了包载新型抗生物膜药物的聚合物载药胶束（1）,并研究了其结构和性能。结果表明：1的粒径均一、结构稳定,载药率和包封率分别为13.25%和79.50%。在酸性条件下（pH 5.5）, 1解组装并释放包裹在疏水“核层”的抗生物膜药物。     

具有pH-响应性的聚天冬氨酸类载药胶束的制备和释放能力研究

通过大分子引发剂ω-氨基-α-甲氧基聚乙二醇引发N-羧基-α-氨基环内酸酐开环聚合和水合肼侧基改性,制备了一系列聚乙二醇-聚氨基酸类三嵌段共聚物.其中聚氨基酸链段包括具有酰肼基的聚天冬氨酸衍生物(PAHy),以及疏水性的聚丙氨酸链段.引入具有pH响应性的腙键键合阿霉素,利用键合阿霉素与游离阿霉素之间的π-π叠合作用,在聚合物自组装形成胶束过程中通过化学键合+物理包埋的方式充分负载药物.该胶束以聚丙氨酸链段为核心,以PEG链段为冠层,以PAHy链段为包裹药物的壳层.载药胶束的粒径在170 nm左右.研究不同pH值条件下载药胶束的药物释放能力,随环境pH值的降低药物的释放速率显著增加.     

聚乙二醇-聚乳酸共聚物胶束溶液的冷冻干燥及胶束体外释药动力学研究

合成了一系列亲水、疏水链段质量比例不同的聚乙二醇-聚乳酸(PEG-PLA)嵌段共聚物胶束, 并以两性霉素B为模型药物制备了载药胶束. 为获得稳定性良好的、可长期储存的载药胶束剂型, 对胶束进行了冷冻干燥. 使用不同浓度的糖类(包括甘露糖、海藻糖、葡萄糖)、泊洛沙姆188 (Pluronic F68)、聚乙二醇作为冻干保护剂, 以冻干产品的重分散性、冻干前后胶束的粒径及多分散性为指标评价各种保护剂的保护效果. 结果发现, 当嵌段聚合物中聚乳酸链段的质量百分比小于或等于聚乙二醇时, 糖类、Pluronic F68和PEG均可以起到有效的冻干保护作用; 而对于聚乳酸链段质量比例较大的共聚物胶束, 只有PEG和Pluronic F68能够起到较好的冻干保护作用. 对载药胶束体外释放研究表明, 聚合物胶束的体外释放缓慢, 符合一级动力学特征.     

共同装载吴茱萸碱和Fe3O4纳米粒子的磁性药物载体的制备

以单甲醚-聚乙二醇-聚（丙交酯-乙交酯）（mPEG-PLGA）作为载体,采用溶液透析的方法共同装载抗癌药物吴茱萸碱和Fe₃O₄ 磁性纳米粒子. 通过透射电子显微镜、红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱及体外释放实验、普鲁士蓝染色、体外毒性实验和磁靶向研究,综合评价了磁性纳米药物载体的性能. 结果表明,磁性药物载体胶束分散性良好,粒径均一,有较高的载药量和包封率,能够实现药物缓释,具有磁靶向特性.     

pH敏感两亲性嵌段共聚物胶束的制备及其负载紫杉醇体外药效的研究

采用可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合法,以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酸异丁酯(IBA)无规共聚物与聚丙烯酸-2-羟丙酯(PHPA)反应,制备了具有pH敏感性的两亲性嵌段共聚物(P(IBA-co-AA)-b-PHPA).用红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振(1H-NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对其结构进行表征.此共聚物在水溶液中可自组装形成胶束,临界胶束浓度约为2.0mg/L.由透射电子显微镜(TEM)、动态光散射(DLS)表征可知胶束为尺寸约100nm的球形颗粒;用DLS观察到胶束粒径随pH值的升高而逐渐增大.以抗癌药物紫杉醇为模型药物,研究载药胶束在模拟人体环境中的控释行为.用CellCountingKit-8(简称CCK-8)法分别研究聚合物胶束对MCF-7人乳腺癌细胞和A549人肺癌细胞的细胞毒性,并评价载药胶束在两细胞中的抗癌效果.结果表明,P(IBA-co-AA)-b-PHPA可作为包载紫杉醇的一种新型纳米材料,载药胶束的体外释放呈明显pH依赖性,且具有较好的体外抗肿瘤活性,有望成为理想的抗肿瘤药物载体.     

Synthesis,self-assembly,and pH-responsive drug release of PHMEMA-PEG-PHMEMA ABA triblock copolymers

Abstract

A series of tertiary amine containing PHMEMA-PEG-PHMEMA ABA triblock copolymers were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using bromine-capped poly(ethylene glycol) (Br-PEG-Br) and 2-(hexamethyleneimino)ethyl methacrylate (HMEMA) as macro-initiator and monomers, respectively. The chemical structures and molecular weights of triblock copolymers were characterized by ¹H NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The self-assembly behaviors of copolymers in different pH conditions were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Triblock copolymers self-assembled into micelles in water (pH 7.4) and the micelles disassembled at acidic pH (pH 5.0). Anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was used as a drug model and physically encapsulated into polymeric micelles. The drug release of DOX-loaded polymeric micelles was pH-responsive; the drug-loaded micelles that had higher contents of tertiary amine in polymer pendant groups showed faster release speed. In addition, the drug-loaded micelles showed excellent inhibition efficacy against HeLa cells in vitro.     

Synthesis of self-assemble pH-responsive cyclodextrin block copolymer for sustained anticancer drug delivery

Well-defined p H-responsive poly(ε-caprolactone)-graft-β-cyclodextrin-graft-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate amphiphilic copolymers(PCL-g-β-CD-g-P(DMAEMA-co-PEGMA)) were synthesized using a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP),ring opening polymerization(ROP) and "click" chemistry.Successful synthesis of polymers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),proton nuclear magnetic resonance(1H-NMR),and gel permeation chromatography(GPC).Then,the polymers could selfassemble into micelles in aqueous solution,which was demonstrated by dynamic light scattering(DLS) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The p H-responsive self-assembly behavior of these copolymers in water was investigated at different p H values of 7.4 and 5.0 for controlled doxorubicin(DOX) release,and these results revealed that the release rate of DOX could be effectively controlled by altering the p H,and the release of drug loading efficiency(DLE) was up to 88%(W/W).CCK-8 assays showed that the copolymers had low toxicity and possessed good biodegradability and biocompatibility,whereas the DOX-loaded micelles remained with high cytotoxicity for He La cells.Moreover,confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM) images revealed that polymeric micelles could actively target the tumor site and the efficient intracellular DOX release from polymeric micelles toward the tumor cells further confirmed the anti-tumor effect.The DOX-loaded micelles could easily enter the cells and produce the desired pharmacological action and minimize the side effect of free DOX.These results successfully indicated that p H-responsive polymeric micelles could be potential hydrophobic drug delivery carriers for cancer targeting therapy with sustained release.     

聚乙二醇-聚谷氨酸-聚丙氨酸三嵌段共聚物的合成及其胶束的pH-响应性药物控制释放

通过大分子引发剂ω-胺基-α-甲氧基聚乙二醇引发N-羧基-α-氨基环内酸酐开环聚合和酸性水解制备了一种具有pH-响应性的三嵌段共聚物聚乙二醇-聚谷氨酸-聚丙氨酸(mPEG-PLGA-PLAA).通过核磁共振、ζ-电势、动态光散射、电子显微镜等手段表征了此类三嵌段共聚物的自组装过程及所形成胶束的pH-响应性.使用圆二色谱和红外光谱,分析了胶束结构随环境pH值转变过程中聚氨基酸链段二级结构的变化.以阿霉素作为模型药物,研究了三嵌段共聚物的载药能力和在不同pH条件下的药物释放能力.在碱性条件下,PLGA链段去质子化,链段从疏水性变为亲水性,胶束中间层由于水合作用变得松散,药物释放速率增加;在酸性条件下,PLGA链段质子化,不带电荷,与阿霉素药物分子间的静电相互作用消失.同时,PLGA链段α-螺旋含量增加,形成由链内氢键维持的刚性棒状结构,将链段周围包埋的药物分子"挤出",加速了药物的释放.     

Enhancement of cellular uptake and antitumor efficiencies of micelles with phosphorylcholine

Internalization of drug delivery micelles into cancer cells is a crucial step for antitumor therapeutics. Novel amphiphilic star-shaped copolymers with zwitterionic phosphorylcholine (PC) block, 6-arm star poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (6sPCL-b-PMPC), have been developed for encapsulation of poorly water-soluble drugs and enhancement of their cellular uptake. The star-shaped copolymers were synthesized by a combination of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The copolymers self-assembled to form spherical micelles with low critical micelle concentration (CMC). The sizes of the micelles range from 80 to 170 nm and increase 30 ≈ 80% after paclitaxel (PTX) loading. Labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), the micelles were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy to have been internalized efficiently by tumor cells. Direct visualization of the micelles within tumor cells by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that the 6sPCL-b-PMPC micelles were more efficiently uptaken by tumor cells compared to PCL-b-PEG micelles. When incorporated with PTX, the 6sPCL-b-PMPC micelles show much higher cytotoxicity against Hela cells than PCL-b-PEG micelles, in response to the higher efficiency of cellular uptake.     

Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable pH and reduction dual‐sensitive polymeric micelles for doxorubicin delivery

Novel pH and reduction dual‐sensitive biodegradable polymeric micelles for efficient intracellular delivery of anticancer drugs were prepared based on a block copolymer of methyloxy‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly[(benzyl‐l ‐aspartate)‐co‐(N‐(3‐aminopropyl) imidazole‐l ‐aspartamide)] [mPEG‐SS‐P(BLA‐co‐APILA), MPBA] synthesized by a combination of ring‐opening polymerization and side‐chain reaction. The pH/reduction‐responsive behavior of MPBA was observed by both dynamic light scattering and UV–vis experiments. The polymeric micelles and DOX‐loaded micelles could be prepared simply by adjusting the pH of the polymer solution without the use of any organic solvents. The drug release study indicated that the DOX‐loaded micelles showed retarded drug release in phosphate‐buffered saline at pH 7.4 and a rapid release after exposure to weakly acidic or reductive environment. The empty micelles were nontoxic and the DOX‐loaded micelles displayed obvious anticancer activity similar to free DOX against HeLa cells. Confocal microscopy observation demonstrated that the DOX‐loaded MPBA micelles can be quickly internalized into the cells, and effectively deliver the drugs into nuclei. Thus, the pH and reduction dual‐responsive MPBA polymeric micelles are an attractive platform to achieve the fast intracellular release of anticancer drugs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 1771–1780     

Fluorescent Polymeric Micelles with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Properties for Monitoring the Encapsulation of Doxorubicin

A new type of fluorescent polymeric micelles is developed by self‐assembly from a series of amphiphilic block copolymers, poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly[styrene‐co‐(2‐(1,2,3,4,5‐pentaphenyl‐1H‐silol‐1‐yloxy)ethyl methacrylate)] [PEG‐b‐P(S‐co‐PPSEMA)]. Their capability of loading doxorubicin (DOX) is investigated by monitoring the loading content, encapsulation efficiency, and photophysical properties of micelles. Förster resonance energy transfer from PPSEMA to DOX is observed in DOX‐loaded micelles, which can serve as an indication of successful encapsulation of DOX in these micelles. The application of this new type of fluorescent polymeric micelles as a fluorescent probe and an anticancer drug carrier simultaneously is explored by studying the intracellular uptake of DOX‐loaded micelles.

     

A Comparative Study of Cellular Uptake and Subcellular Localization of Doxorubicin Loaded in Self‐Assemblies of Amphiphilic Copolymers with Pendant Dendron by MDA‐MB‐231 Human Breast Cancer Cells

Previously synthesized amphiphilic diblock copolymers with pendant dendron moieties have been investigated for their potential use as drug carriers to improve the delivery of an anticancer drug to human breast cancer cells. Diblock copolymer (P₇₁D₃)‐based micelles effectively encapsulate the doxorubicin (DOX) with a high drug‐loading capacity (≈95%, 104 DOX molecules per micelle), which is approximately double the amount of drug loaded into the diblock copolymer (P₂₉₆D₁) vesicles. DOX released from the resultant P₇₁D₃/DOX micelles is approximately 1.3‐fold more abundant, at a tumoral acidic pH of 5.5 compared with a pH of 7.4. The P₇₁D₃/DOX micelles also enhance drug potency in breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells due to their higher intracellular uptake, by approximately twofold, compared with the vesicular nanocarrier, and free DOX. Micellar nanocarriers are taken up by lysosomes via energy‐dependent processes, followed by the release of DOX into the cytoplasm and subsequent translocation into the nucleus, where it exert its cytotoxic effect.

     

Design and synthesis of fluorescent shell functionalized polymer micelles for biomedical application

pH‐sensitive polymers can be defined as polyelectrolytes that include in their structure weak acidic or basic groups that either accept or release protons in response to a change in the environmental pH. This work summarizes the design, synthesis, and potential applications of pH‐responsive fluorescent copolymers in the biomedical field. This was achieved using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of tert‐butyl acrylate using a CuBr/N,N,N′,N″N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine catalyst system in conjunction with an alkyl bromide as the initiator. Well‐defined macroinitiators based on poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) with narrow molecular weight distributions were obtained by the addition of an appropriate solvent system in order to create a homogeneous catalytic system. The addition of n‐butyl acrylate as a second building block in order to create well‐defined poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)‐b‐poly(n‐butyl acrylate) block copolymers (PtBA‐b‐PnBA) followed by chemical modification of the block copolymers and functionalization with an appropriate fluorescent compound are the basis for the preparation of well‐defined fluorescent pH‐sensitive micelles. Thus, prepared water soluble nanosized pH‐sensitive micelles consisting of hydrophobic poly(n‐butyl acrylate) core and hydrophilic polyacrylic acid shell decorated with an appropriate fluorescent compound determined their potential applications of these systems in the field of biomedicine as biosensors, controlled drug delivery systems, and so on. In this respect, the cell viability and internalization of the polymer micelles were studied.