空间位阻对吡啶过度修饰导致丝光沸石二甲醚羰基化酸性位中毒后 再生的诱导作用

当今世界环境与能源问题日益加剧,乙醇作为一种重要的清洁燃料和化学品受到广泛关注,迫切需要探索高效的乙醇合成方法,以满足日益增长的市场需求.其中,将煤炭、生物质、页岩气等为原料合成的二甲醚通过羰基化反应制乙酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯加氢制乙醇的串联式绿色乙醇合成路线具有重要的工业应用前景.然而,在二甲醚羰基化过程中,丝光沸石分子筛易积碳失活,阻碍了其工业应用.吡啶改性可以毒化丝光沸石12元环孔道中的酸性位,抑制积碳的形成,进而大幅度提高该催化剂的稳定性,但同时会使其催化活性降低约40%–50%.为了解决这一难题,本文从分子水平上研究了吡啶吸附行为以及分子筛骨架空间位阻对丝光沸石催化剂上二甲醚羰基化反应的影响.通过解析丝光沸石的骨架结构,我们发现位于8元环侧袋和12元环孔道共用孔壁处O_2位置上的酸性位是二甲醚羰基化反应的活性位,但它们在吡啶修饰过程中易被毒化而使催化剂活性下降.密度泛函理论计算结果表明,吡啶分子因受分子筛骨架空间位阻的影响,在O_2处酸性位上的吸附较弱.而实验结果也表明,通过673 K热处理可以再生被吡啶毒化的O_2活性位,而并不影响12元环孔道中其它吡啶分子的吸附.因此,该热处理方法可以使丝光沸石催化剂保持高稳定性的同时,将二甲醚羰基化反应催化活性提高约60%.本文从分子水平证明了丝光沸石中O_2活性位对二甲醚羰基化反应的重要作用,为绿色乙醇合成技术研究提供了新的思路,也为其它高效分子筛催化体系设计提供了有益的参考.     

丝光沸石催化二甲醚羰基化研究进展

二甲醚羰基化反应是在二甲醚分子中定向插入一氧化碳的重要增碳反应,在工业生产中具有重要意义.近年来,研究发现廉价的丝光沸石可催化二甲醚羰基化反应,且具有较高的反应活性和十分优异的羰基化产物选择性,因此,得到了广泛的研究.本文对丝光沸石催化二甲醚羰基化的研究进行综述,介绍了羰基化反应的机理,并总结丝光沸石内部酸性位点调控的...     

无机体系合成纳米丝光沸石组装体及其优异的二甲醚羰基化催化性能

乙醇是一种重要的有机化工原料和燃料/燃料添加剂.二甲醚(DME)羰基化制乙酸甲酯(MAc)并进一步加氢制备乙醇提供了一条乙醇生产新途径.作为该路线的核心过程,DME羰基化制备MAc反应具有原子经济性高和反应条件温和等特点,近年来备受关注.在DME羰基化制备MAc的多相催化剂中,丝光沸石(MOR)是迄今为止最为高效的催化剂之一,表现出优异的羰基化反应活性和高MAc选择性.但传统的无机体系合成方法只能得到Si/Al比(SAR)介于5～7的MOR沸石,且晶体尺寸通常较大.本文设计了低碱度凝胶体系和晶种法相结合的合成策略,在无有机模板条件下绿色高效合成了SAR最高为9.4的MOR沸石纳米组装体.选取三个具有不同SAR(I-5.3,I-7.4和I-9.4)的样品进一步表征并与其催化性能相关联.实验发现,催化剂的酸强度随着SAR的提高而明显增强,但是三个样品的总酸量以及Br?nsted酸在主孔道和侧口袋的分布比例接近.利用傅里叶变换红外和钠核磁技术分别对H-MOR及其Na-MOR母体样品中的酸羟基和Na+的空间分布进行分析,发现质子在主孔道与侧口袋的分布比例与Na+的分布并不一致,表明质子和Na+可以落位于同一T位的不同氧位.通过对催化剂扩散性质以及酸性位的可接触性的表征,发现低硅样品I-5.3和I-7.4尽管晶粒尺寸较小,但由于孔道中骨架外铝的含量较高,严重阻碍内扩散,并且导致吡啶对12元环主孔道中酸中心的可接触性降低.相对于低硅样品,高硅样品I-9.4由于其相对较低的骨架铝密度和较低的脱铝程度,表现出最优的传质性能以及吡啶对12元环主孔道中酸中心的可接触性,催化剂主通道中的所有酸性位都能被吡啶所覆盖.相应地,样品I-9.4(吡啶修饰催化剂)在DME羰基化反应中表现出较高的催化活性与MAc选择性(接近100％),MAc产率高达6.8 mmol/g/h.综上,本文发展的无有机模板策略合成MOR沸石纳米组装体具有良好应用前景.     

FER分子筛中铝原子的受限落位

分子筛是一类具有规则孔道或笼状结构的多孔材料,因其独特的结构和可调的酸性而广泛用于石油化工、精细化学品合成、现代煤化工等诸多行业.2006年Iglesia等在具有8元环孔道结构/侧口袋的FER和MOR分子筛上实现了无卤素添加、无贵金属存在条件下,由二甲醚羰基化合成乙酸甲酯的反应.乙酸甲酯通过进一步加氢可实现煤基乙醇的绿色生产.MOR分子筛通常具有较高的催化活性,但失活迅速;FER分子筛表现出良好的催化稳定性,但活性较低.如何在保证FER分子筛稳定性的前提下,进一步提升其羰基化活性是目前研究的热点.前期理论和实验研究发现,二甲醚羰基化反应活性与分子筛8元环孔道中的Br?nsted酸位密度存在正相关.因此,通过优化合成条件,选择性调控铝原子分布在"ferrierite"笼中,可以提高FER分子筛的羰基化反应活性.尽管研究者已在调节FER分子筛铝分布方面进行了大量研究,但对于不同T位上Al原子的精准识别以及对应Br?nsted酸位的可接触性还缺少系统和深入的认识.本文选取了几种代表性模板剂,分别在碱性和含氟体系下制备了系列FER分子筛样品,利用Rietveld精修和模拟退火算法,在原子水平揭示了模板剂种类以及合成介质变化对Al原子在不同T位分布的影响,并结合二甲醚羰基化反应进行了结构和性能的关联.首先选取不同尺寸大小的环状胺(环己胺、哌啶、吡啶、吡咯烷)和链状胺(乙二胺)合成了具有相似形貌、孔结构、酸密度的系列FER分子筛样品.以CHA-Na-FER为例,PXRD精修结果显示,Na+(平衡35％的骨架负电荷)分布在10元环孔道中与O1形成氢键,质子化的环己胺分布在"ferrierite"笼中,并且环己胺上的N与O3形成氢键.这说明与O1相连的T3位以及与O3相连的T1位都有可能是Al富集的位置.为了进一步验证该结论,本文还精修了吸附探针分子吡啶的样品CHA-Na-FER-Py-60h.原粉以及吸附吡啶样品的精修结果表明,T1位和T3位是样品中铝富集的位置.随后,运用相同方法研究了Py-Na-FER,PI-Na-FER,En-Na-FER和Pyrr-HF-FER样品中的Al落位,发现T1/T3位均是样品中Al富集的位置.此外,理论计算结果表明T1/T3位上Al原子的取代能较低,说明Al优先取代T1/T3位上的Si,这与精修结果相一致.前期理论模拟结果表明,FER分子筛中T2-O5和T4-O7位点的CO插入反应能垒较低,是二甲醚羰基化反应的活性位.本文吡啶吸附实验、热重分析以及PXRD精修结果表明,FER分子筛中大部分Al富集在T1/T3位,与T2/T4位相关的Br?nsted酸约占18％～30％.最后,对各样品进行了二甲醚羰基化反应评价,结果显示PI-Na-FER,Py-Na-FER,En-Na-FER和CHA-Na-FER催化剂的乙酸甲酯生成速率相近,约为0.10 mol/(mol H+?h).Pyrr-HF-FER催化剂的乙酸甲酯生成速率最高,可达到0.16 mol/(mol H+?h),这可能是由于Pyrr-HF-FER催化剂具有更多T2/T4位相关的Br?nsted酸.虽然Pyrr-HF-FER催化剂的乙酸甲酯生成速率较其他四个催化剂有一定提升,但其仍远低于MOR分子筛上乙酸甲酯生成速率(0.40 mol/(mol H+·h)).综上,有机模板剂的选择与合成介质的改变对FER分子筛中Al分布的调控作用是有限的,即Al原子总是优先分布于T1/T3位.而与T1和T3位相关的Br?nsted酸位不是二甲醚羰基化反应的活性位点.因此与MOR相比,FER分子筛在二甲醚羰基化反应中表现出较低的催化活性.     

用固体核磁共振研究HZSM-35分子筛的酸性

分别采用氘代吡啶和三甲基膦为探针分子,利用高分辨固体核磁共振技术研究了HZSM-35分子筛与探针分子之间的相互作用以及分子筛的酸性. 结果表明,探针分子氘代吡啶能够进入分子筛的十元环孔道和八元环孔道,但需在300 ℃下长时间吸附才能扩散到八元环开口的孔穴中. 吸附氘代吡啶后的 1H MAS NMR谱和吸附三甲基膦后的 31P MAS NMR谱表明,这两种孔道中均具有两种酸强度不同的B酸位,并且B酸的数量多于L酸的数量.     

改性丝光沸石上甲醇胺化的研究─—水汽处理对沸石性能的影响

采用吡啶饱和中毒、ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ、静态吸附、ＩＲ、ＸＲＤ和分子探针反应等方法，研究了用于甲醇胺化反应的改性丝光沸石催化剂性质．结果发现，丝光沸石水汽处理脱铝后的孔道结构基本不变，晶胞的收缩和非骨架铝在孔道内的沉积，不足以严重限制甲醇胺化产物三甲胺在孔道内的进出；且在改性后，由于非骨架铝在孔道内的沉积，分子筛内表面的微环境发生了变化，致使有些活性位不利于三甲胺的吸附和生成，从而有利于进一步提高目的产物二甲胺的选择性．     

介孔量对梯级孔丝光沸石催化二甲醚羰基化反应性能的影响（英文）

本研究通过调整聚乙二醇(PEG 1450)的添加量制备了介孔量不同的梯级孔丝光沸石,并分别对其结构和二甲醚羰基化反应性能进行了表征和评价。结果表明,通过提高PEG 1450加入量的方式可以提高丝光沸石的介孔量,但PEG 1450的添加量过高时不利于介孔的形成。当引入的介孔量适宜时丝光沸石能够保持原有的结构,强酸中心数量增多、弱酸和中强酸数量降低,二甲醚的传质效率和二甲醚羰化反应催化性能明显提高。受传质过程和酸分布的影响,梯级孔丝光沸石催化剂上二甲醚羰化反应活性明显改善,二甲醚转化率升高、单程寿命延长,重积炭的形成明显受到抑制。PEG1450的最优添加量为丝光沸石合成时凝胶质量的2%。     

微米及纳米丝光沸石分子筛上二甲醚羰基化反应的积碳分析

对比研究了在传统微米尺寸和新结构纳米丝光沸石催化剂上二甲醚羰基化合成乙酸甲酯的反应行为.结果表明,通过减小分子筛的尺寸到纳米水平,可以有效提高反应物和产物到达或者脱离反应活性位的效率,从而提高了二甲醚的转化率;更重要的是,抑制了硬积碳的生成,使催化剂保持了更高的稳定性.     

介孔量对梯级孔丝光沸石催化二甲醚羰基化反应性能的影响

本研究通过调整聚乙二醇（PEG 1450）的添加量制备了介孔量不同的梯级孔丝光沸石，并分别对其结构和二甲醚羰基化反应性能进行了表征和评价。结果表明，通过提高PEG1450加入量的方式可以提高丝光沸石的介孔量，但PEG 1450的添加量过高时不利于介孔的形成。当引入的介孔量适宜时丝光沸石能够保持原有的结构，强酸中心数量增多、弱酸和中强酸数量降低，二甲醚的传质效率和二甲醚羰化反应催化性能明显提高。受传质过程和酸分布的影响，梯级孔丝光沸石催化剂上二甲醚羰化反应活性明显改善，二甲醚转化率升高、单程寿命延长，重积炭的形成明显受到抑制。PEG1450的最优添加量为丝光沸石合成时凝胶质量的2%。     

丝光沸石酸性组元对二甲苯临氢异构化的影响

用微型积分反应器研究了丝光沸石酸性组元的硅铝比和Na~ 交换度对二甲苯临氢异构化催化剂活性和选择性的影响。并用计算机逐步回归方法将这种影响进行了定量关联。采用吡啶和2,6—二甲基吡啶逐次毒化沸石表面的Br(?)ensted 酸和Lewis 酸中心的方法,测定了一组Na~ 交换度不同的催化剂的表面酸量及其对异构化的表观反应级数。初步探讨了沸石酸性组元——催化性能——酸性性质之间的关系。     

Preparation and Evaluation of Arylazide-Substituted Pyridine Adenine Dinucleotides for Photoaffinity Labeling Experiments

Two pyridine-modified NAD'analogs, 3–(3-azido benzo-yl) pyridine adenine dinucleotide 1 and N -(3-azido-5-car-boxyl) phenyl nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2 have been prepared and evaluated for photoaffinity labeling experiments. The syntheses were accomplished via a mammalian NADase-catalyzed base exchange reaction. The new NAD⁺ analogs retained the carbonyl or carhox-amido functional group at the 3 position of the pyridine ring. The analog 1 is the first pyridine-modified azido derivative of NAD⁺ that has shown coenzyme activity in a stereospecific hydride transfer reaction catalyzed by a dehydrogenase. Both NAD⁺ analogs have shown potential for the study of active sites of NAD⁺-utilizing enzymes.     

Synthesis of Methyl Acetate by Dimethyl Ether Carbonylation over Cu/HMOR: Effect of Catalyst Preparation Method (cited: 2)

Dimethyl ether carbonylation to methyl acetate was comparatively investigated over mor-denite supported copper (Cu/HMOR) catalysts prepared by different methods including evaporation, urea hydrolysis, incipient wetness impregnation and ion-exchange. The resultsshowed that Cu/HMOR prepared via iron-exchange method exhibited the highest catalytic activity due to the synergistic effect of active-site metal and acidic molecular sieve support. Conversion of 95.3% and methyl acetate selectivity of 94.9% were achieved under conditions of 210 oC, 1.5 MPa, and GSHV of 4883 h^-1. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen absorption, X-ray diffraction, NH₃ temperature program desorption, and CO temperature program desorption techniques. It was found that Cu/HMOR prepared by ion-exchange method possessed high surface area, moderate strong acid centers, and CO adsorption cen-ters, which improved catalytic performance for the reaction of CO insertion to dimethyl ether.     

Tighter Confinement Increases Selectivity of d-Glucose Isomerization Toward l-Sorbose in Titanium Zeolites

Aqueous-phase isomerization of d -glucose to d -fructose and l -sorbose is catalyzed in parallel by Lewis acidic Ti sites in siliceous frameworks. Glucose isomerization rates (per Ti, 373 K) are undetectable when Ti sites are confined within mesoporous voids (Ti-MCM-41, TiO₂-SiO₂) and increase to detectable values when Ti sites are confined within the smaller 12-membered ring (12-MR) micropores of Ti-Beta. Isomerization rates decrease to lower values (by ≈20×) with further decreases in micropore size as Ti sites are confined within 10-MR pores (Ti-MFI, Ti-CON), likely because of intrapore reactant diffusion restrictions, and reach undetectable values within the 8-MR pores of Ti-CHA as size exclusion prevents glucose from accessing active sites. Remarkably, the selectivity toward l -sorbose over d -fructose increases systematically as spatial constraints around Ti sites become tighter, and is >10 on Ti-MFI. These findings demonstrate the marked influence of confinement around Ti active sites on the selectivity between parallel stereoselective sugar isomerization pathways.     

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Catalytic Activity and Textual Property of Cu/HMOR Catalysts in Dimethyl Ether Carbonylation Reaction

The effect of calcination temperature on the catalytic activity for the dimethyl ether (DME) carbonylation into methyl acetate (MA) was investigated over mordenite supported copper (Cu/HMOR) prepared by ion-exchange process. The results showed that the catalytic activ-ity was obviously affected by the calcination temperature. The maximal DME conversion of 97.2% and the MA selectivity of 97.9% were obtained over the Cu/HMOR calcined at 430 oC under conditions of 210 oC, 1.5 MPa, and GSHV of 4883 h^-1. The obtained Cu/HMOR catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, N₂ absorption, NH₃ temperature program desorption, CO temperature program desorption, and Raman techniques. Proper calcination temperature was effective to promote copper ions migration and diffusion, and led the support HMOR to possess more acid activity sites, which exhibited the complete decomposing of copper nitrate, large surface area and optimum micropore structure, more amount of CO adsorption site and proper amount of weak acid centers.     

Umamidierungsreaktionen an cyclischen Amino-amid-Systemen. 3. Mitteilung über Umamidierungsreaktionen

Transamidation Reactions with Cyclic Amino-amides Lactames which are substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 3-aminopropyl residue are transformed under base catalysis to cyclic amino-amides enlarged by 4 ring atoms. The formed ring must be at minimum 12-membered. Scheme 2 illustrates this result: the 8-membered 7 is transamidated in 96% yield to the 12-membered ring 8 (in the presence of potassium 3-aminopropylamid in 1, 3-propanediamine), the 9-membered 10 to the 13-membered ring 11 (97%) and the 11-membered 14 to the 15-membered ring 15 . Furthermore, the 13-membered ring 27 (Scheme 5) is transformed to the 17-membered 28 . In the case of the 15-membered lactame 15 it is demonstrated that 14 is not formed back under the conditions of the transamidation. Large ring lactames which are substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 3-(alkylamino) propyl group lead under base catalysis to an equilibrium mixture, e.g. the 17-membered 26 is in equilibrium with the 21-membered 29 . This result is similar to the behavior of the corresponding open-chain amino-amides [2]. Because of transannular interactions, the 11-membered ring 2 is not stable: transamidation of the 7-membered 1 (Scheme 1) doesn't give the expected 2 , but its water elimination product 3 in small yield. The N-tosyl derivative of 2 , namely 20 , is synthesized by an independent route (Scheme 3). Detosylation of 20 yields the 7-membered 1 instead of 2 . Concerning the mechanism of this interesting reaction see Scheme 4.     

How Can a Carbene be Active in an Ionic Liquid?

The solvation of the carbene 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazole‐2‐ylidene in the ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate was investigated by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations in order to reveal the interaction between these two highly important classes of materials: N‐heterocyclic carbenes with superb catalytic activity and ionic liquids with advantageous properties as solvents and reaction media. In contrast to previously published data on analogous systems, no hydrogen bond is observed between the hypovalent carbon atom and the most acidic ring hydrogen atoms, as these interaction sites of the imidazolium ring are predominantly occupied by the acetate ions. Keeping the carbene away from the ring hydrogen atoms prevents stabilization of this reactive species, and hence any retarding effect on subsequent reactions, which explains the observed high reactivity of the carbene in acetate‐based ionic liquids. Instead, the carbene exhibits a weaker interaction with the methyl group of the imidazolium cation by forming a hitherto unprecedented kind of C???H?C hydrogen bond. This unexpected finding not only indicates a novel kind of hydrogen bond for carbenes, but also shows that such interaction sites of the imidazolium cation are not limited to the ring hydrogen atoms. Thus, the results give the solute–solvent interactions within ionic liquids a new perspective, and provide a further, albeit weak, site of interaction to tune in order to achieve the desired environment for any dissolved active ingredient.     

Total synthesis of the ristocetin aglycon

The first total synthesis of the ristocetin aglycon is described employing a modular and highly convergent strategy. An effective 12-step (12% overall) synthesis of the ABCD ring system 3 from its amino acid subunits sequentially features an intramolecular aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction for formation of the diaryl ether and closure of the 16-membered CD ring system (65%), a respectively diastereoselective (3:1, 86%) Suzuki coupling for installation of the AB biaryl linkage on which the atropisomer stereochemistry can be further thermally adjusted, and an effective macrolactamization (51%) for closure of the 12-membered AB ring system. A similarly effective 13-step (14% overall) synthesis of the 14-membered EFG ring system 4 was implemented employing a room-temperature intermolecular S(N)Ar reaction of an o-fluoronitroaromatic for formation of the FG diaryl ether (69%) and a key macrolactamization (92%) with formation of the amide linking residues 1 and 2. The two key fragments 3 and 4 were coupled, and the remaining 16-membered DE ring system was closed via diaryl ether formation to provide the ristocetin tetracyclic ring system (15 steps, 8% overall) enlisting an unusually facile (25 degrees C, 8 h, DMF, >/=95%) and diastereoselective (>/=15:1) aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction that benefits from substrate preorganization.     

Cyclization reactions of methylthioacetanilides

The cyclization reactions of methylthioacetanilides mediated by manganese(III) acetate and/or copper(II) acetate are described. Indolinones and indolinediones can be produced effectively via a 5-membered ring cyclization of methylthioacetanilides. The product distributions are highly dependent on the reaction conditions. In most cases, the electronic effect of the substituents on the aryl ring was found to significantly affect the yields of cyclization products. This cyclization reaction proceeded faster with manganese(III) acetate/copper(II) acetate.     

Regulation of Brønsted acid sites in H-MOR for selective methyl methoxyacetate synthesis

As it is well known, Brønsted acid sites in 8-MR of H-MOR (mordenite) are selective for dimethyl ether (DME) carbonylation to methyl acetate, whereas those in 12-MR are more prone to methanol to olefin reaction. Interestingly, we observed that the Brønsted acid sites in 12-MR of H-MOR are highly active for dimethoxymethane (DMM) carbonylation to methyl methoxyacetate (MMAc), whereas those in 8-MR led to the formation of DME. A series of modified H-MOR catalysts with accurate regulation of Brønsted acid sites in 12-MR or 8-MR were successfully synthesized by selective Na⁺ exchange or pyridine (Py) adsorption. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, NH₃-temperature-programmed desorption, Py-FT-IR, and inductively coupled plasma analyses suggested that Na⁺ first occupied Brønsted acid sites in 8-MR and then replaced those in 12-MR. All Na⁺-exchanged catalysts exhibited significant acceleration on MMAc selectivity, and the ratio of Brønsted acid amount in 12-MR/total had a positive correlation with MMAc selectivity. The MMAc selectivity (78%) of H-MOR-0.15Na was nearly 2.5 times more than that of untreated H-MOR (31%). However, H-MOR-Py showed almost no carbonylation activity (<1% MMAc) and a highest DME selectivity (98%), indicating that Brønsted acid sites in 12-MR were the only active sites for DMM carbonylation, whereas those in 8-MR tended to accelerate DMM disproportionation to DME.