电解液组成对中间相石墨微球电化学性能的影响

以2800℃热处理的煤焦油沥青基中间相石墨微球为锂离子二次电池负极材料,考察了中间相石墨微球在不同组成的电解质溶液中的电化学嵌脱锂性能.确定了试样在不同电解液中电极表面生成的SEI膜的化学组成和相对含量,剖析了共溶剂对SEI膜形成反应、膜组成和织构的影响.结果表明,在不同共溶剂的EC基电解液中,电极界面SEI膜形成的电位虽然不同,但SEI膜的化学组成基本相同,负极界面SEI膜的织构是决定电解液与电极材料相容性的关键.     

锂/钠离子电池材料的固体核磁共振研究进展

固体核磁共振技术是一种定量分析固体材料结构与组成的强有力手段,结合固体核磁共振和常规x-射线衍射(XRD)、 x-射线吸收谱(XAS)等表征方法可对锂/钠离子电池材料在电化学反应中的结构演化过程进行全面的分析. 例如通过固体核磁共振研究, 可获得不同合成与修饰条件下, 锂/钠离子电池电极和电解质材料体相以及电极/电解质界面层的化学组成、局域结构和离子扩散动力学等信息,为高性能电池材料的设计和研发提供重要的基础数据. 本文结合本课题组的研究工作,综述了近三年来国内外固体核磁共振技术在锂/钠离子电池电极、电解质材料以及固体电解质界面膜（SEI）研究中的应用和进展.     

影响电池性能的因素：金属离子溶剂化结构衍生的界面行为还是固体电解质界面膜?

通过电解液分解在电极上形成的固体电解质界面（SEI）层被认为是影响电池性能的最重要因素。 然而，我们发现金属离子溶剂化结构也会影响其电极性能，尤其可以阐明许多SEI无法解释的实验现象。基于该综述，本文总结了金属离子溶剂化结构和衍生的金属离子去溶剂化行为的重要性，并建立了相应的界面模型以展示界面行为和电极性能之间的关系，并将其应用于不同的电极和电池体系。我们强调了电极界面离子/分子相互作用对电极性能的影响，该解释与以往基于SEI的解释不同。该综述为理解电池性能和指导电解液设计提供了一个新的视角。     

四(十二烷基)氯化铵基小分子凝胶电解质染料敏化太阳电池

采用小分子胶凝剂四（十二烷基）氯化铵胶凝3-甲氧基丙腈基液体电解质制备了凝胶电解质,并组装成准固态染料敏化太阳电池．差示扫描量热测试结果表明,凝胶电解质的溶液-凝胶转变温度（TSG）为74℃．分析了凝胶电解质中I3^-／I^-电对的表观扩散系数低于液体电解质的原因,同时结合电化学阻抗技术考察了电池内部二氧化钛多孔薄膜电极／电解质界面处的暗反应,分析了凝胶化对电池光伏性能的影响．老化实验结果表明,凝胶电池的稳定性明显优于液体电池．     

锂电池Li／KIBr2—非水体系的研究

本非水电池体系由Ｌｉ负极、多孔石墨电极和电解质溶液组成；电解质溶液由无机溶剂ＰＯＣｌ＿３（或有机溶剂硝基苯）和溶解在该溶剂中的活性物质（ＫＩＢｒ＿２）及支持电解质构成。该电池体系的开路电压为８．５０伏左右，放电性能良好，可望在实际中得到应用。此外，对电池体系的反应机理也作了初步的探讨。     

卤素水系可充电电池的研究进展

简单介绍了卤素水系可充电电池的优势以及所面临的困难，详细综述了近年来卤素水系电池电解液和相关电极材料的一些研究进展，结合卤素水系电池面临的挑战，将研究策略进行分类总结，主要包括提高电解质中盐浓度、电极材料的“化学吸附”、引入络合剂固定卤素的氧化产物以及通过卤素转换形稳定的卤间化合物等有效解决方案，其中对卤素水系电池电解质、电极材料以及主要的电化学性能总结，为促进高性能卤素水系电池的发展提供借鉴参考作用。最后展望了卤素水系电池未来的发展前景。     

钠离子电池关键材料研究及应用进展

钠离子资源丰富,分布广泛,价格低廉,因而钠离子电池被认为是下一代大规模储能技术的理想选择之一. 然而,钠离子较大的半径和质量不利于它与电极材料的可逆反应. 开发能够快速、稳定储钠的基质材料是提升钠离子电池性能的关键之一. 此外,如何合理地优化电解质,匹配正负极材料,以实现高性能、高安全、低成本钠离子全电池的构建,切实将其推向市场,也是亟待解决的问题. 本文综述了国内外钠离子电池关键材料（包括正极材料、负极材料和电解质）的研究进展,介绍了一些具有代表性的钠离子全电池实例. 对钠离子电池的基础研究和实际应用具有一定参考价值和借鉴意义.     

有机硼酸锂盐及亚硫酸酯类功能电解质材料

随着锂离子电池对高安全性、高容量、高功率等性能的技术需求,新型功能电解质材料的研究开发成为锂离子电池新材料领域研发工作的重点.本文对面向锂离子电池应用的功能电解质材料锂盐和添加剂的最新研究进展作了较为全面的阐述,其中重点介绍了本研究团队近年来在面向改善锂离子电池安全性能、提高其温度适应性、增强电解质与电极材料相容特性等...     

高性能质子交换膜燃料电池

用全氟碘酸质子交换膜作为质子交换膜燃料电池（ＰＥＭＦＣ）电解质,简化了水和电解质的管理。本文研究了该燃料电池质子交换膜厚度对电池性能影响;性能最佳的Ｎａｆｉｏｎ１１２膜和低铂载量Ｅ－ＴＥＫ电极组装的ＰＥＭＦＣ,在输出功率高达０．９５Ｗ／ｃｍ＾２;同时考察了电池的能量转换效率、Ｅ－ＴＥＫ电极中铂电催化剂利用率和电池的稳定性。     

室温钠离子电池关键材料研究进展

钠离子电池凭借钠资源丰富、价格低廉在大规模储能领域有着重要应用前景. 然而,钠离子相对锂离子较大的半径和质量限制了它在电极材料中的可逆脱嵌,导致其电化学性能不佳. 因此研发稳定、高效储钠的高比能电极材料是钠离子电池实用化的关键. 另外,进一步优化与电极材料相匹配的电解质来实现高安全、长寿命钠离子电池的构建,推动其商业化进程,也是迫切需要解决的问题. 本文主要对室温钠离子电池关键材料（包括正极、负极和电解质材料）的研究进展进行简要综述,并探讨了其面临的困难及可行的解决方案,为钠离子电池的发展提供一定参考依据.     

Effect of sodium chloride on the solubility and hydrolysis of epichlorohydrin in water

The mutual solubility of the components in the epichlorhydrin–water–sodium chloride system was studied in the temperature range of 20–90 °С. It was found that epichlorohydrin is salted out as the concentration of NaCl increases. The Sechenov coefficient was determined to be equal to 0.29. It was found that epichlorohydrin reacts with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride to form glycerol dichlorohydrins. Alkali formed during this reaction catalyzes the hydrolysis of epichlorohydrin to glycerol monochlorohydrin, acts as a reagent in the glycidol formation and accelerates its subsequent conversion to glycerol.     

Electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol on Pt and Pt-Ru nanoparticles modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The synthesis and characterization of catalysts based on nanomaterials, supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) for ethylene glycol (EG) oxidation is investigated. Platinum (Pt) and platinum-ruthenium (Pt-Ru) nanoparticles are deposited on surface-oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes [Pt/CNT; Pt-Ru/CNT] by the aqueous solution reduction of the corresponding metal salts with glycerol. The electrocatalytic properties of the modified electrodes for oxidation of ethylene glycol in acidic solution have been studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and excellent activity is observed. This may be attributed to the small particle size of the metal nanoparticles, the efficacy of carbon nanotubes acting as good catalyst support and uniform dispersion of nanoparticles on CNT surfaces. The nature of the resulting nanoparticles decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis. The cyclic voltammetry response indicates that Pt-Ru/CNT catalyst displays a higher performance than Pt/CNT, which may be due to the efficiency of the nature of Ru species in Pt-Ru systems. The fabricated Pt and Pt-Ru nanoparticles decorated CNT electrodes shows better catalytic performance towards ethylene glycol oxidation than the corresponding nanoparticles decorated carbon electrodes, demonstrating that it is more promising for use in fuel cells.     

Thermoelectrochemical determination of standard entropy parameters for hydrogen ion in water-methanol solutions

The initial temperature coefficients are measured for the voltage of a thermogalvanic cell composed of two silver chloride electrodes in water-methanol solutions (WMS) of hydrogen chlorite at 298 K. The experimental results and earlier studies of thermoelectric properties of WMS of alkali metal halides are used to determine the entropy and partial molar entropy of the hydrogen ion moving in solution, the entropy change during its solvation, and the entropy carried by the hydrogen ion and a stoichiometric mixture of H⁺ and Cl^- ions in various WMS. The influence of composition of a mixed solvent on the entropy characteristics of the hydrogen ion is analyzed.     

Standard characteristics of thermodiffusion of hydrogen chloride in the water-2-propanol system at 298.15 K

The initial and stationary temperature voltage coefficients for symmetric thermogalvanic cells with silver/silver chloride and quinhydrone electrodes in the HCl-H₂O-2-PrOH system are measured at 298.15 K. From the experimental data obtained, the standard entropies of thermodiffusional transfer of the electrolyte, the standard entropies of moving hydrogen and chlorine ions, and the Soret coefficients of HCl in aqueous solutions of 2-propanol are calculated. The influence of the composition of the mixed solvent and the nature of ions on the entropy characteristics is discussed.     

Catalytic conversion of guaiacol to alcohols for bio-oil upgrading

Guaiacol was chosen to represent O-containing chemicals with lower effective hydrogen carbon ratio(H/Ceff factor) in bio-oil,and the hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol was investigated over non-precious and nonsulfided catalysts. Effects of metal composition,reaction temperature,and hydrogen pressure on conversion and selectivity were investigated systematically. Among various compositions of catalysts,Ni Co/CNT exhibited best performance of guaiacol conversion with higher selectivity towards desired alcohols with higher H/Cefffactor. The reaction pathways of guaiacol in aqueous were proposed based on the product analyzed.Results show that metal composition and temperature have great effects on the conversion of guaiacol and the yields of desired products.     

聚电解质复合物溶解性研究

报道了聚电解质复合物的一种新的溶剂体系———离子表面活性剂剂的水溶液 ,研究了表面活性的用量及结构、温度、外加小分子电解质对复合物溶解性的影响 ,初步探讨了溶解机理 ,通过扫描电镜观察了复合物溶解后在溶液中的形态 .研究表明 ,当复合物与离子表面活性剂定量结合到一定程度时 ,就会使复合物发生溶解 .表面活性剂碳链长度的增加、温度的提高均会对复合物的溶解有不同程度的促进 .加入少量的无机电解质如氯化钠 ,会促进复合物的溶解 ,若氯化钠加入量过多 ,反而不利于复合物的溶解 .复合物的溶解机理被认为是表面活性剂的解离作用和疏水作用二者的协同 .     

Adsorption of benzene,toluene, ethylbenzene and p-xylene by NaOCl-oxidized carbon nanotubes

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were oxidized by sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution and were employed as adsorbents to study their characterizations and adsorption performance of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and p-xylene (abbreviated as BTEX) in an aqueous solution. The physicochemical properties of CNTs such as purity, structure and surface nature were greatly improved after oxidation, which significantly enhanced BTEX adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity of CNT(NaOCl) increased with contact time and initial adsorbate concentration, but changed insignificantly with solution ionic strength and pH. A comparative study on the BTEX adsorption revealed that the CNT(NaOCl) had better BTEX adsorption as compared to CNTs and granular activated carbon. This suggests that the CNT(NaOCl) are efficient BTEX adsorbents and that they possess good potential for BTEX removal in wastewater treatment.     

基于碳纳米管和铁氰酸镍纳米颗粒协同作用的葡萄糖生物传感器

将制备的铁氰酸镍纳米颗粒(NiNP)与多壁碳纳米管(CNT)混合, 分散于壳聚糖溶液中, 形成一种新的纳米复合成分(NiNP-CNT-CHIT), 将其修饰在玻碳电极表面. 新复合膜体现了NiNP和CNT之间的协同作用, 由于CNT的良好的传递电子性能, 促使NiNP催化氧化还原能力有了较大的提高. 此NiNP-CNT-CHIT复合膜修饰的玻碳电极在较低电位下对过氧化氢具有良好的电催化性能, 与NiNP-CHIT膜比较, 测定H₂O₂的灵敏度增大了50倍. 通过戊二醛在电极表面固定葡萄糖氧化酶制备了一种新的葡萄糖传感器. 该传感器在－0.2 V下对葡萄糖的线性范围为0.05～10 mmol/L, 检测下限为10 μmol/L.     

Carbon-nanotube-alginate composite modified electrode fabricated by in situ gelation for capillary electrophoresis

This report describes the development and the application of a novel carbon-nanotube (CNT)-alginate composite modified electrode as a sensitive amperometric detector for capillary electrophoresis (CE). The composite electrode was fabricated on the basis of in situ gelation of a mixture of CNTs and sodium alginate on the surface of a carbon disc electrode in aqueous calcium chloride solution. SEM, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy offered insights into the nature of the novel composite. The results indicated that the CNTs were well dispersed and embedded throughout the alginate matrix to form an interconnected carbon-nanotube network on the base electrode. The performance of this unique CNT-based detector has been demonstrated, in conjunction with CE, by separating and detecting five caffeic acid derivatives. The new CNT-based CE detector offered significantly lower operating potentials, substantially enhanced signal-to-noise characteristics, and a lower expense of operation. The simplicity and significant performance exhibited by the CNT-alginate composite modified electrode also indicate great promise for the use of this electrode in microchip CE, flowing-injection analysis, and other microfluidic analysis systems.     

Viscosity properties of sodium carboxymethylcellulose solutions

Through viscosity measurements, concentration and temperature dependences of viscosity of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution were recorded. Effects of glycerin, mechanical shearing and several electrolytes on the CMC solution were also determined. Results showed that the viscosity dependence on concentration obeyed the Huggins and Kramer equation, the dependence on temperature complied with the Arrhenius equation. CMC chain could synergize with glycerin, konjac glucomannan (KGM), and aluminum sulfate 18-hydrate. Sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, and calcium dichloride reduced the viscosity of the CMC solution. By suggesting the ion-binding and hydrogen bond as the major form of the electrostatic interaction in the CMC solution, the synergistic and pseudoplastic phenomena as well as the maximum over stirring time were reasonably explained.