Depth concentrations of deuterium ions implanted into some pure metals and alloys

Pure metals (Cu, Ti, Zr, V, Pd) and diluted Pd alloys (Pd-Ag, Pd-Pt, Pd-Ru, Pd-Rh) were implanted by 25-keV deuterium ions at fluences in the range (1.2–2.3) × 10²² m⁻². The post-treatment depth distributions of deuterium ions were measured 10 days and three months after the implantation by using Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) and Rutherford Backscattering (RBS). Comparison of the obtained results allowed us to make conclusions about relative stability of deuterium and hydrogen gases in pure metals and diluted Pd alloys. Very high diffusion rates of implanted deuterium ions in V and Pd pure metals and Pd alloys were observed. Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed formation of nanosized defects in implanted corundum and titanium.     

Ordering of crystal structure by ionizing radiation

We have studied the action of ionizing radiation on defect-containing semiconductor crystals, metals, and alloys. Using modern methods for investigation of solids, Rutherford back scattering of channeled charged particles, x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and also calorimetric methods, we have established: a) irradiation (by x-ray beams, gamma rays, and electrons) of metals and alloys with an equivalent radiation dose less than 10⁵ J/kg and of semiconductor crystals with a dose less than 10³ J/kg does not lead to additional accumulation of defects but conversely leads to elimination of defects and transition of the crystal to a more equilibrium state; b) ionization processes play a determining role in rearrangment of defects in crystals exhibiting both semiconductor and metallic conductivity. We show that rearrangment of the crystal occurs as a result of stored energy in the crystal which is liberated due to chain reactions of annihilation of defects, initiated by ionization. Transition of the crystal to the equilibrium state is accompanied by improvement of its physical properties.Deceased.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 58–67, December, 1994.     

正电子湮没技术在金属和合金研究中的应用进展

评述了正电子没技术（ＰＡＴ）在金属和合金研究中如下几个领域的应用进展：（１）金属间化合物空位形成的焓的测定;（２）淬火、辐照、形变及充氢等引起的缺陷及回复过程;（３）金属和合金的相变;（４）非晶、准晶及纳米晶的研究;（５）ＰＡＴ作为材料无损检测新技术的研究。     

Radiation defects induced by helium implantation in gold-based alloys investigated by positron annihilation spectroscopy

The formation of gas bubbles in metallic materials may result in drastic degradation of in-service properties. In order to investigate this effect in high density and medium-low melting temperature (T _M) alloys, positron annihilation spectroscopy measurements were performed on helium-implanted gold–silver solid solutions after isochronal annealing treatments. Three recovery stages are observed, attributed to the migration and elimination of defects not stabilized by helium atoms, helium bubble nucleation and bubble growth. Similarities with other metals are found for the recovery stages involving bubble nucleation and growth processes. Lifetime measurements indicate that He implantation leads to the formation of small and over-pressurized bubbles that generate internal stresses in the material. A comprehensive picture is drawn for possible mechanisms of helium bubble evolution. Two values of activation energy (0.26 and 0.53 eV) are determined below and above 0.7T _M, respectively, from the variation of the helium bubble radius during the bubble growth stage. The migration and coalescence mechanism, which accounts for these very low activation energies, controls the helium bubble growth.     

Radiation-induced structural changes in alloys

Development of alloys for reliable performance in extreme radiation environments is vital for the viability of advanced nuclear reactor systems. Over the past decade, there has been a considerable growth in our understanding of the basic processes of radiation damage, the nature of the induced defects, their interaction and migration, and the influence of these on the mechanical behaviour of metals. This understanding has however come mainly from studies in pure metals and dilute alloys, and there are difficulties when applying these concepts to concentrated alloys, particularly of technological interest. The present article, which attempts to bridge this gap, discusses recent research developments and some of the emerging new concepts as applicable to alloy systems. Interstitialcy transport; percolation effects in defect migration; short range and long range ordering and restructuring of alloys; defects and damage behaviour of metallic glasses; synergetic processes and phase instabilities; and finally, swelling, irradiation creep and ductility behaviour of alloy systems are the topics discussed.     

氦、氘对纯铁辐照缺陷的影响

在核聚变堆的辐照环境中, 核嬗变产物氢、氦对结构材料的抗辐照性能将产生很大的影响. 本实验采用离子注入和电子辐照模拟研究了氦和氘对具有体心立方结构的纯铁的影响. 采用离子加速器在室温分别对纯铁注入氦离子和氘离子, 经500℃时效1 h后在高压电镜下进行电子辐照.结果表明: 室温注氦和室温注氘的纯铁在500℃时效后分别形成间隙型位错环和空位型位错环. 在电子辐照下, 间隙型位错环吸收间隙原子而不断长大, 而空位型位错环吸收间隙原子不断缩小. 通过计算位错环的变化速率发现, 空位型位错环比间隙型位错环吸收了更多的间隙原子, 即室温注氘纯铁的位错偏压比室温注氦纯铁的偏压参量大, 这意味着相同实验条件下空位型位错环对辐照肿胀的贡献大于间隙型位错环对辐照肿胀的贡献. 利用氦-空位复合体和氘-空位复合体的结构, 分析了注氦和注氘后在纯铁中形成不同类型位错环的原因. 关键词： 氦 氘 辐照损伤 位错环     

Embedded cluster calculations for hydrogen chemisorption on the (111) surfaces of fcc Co,Ni, Cu,Rh, Pd and Ag

We present a muffin tin based calculation on (TM)₃H, (TM)₇H and (TM)₁₉H clusters embedded at the surface of an effective jellium-like medium whose potential is treated in scattering length approximation. We consider the changes occurring when the d-like perturbation of the TM muffin tins is switched on. The broad chemisorption-induced resonance seen for H on the effective jellium surface is narrowed and shifted down in energy. Furthermore the occupation of this resonance is increased from about 1.1 electrons to about 1.4 (on 3d metals) or 1.8 (on 4d metals), due to d-like states dropping down from the d band to form a relatively welldefined “bonding state”. An antibonding state containing about 0.4 electrons is formed at the top of the d band. The results are compared with other calculations and with photoemission data. Implications for the metal-hydrogen distance and (for Ni) the demagnetizing effect of hydrogen chemisorption are discussed. We use the change in total single particle energy when the d-like perturbation is switched on to estimate trends in chemisorption energy along the 3d and 4d series. In the 3d case experimental data is available on the difference in chemisorption energy between Ni and Cu which is in reasonable agreement with our estimate.     

Hydrogen-induced soliton-like coherent swellings moving across the surface of palladium-hydrogen alloys

Coherently conjugate wave-like swellings moving across the surface of PdH_0.1 alloy at additional saturation with hydrogen under significantly nonequilibrium conditions have been detected and video recorded for the first time. The shape and character of motion of these swellings are similar to those of solitary waves of translation—solitons. The detected moving soliton-like swelling has been phenomenologically analyzed based on the modern concepts of metal-hydrogen systems. It is emphasized that the formation of these soliton-like coherent moving swellings is a peculiar (unknown previously) mechanism of relaxation and equalization of internal stress in metal-hydrogen alloys.     

中子辐照含氢FZ-Si的红外吸收研究

对于中子辐照的n-FZSi(H₂),利用红外吸收光谱研究了由于辐照所产生的各种与氢有关的缺陷态。在未辐照的样品和辐照的样品中分别发现了未曾报道的1992cm^{-1和1857cm-1吸收峰。对于在n-FZSi(H₂)所引起的本征吸收峰和辐照损伤吸收峰,进行了讨论和指派。2150cm-1吸收峰则被认为是由于氢施主所引起的。 关键词：}     

氢离子注入对硅单晶电子辐照缺陷和氢泡形成的影响

以50keV和100keV能量的氢离子注入p型(100)直拉硅单晶薄膜。注入剂量为10¹⁵—2×10¹⁷H⁺/cm²。试样在HU-1300型超高压透射电子显微镜中进行电子辐照和原位加热动态观察。结果表明在20—300℃温度范围内与未注氢硅相比,注氢硅在相同的电子辐照条件下产生的电子辐照缺陷较少,电子辐照缺陷形成所需的潜伏时间较长。在电子显微镜中加热试样时于190℃开始观察到氢泡,190—220℃范围内氢泡逐渐产生并长大 关键词：     

Positron studies of hydrogen-defect interactions in proton irradiated molybdenum

Molybdenum single crystals are irradiated at 20 K with 6 MeV protons. The radiation damage and lattice defect annealing is studied by positron lifetime spectroscopy in the temperature range from 15 to 720 K. Loss of vacancies due to recombination with mobile interstitials is observed at 40 K (Stage I) in agreement with resistivity measurements. This is the first time Stage I is observed by positrons below 77 K. The implanted hydrogen decorates the vacancies around 100 K, which is consistent with a hydrogen migration energy in molybdenum:E _M ^H = 0.3–0.4 eV. Clustering of spatially correlated vacancies takes place in a wide temperature region below the usual vacancy clustering stage (Stage III). Stage III is observed at rather low temperatures (400–480 K) due to the very high vacancy concentration. Hydrogen bound to vacancies and vacancy clusters is released above 540 K, which puts an upper limit to the hydrogen binding energy:E _B ^H 1.4 eV. The present work emphasizes the advantage of employing a vacancy sensitive technique to study hydrogen in metals, where its intrinsic solubility is low. In such metals (as molybdenum) both the effective solubility and the effective mobility of hydrogen are strongly influenced by the presence of vacancies.     

Properties of carbon-based structures synthesized in nuclear reactions induced by bremsstrahlung γ quanta with threshold energy of 10 MeV at helium pressure of 1.1 kbar

Helium gas with an initial pressure of about 1.1 kbar inside a high-pressure chamber (HeHPC) has been irradiated by bremsstrahlung γ quanta with a threshold energy of 10 MeV for 1.0 × 10⁵ s produced by an electron-beam current of 22–24 μA. After opening the HeHPC, the residual pressure of helium is equal to 430 bar. Synthesized black foils with a variety of other objects are found inside the HeHPC. They are located on the inner surfaces of the reaction chamber made of high-purity copper (99.99%), the entrance the window of γ quanta made of beryllium bronze and a copper container of nuclear and chemical reaction products. Elemental analysis with the use of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microprobe analysis has revealed that the foils contain predominantly carbon and small quantities of other elements from carbon to iron. The results are in good agreement with the cycle of investigations of the authors devoted to the γ-quanta irradiation of dense hydrogen and helium gases in the presence (absence) of metals in a reaction chamber.     

Bubble-loop complexes induced by helium irradiation and effect of pre-irradiation and post-irradiation of hydrogen in reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel

In the present work, the synergistic effect of high concentration hydrogen and helium on the dislocation loops and bubbles as well as their correlations in reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels is investigated. Such an effect was transmuted from 14?MeV neutron irradiation and has been one of the most challenging issues for RAFM steels for future fusion reactors. After low dose (0.18?dpa) high concentration (5000 appm) single-ion helium irradiation at 723?K, very large dislocation loops were observed, and the majority of bubbles were inside dislocation loops, forming bubble-loop complexes. These bubble-loop complexes defects were also present in hydrogen/helium and helium/hydrogen sequential-ion irradiated steels. Pre-irradiated hydrogen ion effectively inhibited the later growth of loops induced by helium post-irradiation, and the higher the ratio of hydrogen to helium fluence, the greater the effect of inhibition. At high fluence of hydrogen pre-irradiation, the structure of bubble-loop complexes disappeared. On the other hand, hydrogen post-irradiation promoted the growth of loops induced by helium pre-irradiation, and the higher the ratio of hydrogen to helium fluence, the greater the effect of promotion. The mechanisms for hydrogen/helium synergistic effects are discussed.     

X-Ray Luminescence of Defects in Spinel Single Crystals

The flareup of x-ray luminescence in spinel single crystals (MgAl₂O₄) depending on the time of x-ray irradiation and the decay of fluorescence depending on the time elapsed after the termination of irradiation have been investigated. These dependences were measured at different powers of the irradiation dose (power of the x-ray tube) and at different temperatures of the samples. The experimental results suggest the existence of large-size complexes of defects, which include antisite defects and impurity ions, the exchange of charge carriers between which during and after irradiation leads to luminescence of the impurity ions. Transfer of charge carriers between isolated elements of the pairs of antisite defects (not interacting with the impurity ions) leads to the formation of a competing channel of recombination luminescence in the UV region of the spectra. The decay of fluorescence attributable to transitions in the Mn²⁺ and Cr³⁺ ions depending on the time elapsed after the termination of x-ray irradiation points to the existence of various combinations of antisite defects in the surroundings of these ions.     

Electron-Stimulated Hydrogen Desorption from Nickel and Palladium

New experimental data are presented on the radiation-stimulated diffusion of hydrogen in metals, in particular, nickel and palladium, under the action of a 30-keV accelerated electron beam. Hydrogen desorption rates from nickel and palladium are determined for thermal and electron beam heating; a substantial shift of the thermal gas-desorption peaks to the low-temperature range is detected upon radiationinduced heating. The presence of an internal hydrogen atmosphere is shown to create favorable conditions for the vibrational-translational exchange (V–T exchange), non-equilibrium redistribution, and desorption of hydrogen from a solid upon irradiation. Accelerated hydrogen migration stimulated by electrons with an energy below the defect-formation threshold is explained at a qualitative level. First-principles calculations of the electronic structure of the metal–hydrogen system reveal that plasmons are also an efficient mechanism for radiation-energy dissipation over the whole crystal.     

Luminescence decay in spray-pyrolyzed Cds

We report the room temperature luminescence decay of spray pyrolyzed CdS, which is extremely similar to the luminescence decay of amorphous silicon hydrogen alloys at liquid helium temperatures. We suggest that the luminescence decay in both of these materials is due to localized electrons and holes recombining by radiative tunnelling.     

Fe-10%Cr铁素体合金中氢对辐照诱起偏析的影响

Fe-10％Cr铁素体合金经室温注氢后,在620-720K进行电子辐照时,会出现一种新的共格偏析现像。与此偏析相对应,在电子衍射图像中可以观察到明亮的条纹衍射。分析结果表明,这种偏析为沿<100>方向的Cr元素的针状共格偏析,其长度约为100nm,直径为1至2个原子尺寸。氢元素和电子辐照产生的纯点缺陷是形成这种偏析的必要条件。 关键词：     

Defect studies of hydrogen-loaded thin Nb films

Hydrogen interaction with defects in thin niobium (Nb) films was investigated using slow positron implantation spectroscopy (SPIS) combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thin Nb films on Si substrates were prepared using cathode beam sputtering at room temperature. Initially, the microstructure of the virgin (hydrogen-free) films was characterized. Subsequently, the films were step-by-step electrochemically charged with hydrogen and the evolution of the microstructure with increasing hydrogen concentration was monitored. Hydrogen loading leads to a significant lattice expansion which was measured by XRD. Contrary to free-standing bulk metals, thin films are highly anisotropic. The in-plane expansion is prevented because the films are clamped on the elastically hard substrate. On the other hand, the out-of-plane expansion is substantially higher than in the bulk samples. Moreover, an enhanced hydrogen solubility in the α-phase was found in nanocrystalline Nb films. It was found that most of positrons in the films are trapped at open-volume defects at grain boundaries (GBs). These defects represent trapping sites also for hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen trapping at vacancy-like defects like GBs leads to a local increase of the electron density and is reflected by a pronounced decrease of the S parameter in the hydrogen-loaded samples. In addition, it was found that new defects are introduced at higher concentrations of hydrogen due to the formation of NbH (β-phase) particles.     

Optical studies of atoms and ions in superfluid helium using a ccd-camera system

The spectroscopic study ions and atoms immersed into liquid helium can contribute to the understanding of the structure of pointlike defects in helium and their interaction with the superfluid phase as well. Ions and atoms serve as microprobes in the form of so calledbubble orsnowball type defects in the quantum fluid. The optical emission of these structures is recorded. From the optical spectra of previous experiments the influence of the surrounding helium on the electronic configuration of the impurity atoms or ions was examined. In this experiment the light emitted from the defect atoms is observed by a camera. The pictures obtained yield information about the distribution and the motion of the defect particles in the superfluid. As an example the fluorescence light resulting from the recombination of magnesium, barium and thallium ions with excess electrons in superfluid helium was recorded.