The Pionic Hydrogen Experiment at PSI

The measurement of the strong-interaction effects in pionic hydrogen gives access to fundamental properties of the pion–nucleon interaction. Methods developed within the framework of Heavy-Baryon Chiral Perturbation Theory allow calculations with an accuracy of a few per cent, which should be tested by experiment. Techniques advanced for recent experiments on the precision spectroscopy of X-rays from antiprotonic and pionic atoms will be used in a new series of measurements for pionic hydrogen. The aim is to achieve finally an accuracy of 0.2% for the hadronic shift ∈_1s and most important of about 1% for the broadening Γ_1s . An essential part of the experimental program is an improved understanding of the atomic cascade. At first, the value of ∈_1s has to be proven not to be influenced by molecular formation. Secondly, a more accurate determination of Γ_1s requires a detailed study of Coulomb deexcitation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Atomic Hydrogen in Two Spatial Dimensions

We resolve the problem of atomic hydrogen in two spatial dimensions exactly. Its spectrum ia different from that in three dimensions, M the angular momentum is not quantised in integer or half of odd-integer. We a h calculate the ground state energies for different cases of the parameter α, which may be related to the statistics of the electron in the atom.     

The Muonic Hydrogen Lamb Shift Experiment at PSI

A measurement of the 2S Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen (μ⁻p) is being prepared at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). The goal of the experiment is to measure the energy difference ΔE(2⁵ P _3/2−2³ S _1/2) by laser spectroscopy (λ≈6μm) to a precision of 30 ppm and to deduce the root mean square (rms) proton charge radius with 10⁻³ relative accuracy, 20 times more precise than presently known. An important prerequisite to this experiment is the availability of long-lived μp_2S -atoms. A 2S-lifetime of ∼1 μs – sufficiently long to perform the laser experiment – at H₂ gas pressures of 1–2 hPa was deduced from recent measurements of the collisional 2S-quenching rate. A new low-energy negative muon beam yields an order of magnitude more muon stops in a small low-density gas volume than a conventional cloud muon beam. A stack of ultra-thin carbon foils is the key element of a fast detector for keV-muons. The development of a 2 keV X-ray detector and a 3-stage laser system providing 0.5 mJ laser pulses at 6 μm is on the way. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Structure and Dynamics of the Chains of Hydrogen Bonds of Hydrogen Fluoride Molecules Inside Carbon Nanotubes

Physics of the Solid State - It is shown by molecular dynamics that hydrogen fluoride molecules inside single-wall carbon nanotubes with a diameter D < 0.85 nm form flat zigzag chains of...     

The Four-Body System Made up of Hydrogen and Antihydrogen

 In view of current interest in the trapping of antihydrogen atoms at low temperatures [1–3], we have investigated the reasons for considering that does not have a bound state. We go on to carry out a four-body variational calculation for s-wave hydrogen-antihydrogen scattering, using the Kohn variational method. This is a continuation of earlier work on interactions [5–7]. Received October 30, 2001; accepted for publication November 21, 2001     

Hydrogen detection by SIMS: Hydrogen on polycrystalline vanadium

The interaction of hydrogen with polycrystalline vanadium has been studied by SIMS and flash-desorption. Two well defined vanadium surfaces with different amounts of residual oxygen were exposed to H₂-doses up to 1000 L. The investigations were carried out under UHV conditions. The experiments result in a better understanding of the vanadium-hydrogen interaction, especially with regard to the influence of residual oxygen. The residual oxygen concentration can be characterized by the O^? emission; it increases with the number of O₂ exposure/ heating cycles. Different groups of secondary ions and flash signals, characteristic of certain chemical environments of hydrogen, could be distinguished. The ratios $\text{VH}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{V}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and $\text{V}{}_2\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{V}{}^{\mathrm{+}}{}_2$ proved to be typical of the direct V-H bond concentration. This can be derived from their behaviour during H₂ and O₂ exposure, e.g. Bulk dissolved hydrogen is indicated by a dosedepending H₂ flash signal at 900 K. Bulk solution of H₂ is blocked by a monomolecular oxygen layer. An additional H₂ flash signal at 500 K together with increasing values of $\text{VH}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{V}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and $\text{V}{}_2\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{V}{}^{\mathrm{+}}{}_2$ is observed for relatively oxygen free targets after H₂ exposure. The detection limit for metal-bonded hydrogen was found to be less than 100 ppm of one monolayer.     

Hydrogen bond studies

The deuteron magnetic resonance spectra from partially deuterated single crystals of NaHC₂O₄. H₂O have been studied. The quadrupole coupling tensors for stationary deuterons are determined at about 25°C. The quadrupole coupling constants and the assymmetry parameters η of the tensors for the two deuterons in the water molecule are, 235·2 ± 1·9 and 228·5 ± 1·6 kHz, and 0·09 ± 0·01 and 0·13 ± 0·01, respectively. The principal axes corresponding to the largest components both deviate by 0·9 ± 0·5° from their respective O-H directions. For one of the tensors this angular displacement is in the plane of the H₂O molecule and towards the other O-H direction. The displacement for the other tensor is out of the plane of the H₂O molecule.     

The solution of Hydrogen in TaV2

TaV₂ may be prepared as a random b.c.c. alloy or as a (C-15) Laves phase. The behavior of hydrogen dissolved in b.c.c. TaV₂ is significantly different than that exhibited by hydrogen dissolved in (C-15) TaV₂. The b.c.c. TaV₂/H₂; system is similar to pure vanadium/H₂; in the region of hydrogen solid solution, the electronic contribution to the thermodynamics of solution is negligible and the system exhibits apparent H-H attractive interactions. A non-stoichiometric f.c.c. dihydride is formed at p_H2 = 10 atm, T = 273 K. (C-15) TaV₂ does not form a hydride phase; hydrogen is continuously absorbed into solid solution to a maximum hydrogen content H/M ? 0.60. The solid solution of hydrogen in (C-15) TaV₂ exhibits trends which are typical of intermetallie/H₂ systems. The dilute hydrogen region is marked by a strong positive deviation from Sieverts' Law, and the relative partial molar enthalpy of solution becomes less exothermic as the hydrogen content is increased. ΔV? vs H/M relationships and ΔS_H vs H/M relationships indicate that hydrogen segregation at the metal surface or at abnormally stable trapping sites does not contribute significantly to the thermodynamic behavior exhibited by hydrogen in (C-15) TaV₂. Analysis of the excess free energy of hydrogen suggests that electronic effects may exert a significant influence on the behavior of hydrogen in (C-15) TaV₂, even at dilute hydrogen contents. It is suggested that the radom substitution of tantalum into the vanadium lattice exerts a significantly greater effect on the vibrational entropy of dissolved hydrogen than does the structural transformation b.c.c. TaV₂ → (C-15) TaV₂.     

Hydrogen Release and Room Temperature Creep for Vanadium Alloys Containing Hydrogen

Vanadium alloy has been taken as one of the candidate structural materials for fusion reactors because of its excellent high-temperature mecha nical performances, high thermal stress factor and low radioactivity. It is a kind of potential materials for hydrogen storage as well. Because operated in an environment conta!ning hydrogen and its isotopes or the neutron irradiation resulting transmutation product of H, the problem that H induced degradation of mechanical properties and hydrogen embrittlement has been being one of the key issues for the application for vanadium alloys.     

Vibrational Spectra of and Isotope Effect in Hydrogen Bonded Potassium Hydrogen Oxalate

The crystal structure of potassium hydrogen oxalate, KHC₂O₄, has been determined by Pedersen¹. There are infinite chains of hydrogen oxalate ions held together by short (2. 534 Å) hydrogen bonds. The O-D‥O distance of KDC₂O₄ derived from lattice constant changes is estimated to be about 0.005 Å larger than the O-H‥O distance which means that the isotope effect is small¹. We believe, however, on the ground of the infrared and Raman spectra of KHC₂O₄ and KDC₂O₄ repotted in this paper, that the isotope effect in these crystals is much larger.     

生物油制氢中催化剂与吸收剂研究

本文利用固定床反应器考察了自制催化剂在生物油水溶性组分重整制氢反应中的表现以及耦合水蒸气预处理的CO2吸收剂对反应的影响。通过比较自制催化剂与商业催化剂Z417在重整反应中的催化性能,以及预处理吸收剂对重整反应的改进作用,结果表明：在反应温度为800℃,水油比为4．9的条件下,自制催化剂Ni／CeO2-ZrO2的氢产率...     

氢原子电子云的蒙特卡罗模拟

根据量子力学原理,氢原子中电子的几率分布由电子的定态波函数可以唯一地确定.在大多数教科书中,通常是将电子沿径向和角度方向的几率分布分别进行讨论,因此很难给出电子在整个空间几率分布的一个完整图象.我们使用蒙特卡罗随机抽样的方法,通过计算机作图形象而逼真地绘制了氢原子中电子的几率分布图,即所谓的电子云.下面介绍所使用的方法.     

Hydrogen implantation in semiconductors

Proton implantation is presented as a versatile tool for hydrogen-doping of semiconductors. The paper shows the advantages as well as disadvantages of this technique: precise spatial distribution and hydrogen concentrations obtained up to the non-equilibrium states are possible because of the damages introduced during the slowing down of protons. Some examples of experimental results obtained by proton implantation are discussed in detail. The review is also intended to serve as a source of key references in the field.     

Hydrogen in amorphous semiconductors

Over the past 5 years, there has been growing interest in a class of amorphous semiconductors deposited in thin-film form in the presence of hydrogen. The interest has derived primarily from certain electronic properties, such as the ability to control the Fermi level by substitutional doping, that make the materials potential candidates for solar photovoltaic energy conversion and thin-film device applications. These same properties have also made the materials attractive “test-beds” for basic research into electronic processes and defect states in amorphous semiconductors.     

Hydrogen adsorption on silicon

Change Δφ(Θ) in work function versus surface coverage Θ for the Si(100) surface is determined in terms of a model that includes not only the dipole-dipole interaction of hydrogen adatoms but also an elongation of the adsorption length with increasing Θ. The charge of the adatoms as a function of Θ is calculated, and the variation of the surface conductivity of the substrate is estimated.     

Hydrogen bonding in water

Computer simulations using density functional theory based ab initio path integral molecular dynamics have been carried out to investigate hydrogen bonding in water under ambient conditions. Structural predictions for both H2O and D2O, which include the effects of zero-point energy, thermal motion, and many body polarization effects, are contrasted with classical simulations that ignore nuclear quantum effects. The calculated effect of H/D isotope substitution on the water structure is much smaller than the difference between the classical and quantum path integral results, and is in excellent agreement with the measured H/D difference data from both neutron and x-ray scattering.     

Hydrogen storage in hydrofullerides

Highly reduced fullerenes containing nearly 5 wt.% of dihydrogen can be synthesized using readily available reagents. Hydrides prepared from C₆₀ by dissolving metal reductions give complex mixtures of unstable isomers of C₆₀H₃₆. High temperature syntheses using transfer hydrogenation reagents such as dihydroanthracene provide mainly two stable isomers of C₆₀H₃₆ that have been characterized spectroscopically. Dihydrogen can be removed thermally from these materials at 500 °C. The experimentally determined activation energy for the thermal removal of dihydrogen from C₆₀H₂ is 61.4 kcal/mol. This value is in good agreement with the value determined computationally for a multi step radical reaction. The 92 kcal/mol barrier determined computationally for the concerted loss of dihydrogen reflects the symmetry-imposed barrier to dehydrogenation. PACS 81.05.Tp; 82.30.Cf; 82.56.Ub