HNO3溶液中Np(V)与U(VI)配位行为的研究I

Purex流程中,同时定量测定浓度约为10-4～10-5mol.L-1且共存于HNO3溶液中的Np(IV)、Np(V)和Np(VI)各种价态,是乏燃料后处理中的重要课题.传统的萃取-色谱法、离子交换法、载带法以及共沉淀法虽然对其价态测定有一定效果,但操作冗长,稍有不慎,易出差错.因此,多年来光度法很受重视.然而,U(VI)的存在对利用光度法测定Np(IV、V、VI)价态有很大影响,常常会使Np(V)的测定结果偏低.研究发现了在3 mol.L-1HNO3溶液中[U(VI)]/[Np(V)]>104时,Np(V)与U(VI)之间形成的1∶1型配合物是其测定结果偏低的主要原因,基于此求得了配位平衡常数.     

利用CHEMSPEC模拟计算Np和Pu在北山地下水中的种态分布及其在水合氧化铁上的吸附

利用软件CHEMSPEC模拟计算了Np和Pu在北山地下水中的种态分布以及两者在水合氧化铁上的吸附,并考察了氧化还原电位、酸碱度、溶液中不同离子及其浓度对种态分布的影响.结果表明:Np对环境的氧化还原条件十分敏感,随着pH在3~11范围内不断增加,在还原性以及弱氧化性的环境中主要以正四价形式存在,Np F_2~(2+)、Np(CO_3)_2(OH)_2~(2-)和Np(OH)_4为主要种态,在氧化性较强的环境中以正五价形式存在的种态NpO_2~+、NpO_2CO_3~-和NpO_2(OH)含量会显著上升,Np(V)在水合氧化铁上的总吸附量先快速后缓慢增加,表面吸附种态分别是≡FeOHNpO_2~+与≡FeOHNpO_3~-;Pu主要以正四价形式存在,在pH3~11的范围内,主要种态为PuSO_4~+和Pu(OH)_4,Pu(IV)在水合氧化铁上的总吸附量先增加后减小,pH8.1时达到最大,表面吸附种态为≡FeOHPuO~(2+)与≡FeOHPuO_2.溶液中的其他离子对Np和Pu的种态分布影响顺序分别为HCO_3~-F~-SO_4~(2-)Cl~-和HCO_3~-SO_4~(2-)Cl~-F~-.     

五价锕系元素“阳离子—阳离子”配合物研究Np（V）—Np（V）和Np（V）—Np（Ⅵ）配合物的吸收光谱

自J．C.Sullivan等人于1961年首次报道了五价锕系元素Np(V)和六价锕系元素U（Ⅵ）在高氯酸溶液中能够形成1：1型的“阳离子－阳离子”配合物以来^[1],五价锕系元素在酸性溶液中的这一特殊配位行为引起了人们的极大兴趣。随着对锕系元素在后处理中化学性质的进一步认识,相继报道了U（V）、Np(V)以及Am(V)等五价锕系元素与Np(Ⅵ）、U（Ⅵ）等六价锕系元素形成的“阳离子－阳离子”配合物^[2,3],随后又报道了五价Np(V)和Pu(V)与一系列三价过渡元素,如Cr(Ⅲ）、Rh（Ⅲ）、Sc（Ⅲ）、Ga（Ⅲ）、Fe（Ⅲ）、Ir（Ⅲ）和Bi（Ⅲ）形成的配合物^[4-7],之后又发现了五价U（V）和Np(V)与一系列一价、二价过渡元素,如Ag(Ⅰ）、Cu（Ⅱ）、Zn（Ⅱ）、Hg（Ⅱ）和PbⅡ等离子形成的1：1型的“阳离子－阳离子”配合物^[7]。这些配合物的发现,不仅丰富了已有的配位化学理论,而且对Purex流程常量U中微量裂片元素的分析提供了一定的参考价值。然而,由于研究手段的局限性和锕系元素化学性质的特殊性,有关五价锕系元素与六价锕第元素以及过滤元素“阳离子－阳离子”配合物的吸收光谱、配位机理尚未有系统研究。在研究了Np(V)-U（Ⅵ）吸收光谱的基础上,本文又详细考察了HCIO4介质中Np(V)-Np(V)以及Np(V)-Np(Ⅵ）配合物的吸收光谱,并求得了配合物形成过程的平衡常数,为进一步研究Np(V)的过程化学提供实验依据。     

Fe(Ⅲ)-5-Br-PADAP络合物光化学还原反应的抑制及其分析应用

在乙酸、乙二酸、丙二酸、HF、H3PO4等缓冲溶液中,Fe(Ⅲ)-5-Br-PADAP络合物的光化学还原反应表明: 乙酸能促进Fe(Ⅲ)-5-Br-PADAP络合物的光化学还原反应;HF、 H3PO4初始能抑制该光化学还原反应,但随光照时间增加,该光化学还原反应仍能发生;乙二酸、丙二酸能抑制该光化学还原反应,其中丙二酸的抑制效果较好.确定了在丙二酸-丙二酸钠缓冲溶液中,Fe(Ⅲ)存在下,用5-Br-PADAP分光光度法测定Fe(Ⅱ)的实验条件,用于合成试样及铁矿中铁的价态分析.     

Np(V)在人体体液的形态模拟研究

建立了含多种金属离子和小分子配体组成的多相Np(V)体液平衡模型.模拟研究了Np(V)在胃液、汗液、组织液、细胞液和尿液中的形态分布.结果表明:胃液中,当[Np]为1×10-15mol 形态存在.汗液中,当[Np]=1×10-6mol·L-1时,Np(V)以NpO2 形态存在,当[Np]=1×10-3mol·L-1,pH4.2～5.0时,主要以NpO2 形态存在;随着pH升高,Np(V)逐渐以固相Np2O5为主,到pH7.0时,Np2O5含量达99%.组织液中,当[Np]<4×10-6mol·L-1时,Np(V)以NpO2CO3-、NpO2 和NpO2HPO4-形态存在,随[Np]增高,固相NaNpO2CO3逐渐占据主导地位,当[Np]=1×10-4mol·L-1时,固相含量达100%.当[Np]=1×10-3mol·L-1时,随组织液中添加的EDTA的浓度增加,固相含量逐渐降低,当[EDTA]=0.0085 mol·L-1时,已无固相Np(V)形态.细胞液中,当[Np]=1×10-6mol·L-1时,Np(V)以NpO2CO3-、NpO2 和NpO2HPO4-形态存在;当[Np]=1×10-3mol·L-1时,主要以固相Np2O5存在,但在巨噬细胞极低pH值的细胞液中以NpO2 形态存在.尿液中,当[Np]=1×10-6 mol·L-1时,Np(V)以NpO2 和NpO2HPO4-两种形态存在;当[Np]=1×10-3mol·L-1,pH>5.0时,随pH升高,固相Np2O5含量增加并逐渐占主导地位,但当pH<5.0时,Np(V)主要以NpO2 形态存在,提示可降低尿液pH值促进肾脏Np(V)排出.     

镎和钚与环境中无机阴离子的配位化学研究进展

镎(Np)和钚(Pu)是核能领域两种重要的锕系元素, 其在水溶液中的配位化学对于了解和控制其在水环境中的种态分布和迁移行为具有重要意义. Review了近十几年来国内外Np和Pu与环境中常见无机阴离子在水溶液中的配位化学研究进展, 重点阐述了不同价态Np/Pu离子与OH^–、 $CO_3^{2-}$、 $SO_4^{2-}$、Cl^–、 $NO_3^-$、F^–、 $PO_4^{3-}$等阴离子之间形成的配位物种和配位热力学信息, 并对该领域存在的关键科学问题和未来发展方向进行了分析和展望.     

Np(Ⅴ)在人体体液的形态模拟研究

建立了含多种金属离子和小分子配体组成的多相Np(Ⅴ)体液平衡模型。模拟研究了Np(Ⅴ)在胃液、汗液、组织液、细胞液和尿液中的形态分布。结果表明:胃液中,当[Np]为1×10-15mol.L-1~1×10-3mol.L-1时,Np(Ⅴ)以NpO2 形态存在。汗液中,当[Np]=1×10-6mol.L-1时,Np(Ⅴ)以NpO2 形态存在,当[Np]=1×10-3mol.L-1,pH4.2~5.0时,主要以NpO2 形态存在;随着pH升高,Np(Ⅴ)逐渐以固相Np2O5为主,到pH7.0时,Np2O5含量达99%。组织液中,当[Np]<4×10-6mol.L-1时,Np(Ⅴ)以NpO2CO3-、NpO2 和NpO2HPO4-形态存在,随[Np]增高,固相NaNpO2CO3逐渐占据主导地位,当[Np]=1×10-4mol.L-1时,固相含量达100%。当[Np]=1×10-3mol.L-1时,随组织液中添加的EDTA的浓度增加,固相含量逐渐降低,当[EDTA]=0.0085 mol.L-1时,已无固相Np(Ⅴ)形态。细胞液中,当[Np]=1×10-6mol.L-1时,Np(Ⅴ)以NpO2CO3-、NpO2 和NpO2HPO4-形态存在;当[Np]=1×10-3mol.L-1时,主要以固相Np2O5存在,但在巨噬细胞极低pH值的细胞液中以NpO2 形态存在。尿液中,当[Np]=1×10-6mol.L-1时,Np(Ⅴ)以NpO2 和NpO2HPO4-两种形态存在;当[Np]=1×10-3mol.L-1,pH>5.0时,随pH升高,固相Np2O5含量增加并逐渐占主导地位,但当pH<5.0时,Np(Ⅴ)主要以NpO2 形态存在,提示可降低尿液pH值促进肾脏Np(Ⅴ)排出。     

氩离子轰击还原三氧化钨纳米线薄膜的光电子能谱研究

利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及氩离子刻蚀技术,原位研究了氩离子轰击对三氧化钨纳米线薄膜的还原作用,钨的价态由+6价逐渐被还原为0价,并获得了具有多价态结构的氧化钨薄膜.通过对实验结果的分析,定性描述了氩离子轰击还原三氧化钨纳米线薄膜的原理,认为择优溅射在整个还原过程中起着关键作用.     

火焰原子吸收法测定铬时的价态影响

本文讨论了在原子吸收法测定铬时铬的价态的影响.试验表明,在各种酸介质中,Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸光度都随酸的浓度增大而降低,而在同一酸介质中Cr(Ⅲ)的吸光度总是大于Cr(Ⅵ)的吸光度.为了消除这种由于价态不同而引起的干扰,将亚硫酸钠加到试剂中,使Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr(Ⅲ),然后进行测定.对标钢中铬的测定表明,本法可靠.     

La1-xCexFeO3钙钛石高变催化剂的XPS研究

采用X射线电子能谱(XPS)实验技术，对具有钙钛石结构的稀土铁复合氧化物高变催化剂进行了研究。结果表明：在La1-xCsxFeO3钙钛石结构中，铈的价态为正四，镧的价态为正三，而铁为正二、正三混合价态，三价铁和二价铁的摩尔比与稀土镧铈的摩尔比具有很好的一致性；在钙钛石ABO3结构中，A位镧、铈能有效控制B位铁的价态。铁具有混合价态是La1-xCexFeO3催化剂具有较高变换催化活性的主要原因。La1-xCexFeO3表面上存在α吸附氧和β晶格氧两类氧种，随铈含量的增加，表面吸附氧增加。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。