C12A7-MgO催化剂上的生物油裂解制氢

Catalytic steam reforming of condensable vapors, i.e. bio-oil, derived from pyrolysis of biomass is an important process for hydrogen production, which is expected to form renewable and clean energy. The generation of hydrogen from bio-oil was investigated from 250 to 750 ℃ by a MgO mixed C12A7-O-(C12A7-MgO) catalyst in a fixed-bed micro-reactor. The hydrogen yield on C12A7-MgO was about 44% at 750 ℃. It is found that both the catalytic activity and catalysis life are improved by doping MgO. The XRD results show that the C12A7 structure of the positively charged lattice framework remains in the C12A7-MgO catalyst.     

一种适用于生物油低温制氢的碳纳米纤维促进的镍催化剂

氢气作为一种高热值的清洁能源广泛地应用于工业中. 研究证明: 生物质通过化学过程可以转化为多种气体燃料(氢气), 液体燃料以及高附加值的化学品. 生物质作为一种环境友好型再生洁净能源, 其研究越来越受到关注. 本文旨在探讨利用生物油为原料, 通过水蒸汽重整方法制备富氢合成气的过程. 利用均匀浸渍的方法制备了一种高分散的碳纳米纤维促进的镍(Ni/CNFs)催化剂, 并将普通的Al₂O₃作为载体的Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂和Ni/CNFs作对比. 研究了重整温度以及水蒸汽和碳摩尔比(n_S/n_C)对生物油水蒸汽重整制氢的影响. 结果表明: 碳纳米纤维作为载体用于生物油水蒸汽重整制氢的效果要远优于普通的Al₂O₃载体, 利用22% Ni/CNFs 催化剂时, 在实验温度范围内(350-550℃), 最高生物油转化率和氢气产率分别达到了94.7%和92.1%, 通过研究重整条件以及对催化剂进行表征探讨了生物油在水蒸汽重整过程中催化剂的构效关系.     

C12A7-O-纳米材料的制备及抗菌活性

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了C12A7-O-{[Ca24Al28O64]4+·4(O-)}纳米材料. 采用X射线衍射、电子顺磁共振及透射电子显微镜等手段对制备的材料进行了表征. 结果表明, 在最佳焙烧条件(1150 ℃, 6 h)下制备的材料平均粒径为74 nm, 并具有晶胞参数为(1.199±0.004) nm的C12A7(Ca12Al14O33)笼状结构, 材料内包含浓度高达1.2×1020 cm-3的氧负离子(O-). 初步研究结果表明, 合成的C12A7-O-纳米材料具有良好的广谱抗菌作用.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备多孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl-

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了多孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl- (Ca12Al14O32Cl2), 制备凝胶的原料是四水合硝酸钙、九水合硝酸铝、氯化钙、尿素和乙二醇. 混合溶液经过搅拌2-3 h形成溶胶, 再经350 ℃热处理后形成凝胶体, 最终在流动氩气气氛中1000 ℃烧结后得到材料. 用X射线衍射, 场发射扫描电子显微镜, 热重分析, 电子顺磁共振和离子色谱等方法表征合成的C12A7-Cl-多孔晶体材料. 结果表明, 利用溶胶-凝胶法成功地生成了C12A7 结构, 氯负离子是材料中存储的主要负离子. 此外, 从C12A7-Cl-晶体材料表面发射的氯负离子也被飞行时间质谱观测到. 上述结果说明溶胶-凝胶法可被用于制备C12A7-Cl-晶体材料.     

微孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl-的表面氯负离子发射性能和机理

利用飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)观测到氯负离子从合成的微孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl-(11CaO·7Al2O3·CaCl2)表面发射出来, 详细研究了C12A7-Cl-的发射特性, 包括发射强度分支比、温度效应、电场效应和表观活化能. 在我们的检测范围内从C12A7-Cl-表面发射的离子中绝大部分是氯负离子(最大强度分支比为98%), 此外还有弱的氧负离子和电子发射. 各种离子的绝对发射电流强度都随着表面温度升高或引出电场强度的增加而显著增强, 随着引出电场强度从200增加到1200 V·cm-1, 氯负离子发射的表观活化能从180.9 kJ·mol-1减小到110.0 kJ·mol-1. 氯负离子和C12A7-Cl-表面之间的结合能大约是228 kJ·mol-1. 研究了氯负离子的发射稳定性, 并且应用一种电化学注入法, 以获得持续的氯负离子发射. 基于上述实验还讨论了氯负离子的形成和发射机理. 目前的方法可望被用于发展氯负离子储存/发生器.     

Na2O掺杂C12A7材料的结构及其抗菌性能

本文利用溶胶-凝胶方法制备了Na2O掺杂的C12A7(12CaO.7Al2O3-Na2O)材料,通过X-射线衍射(XRD)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)、电感等离子体耦合-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)和飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)研究了材料结构与性能。选用金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌为受试菌种,研究了C12A7-Na2O的抗菌性能。结果表明,Na2O掺杂对C12A7的晶体结构以及材料中的氧负离子的浓度没有显著的影响,且C12A7-Na2O材料具有较高的抗菌性能。利用扫描电镜(SEM)对杀菌前后的金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的菌体形态进行了观测,初步探讨了C12A7-Na2O的抗菌机理。     

掺杂Cs元素的微孔晶体材料C12A7的表征及负离子发射特性

利用浸渍CsI的方法在微孔晶体材料12CaO·7Al₂O₃ (C12A7)表面掺杂Cs元素并对其进行场发射扫描电镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射以及电子顺磁共振的表征. 场发射扫描电镜以及透射电子显微镜的结果均证实CsI沉积在C12A7的表面; X射线衍射证明C12A7的结构并没有被破坏; 电子顺磁共振谱说明了浸渍后C12A7中的O^-和O₂^-浓度也无明显变化. 将浸渍后的同原始的C12A7进行比较发现, 掺杂样品在结构和存储特性上均无明显变化. 此外, 对该材料的发射性能与温度和引出场的关系也进行了研究与分析. 结果表明: 浸渍CsI至C12A7表面不仅降低了氧负离子的发射温度, 还大幅增强了发射强度; 氧负离子发射增强的主要原因归结于浸渍CsI后其表观活化能的降低.     

Maximum Hydrogen Production by Autothermal Steam Reforming of Bio-oil With NiCuZnAl Catalyst

Autothermal steam reforming (ATR) of bio-oil, which couples the endothermic steam reform-ing reaction with the exothermic partial oxidation, offers many advantages from a technical and economic point of view. Effective production of hydrogen through ATR of bio-oil was performed at lower temperature with NiCuZnAl catalyst. The highest hydrogen yield from bio-oil reached 64.3% with a nearly complete bio-oil conversion at 600 oC, the ratio of steam to carbon fed (S/C) of 3 and the oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C) of 0.34. The reaction con-ditions in ATR including temperature, O/C, S/C and weight hourly space velocity can be used to control both hydrogen yield and products distribution. The comparison between the ATR and common steam reforming of bio-oil was studied. The mechanism of the ATR of bio-oil was also discussed.     

在Ni/HZSM-5催化剂上低温水蒸汽重整生物油制氢

We investigated high catalytic activity of Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts synthesized by the impregna-tion method, which was successfully applied for low-temperature steam reforming of bio-oil. The influences of the catalyst composition, reforming temperature and the molar ratio of steam to carbon fed on the stream reforming process of bio-oil over the Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts were investigated in the reforming reactor. The promoting effects of current passing through the catalyst on the bio-oil reforming were also studied using the electrochemical catalytic re-forming approach. By comparing Ni/HZSM-5 with commonly used Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts, the Ni₂₀/ZSM catalyst with Ni-loading content of about 20% on the HZSM-5 support showed the highest catalytic activity. Even at 450 oC, the hydrogen yield of about 90% with a near complete conversion of bio-oil was obtained using the Ni₂₀/ZSM catalyst. It was found that the performance of the bio-oil reforming was remarkably enhanced by the HZSM-5 supporter and the current through the catalyst. The features of the Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts were also investigated via X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma and atomic emission spectroscopy, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller methods.     

Production of Hydrogen from Bio-oil Using Low-temperature Electrochemical Catalytic Reforming Approach over CoZnAl Catalyst

High-efficient production of hydrogen from bio-oil was performed by electrochemical catalytic reforming method over the CoZnAl catalyst. The influence of current on the hydrogen yield, carbon conversion, and products distribution were investigated. Both the hydrogen yield and carbon conversion were remarkably enhanced by the current through the catalyst, reaching hydrogen yield of 70% and carbon conversion of 85% at a lower reforming temperature of 500 oC. The influence of current on the properties of the CoZnAl catalyst was also characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurements. The thermal electrons would play an important role in promoting the reforming reactions of the oxygenated-organic compounds in the bio-oil.     

Hydrogen Production From Crude Bio-oil and Biomass Char by Electrochemical Catalytic Reforming

We reports an efficient approach for production of hydrogen from crude bio-oil and biomass char in the dual fixed-bed system by using the electrochemical catalytic reforming method. The maximal absolute hydrogen yield reached 110.9 g H₂/kg dry biomass. The product gas was a mixed gas containing 72%H₂, 26%CO₂, 1.9%CO, and a trace amount of CH₄. It was observed that adding biomass char (a by-product of pyrolysis of biomass) could remarkably increase the absolute H₂ yield (about 20%-50%). The higher reforming temperature could enhance the steam reforming reaction of organic compounds in crude bio-oil and the reaction of CO and H₂O. In addition, the CuZn-Al₂O₃ catalyst in the water-gas shift bed could also increase the absolute H₂ yield via shifting CO to CO₂.     

Co-Ni／SiO2催化剂催化乙酸重整制氢反应研究

用浸渍法制备了一系列Co-Ni/SiO2催化剂,利用固定床反应器对催化剂在乙酸重整制氢反应中的催化性能进行了测试,详细研究了Co-Ni配比、活性组分负载量,反应温度,空速及水碳比对催化剂活性的影响.实验结果表明,该催化剂能高效催化乙酸重整反应.当Co和Ni摩尔比例为0.5∶1,活性组分质量百分含量为15%时催化剂呈现最好的催化活性,在水碳摩尔比为7.5∶1,温度大于500℃时可使乙酸完全转化,并且氢和二氧化碳选择性均达95%以上.     

Pt/TiO2光催化甲烷重整水气制氢

在室温下以太阳能替代传统的高温高压热反应条件,在固定床装置中实现连续动态光催化甲烷重整水气(PSRM)制氢反应:CH4+2H2O(g)→4H2+CO2. 产物的主成分是H2和CO2,同时检测到微量或痕量的C2H6、C2H4和CO. 重点考察了以光沉积法负载Pt的TiO2(p-Pt/TiO2)为光催化剂,该反应体系在不同CH4/H2O进料摩尔比、进料的总流速、光照波长、催化剂用量以及贵金属的负载方式等的实验条件对氢气产率的影响. 最优化的反应条件为:CH4/H2O进料摩尔比为4; 进料总流速为0.5 mL.min-1; 光沉积负载要优于浸渍法; 相同的负载方式Pd和NiOx为比较优异的助催化剂; 最佳催化剂用量为20 mg.cm-2. 最后循环实验结果表明,p-Pt/TiO2及反应体系都具有比较高的稳定性.     

复合催化剂及稀土助催的甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢的研究

采用并流共沉淀法制备了不同配比的CuZnAl复合氧化物催化剂,通过X-衍射(XRD)和程序升温还原(TPR)等表征技术考察了焙烧温度对催化剂催化活性的影响,且考察了La助剂对催化剂催化活性的影响。结果表明,La的含量为15%时的的催化剂具有最高的催化活性。当反应温度为250℃,水醇摩尔比为1:1,焙烧温度为550℃时,甲醇转化率可高达95%左右。     

Al2O3担载Ni-Cr/MgAl2O4催化剂催化乙醇水蒸气重整制氢研究

利用浸渍法制备了担载于γ-Al2O3上的Ni-Cr/MgAl2O4尖晶石催化剂,考察了催化剂对乙醇水蒸气重整的性能,结合X射线衍射(XRD)的表征结果,研究了催化剂的构效关系.实验结果表明,Ni、Cr担载量为15%和5%的催化剂对乙醇中低温水蒸气重整反应(SRE)表现出较高的催化活性和选择性,400℃时乙醇转化率可达到98.9%,氢气选择性为51.4%;450℃时,转化率可达到100%,氢气选择性为73.8%.     

Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Ethanol: A Two Step Process

A two-layer fixed-bed catalytic reactor for hydrogen production by steam reforming of ethanol is proposed. In this reactor ethanol is first converted to acetaldehyde over a Cu-based catalyst and then acetaldehyde is converted to a hydrogen-rich mixture over a Ni-based catalyst. It is shown that the use of such type of reactor prevents coke formation and provides hydrogen yields closed to equilibrium.