溶液结构的X射线衍射研究──一种新的简易恒温技术

报导了针对立式２θ－θ型Ｘ射线衍射仪测量溶液结构的要求，根据热敏电阻器阻值随温度变化的特性，设计制作了液体样品池恒温装置。具有实用性强、携带使用方便等优点。     

过饱和MgSO4溶液结构的X射线衍射研究

用X射线衍射法研究了过饱和MgSO₄溶液298 K的水合结构.用经验黄金规则r=0.618λ/sin θ推断实验衍射曲线的结构信息,而另一个r=0.618×4π/s阐述结构函数曲线的峰.结构模型的计算表明,过饱和溶液中存在着水共享离子对和接触离子对.接触离子对的Mg-S特征距离为0.328 nm,表明硫酸根离子大多是以单齿形式配位到镁离子.Mg²⁺与硫酸根氧原子Mg-O_S(1)距离为0.205 nm,与Mg-H₂O是等价的;Mg-O_S(2)和Mg-O_S(3)很接近,大约为0.355 nm; Mg-O_S(4)距离为0.456 nm.随着浓度增加,接触离子对明显增加.水共享离子对Mg-S距离被确定在0.492 nm,并同时与接触离子对共存.硫酸根配合物的形成,降低了硫酸根水合结构的对称性.     

Li2SO4水溶液结构X射线衍射测量条件的优化和数据校正

采用Ｄ／ＭＡＸ－３Ｂθ／２θ型Ｘ射线粉末衍射仪反射法,探索溶液结构研究的新方法。以Ｌｉ２ＳＯ４溶液的衍射实验为例,从狭缝和波长选择、步长及固定时间确定、峰背分离、溶液吸收校正、极化校正和荧光辐射校正等几个方面,重点讨论了Ｘ射线粉末法精确测量液体结构实验数据采集对策,给出了数据校正结果,即Ｌｉ２ＳＯ４溶液的衍射强度。     

高压下铌酸锌钶铁矿结构相变的原位拉曼光谱和X射线衍射研究

通过原位高压拉曼光谱和X射线衍射对ZnNb₂O₆晶体在29 GPa以下的结构转变进行了研究.拉曼光谱显示, 多数拉曼峰强度减弱, 且随着压力增加向高波数方向移动.压力频移曲线分别在10, 16 和20 GPa处形成了拐点.原位X射线衍射谱在10.6 GPa以上有旧峰消失和新峰出现.结果分析表明, ZnNb₂O₆钶铁矿结构压缩过程中发生了一个可逆压致相变, 此相变从10 GPa左右开始, 到16 GPa左右完成, 继续增加压力到20 GPa以上则形成无序状态.     

煤微观结构的X射线衍射原子分布函数分析

采用在非晶态结构研究中应用的Ｘ射线衍射原子分布函数法测试了四种不同煤化程度煤的碳原子平均径向分布，求出了碳原子间距、配位数、芳香度、聚合度和短程有序畴等结构信息，并与文献值进行了以比。结果表明，煤的碳原子间距及对应的配位数介于石墨和金刚石对应的数值之间，随着煤化程度的增加，芳香胺、聚合度和短程有序畴增大，煤的石墨化程度增加。     

用粉末X射线衍射技术研究溶液结构的新方法Ⅱ Li2SO4溶液的结 …

本文叙述了用θ－２θ粉末衍射仪精确测定获得的Ｌｉ２ＳＯ４溶液实验衍射强度数据的校正方法和计算溶液结构函数ｉ（ｓ）的具体步骤。由积分法和高角法联用获得了优化的标度因子０．２６２０。     

用粉末X射线衍射技术研究Li2SO4溶液结构的新方法I液体X射线？…

本文报道了用D/MAX-3B θ～2θ型X射线粉末衍射仪反射法研究溶液结构的新方法.以Li2SO4溶液的衍射实验为例,从仪器调试、狭缝和波长选择、步长及固定时间确定等方面,重点讨论了粉末法精确测量液体结构实验数据采集对策,给出了2θ角3～145°范围内Li2SO4溶液的I～θ衍射曲线.     

粉末X射线衍射结构分析的进展

粉末X射线衍射结构分析自Rietveld 1967. 1969年在中子粉末衍射结构分析中问世后,又经Wiles and Young 1981、1982年介绍到X射线衍射技术中来,近几年来取得了显著的进展。特特是同步辐射光源的建成和应用,取得了和单晶结构分析几乎同样等级的拟合程度和极为相似的结构参数。本文就近几年来粉末X射线衍射对晶体结构分析方面的进展进行综述,着重讨论Bragg衍射的峰形函数,择优取向校正和光学系统改善等方面对结构精化的影响,介绍在某些方面中的应用。     

南桐煤镜质组非晶结构的X射线衍射研究

本文对经典煤核结构模型评述后，提出了多元非晶煤结构概念。用Ｘ射线衍射方法研究了南桐煤镜质组的原子径各分布，论证了煤大分子中同时存在芳香结构单元和脂环结构单元，它们对Ｘ射线射射强度均有贡献，非晶煤结构的有序性不在于１ｎｍ。     

Study on the Structure of a Mixed KCl and K2SO4 Aqueous Solution Using a Modified X-ray Scattering Device,Raman Spectroscopy,and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

The microstructure of a mixed KCl and K₂SO₄ aqueous solution was studied using X-ray scattering (XRS), Raman spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulation (MD). Reduced structure functions [F(Q)], reduced pair distribution functions [G(r)], Raman spectrum, and pair distribution functions (PDF) were obtained. The XRS results show that the main peak (r = 2.81 Å) of G(r) shifted to the right of the axis (r = 3.15 Å) with increased KCl and decreased K₂SO₄. The main peak was at r = 3.15 Å when the KCl concentration was 26.00% and the K₂SO₄ concentration was 0.00%. It is speculated that this phenomenon was caused by the main interaction changing, from K-O_W (r = 2.80 Å) and O_W-O_W (r = 2.80 Å), to Cl⁻-O_W (r = 3.14 Å) and K⁺-Cl⁻ (r = 3.15 Å). According to the trend of the hydrogen bond structure in the Raman spectrum, when the concentration of KCl was high and K₂SO₄ was low, the destruction of the tetrahedral hydrogen bond network in the solution was more serious. This shows that the destruction strength of the anion to the hydrogen bond network structure in solution was Cl⁻ > SO₄²⁻. In the MD simulations, the coordination number of O_W-O_W decreased with increasing KCl concentration, indicating that the tetrahedral hydrogen bond network was severely disrupted, which confirmed the results of the Raman spectroscopy. The hydration radius and coordination number of SO₄²⁻ in the mixed solution were larger than Cl⁻, thus revealing the reason why the solubility of KCl in water was greater than that of K₂SO₄ at room temperature.     

Ni—Fe合金电沉积层结构的穆斯堡尔谱与X射线衍射研究

用穆斯堡尔谱及X射线衍射技术研究不同Fe含量的Ni-Fe合金电沉积层的结构.当Fe含量小于46 at％时,该合金层为γ相(F. C.C.);Fe含量大于63 at％时为α相(B.C.C.);在46 at％～63 at％之间两相共存.Fe含量为25 at％左右时,存在部分有序的Ni_3Fe结构;Fe含量为35 at％～46 at％时,出现富铁相γ’(F.C.C.).由于富铁相的存在,使Fe含量在约46 at％时出现α相,而在冶炼的Ni-Fe合金中,只有当Fe含量达70 at％时才出现α相.γ相合金的晶格参数一般随Fe含量的增加而增大,Fe含量在～25 at％时,因有序的Ni_3Fe存在使晶格参数略为减小.当α、γ相共存时,γ相合金的晶格参数基本不变.     

NaCl(或KCl)-CH3OH-H2O体系的摩尔电导

CHaOH－HzO体系具有非常特殊的性质，同时在工业生产及临床治疗方面有着十分广泛的应用，文献中有大量地从不同角度就这类体系进行研究的报道．然而，就N3CI及KCI－CH30H－H20体系的电导研究而言，文献中仅有关干KCI－CH30H－H20（间隔20％CH30H）的部分研究工作．作为全面、系     

Micro-Raman Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction Analyses of the Core and Shell Compartments of an Iron-Rich Fulgurite

Fulgurites are naturally occurring structures that are formed when lightning discharges reach the ground. In this investigation, the mineralogical compositions of core and shell compartments of a rare, iron-rich fulgurite from the Mongolian Gobi Desert were investigated by X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The interpretation of the Raman data was helped by chemometric analysis, using both multivariate curve resolution (MCR) and principal component analysis (PCA), which allowed for the fast identification of the minerals present in each region of the fulgurite. In the core of the fulgurite, quartz, microcline, albite, hematite, and barite were first identified based on the Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics analyses. In contrast, in the shell compartment of the fulgurite, the detected minerals were quartz, a mixture of the K-feldspars orthoclase and microcline, albite, hematite, and goethite. The Raman spectroscopy results were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of powdered samples of the two fulgurite regions, and are consistent with infrared spectroscopy data, being also in agreement with the petrographic analysis of the fulgurite, including scanning electron microscopy with backscattering electrons (SEM-BSE) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) data. The observed differences in the mineralogical composition of the core and shell regions of the studied fulgurite can be explained by taking into account the effects of both the diffusion of the melted material to the periphery of the fulgurite following the lightning and the faster cooling at the external shell region, together with the differential properties of the various minerals. The heavier materials diffused slower, leading to the concentration in the core of the fulgurite of the iron and barium containing minerals, hematite, and barite. They first underwent subsequent partial transformation into goethite due to meteoric water within the shell of the fulgurite. The faster cooling of the shell region kinetically trapped orthoclase, while the slower cooling in the core area allowed for the extensive formation of microcline, a lower temperature polymorph of orthoclase, thus justifying the prevalence of microcline in the core and a mixture of the two polymorphs in the shell. The total amount of the K-feldspars decreases only slightly in the shell, while quartz and albite appeared in somewhat larger amounts in this compartment of the fulgurite. On the other hand, at the surface of the fulgurite, barite could not be stabilized due to sulfate lost (in the form of SO₂ plus O₂ gaseous products). The conjugation of the performed Raman spectroscopy experiments with the chemometrics analysis (PCA and, in particular, MCR analyses) was shown to allow for the fast identification of the minerals present in the two compartments (shell and core) of the sample. This way, the XRD experiments could be done while knowing in advance the minerals that were present in the samples, strongly facilitating the data analysis, which for compositionally complex samples, such as that studied in the present investigation, would have been very much challenging, if possible.     

Direct In Situ Investigation of Milling Reactions Using Combined X‐ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy

The combination of two analytical methods including time‐resolved in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy provides a new opportunity for a detailed analysis of the key mechanisms of milling reactions. To prove the general applicability of our setup, we investigated the mechanochemical synthesis of four archetypical model compounds, ranging from 3D frameworks through layered structures to organic molecular compounds. The reaction mechanism for each model compound could be elucidated. The results clearly show the unique advantage of the combination of XRD and Raman spectroscopy because of the different information content and dynamic range of both individual methods. The specific combination allows to study milling processes comprehensively on the level of the molecular and crystalline structures and thus obtaining reliable data for mechanistic studies.     

Sulfur Compounds. 164 Thermal Polymerization of the Cyclic Seleniumsulfide 1,2-Se2S5 Studied by DSC,HPLC, Raman Spectroscopy,and X-Ray Diffraction

Solid 1,2-Se₂S₅ polymerizes endothermically at 47°C to give a linear polymer which after stretching and extraction consists of helical molecules similar to those of polymeric sulfur. Heating of the polymer results in slow exothermic depolymerization at 84°C to give a mixture of seven cyclic Se_nS_8–n molecules which melts at 111°C. When the polymeric Se₂S₅ is refluxed with CS₂ the initial depolymerization Products are 1,2-Se₂S₅, SeS₅ and 1,2,3-Se₃S₅ but in addition SeS₇ and 1,2-Se₂S₆ are formed. These results indicate the atomic sequence –Se? S₅? Se– in the polymer. The powder x-ray diffraction pattern and Raman spectrum of the polymer as well as its lattice parameters are reported and the Probable mechanism of its depolymerization is discussed.     

Optical and Raman studies of Zn1-xMgxO ceramic pellets

The undoped and Mg-doped ZnO ceramics have been successfully synthesized using the conventional solid state sintering method. The doping effect of MgO content on the structural properties of ZnO/MgO composites has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD patterns reveal that all the samples are polycrystalline and have a prominent hexagonal crystalline structure with (002) and (101) as preferred growth directions. The formation of the hexagonal ZnMgO alloy phase and the segregation of MgO-cubic phase took place for an MgO composition x ≥ 20 wt%. This finding is in good agreement with the Raman spectroscopy measurements which prove the existence of multiple-order Raman peaks originating from ZnO-like and MgO phonons. The band gap energy and the carrier concentration of ZnO pellets were found to be dependent upon the Mg doping whose values vary from 3.287 to 3.827 eV and from 1.6 × 10¹⁷ to 5.2 × 10²⁰ cm⁻³, respectively.     

X射线衍射法测定滑石粉中石棉成分

使用X射线衍射法,通过石棉的2θ特征峰进行判断,分析滑石粉中可能存在的石棉成分。结果表明,样品中不含温石棉、铁石棉和青石棉,并对温石棉和绿泥石进行了有效区分。方法快速,灵敏,可有效用于滑石粉中石棉的测定。