Prediction of the 13C NMR Chemical Shifts of Stilbene Analogues by GIAO Method

After the geometry optimization at B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level,the calculations of the NMR chemical shifts of a series of stilbene analogues were carried out by means of Gauge Including Atomic Orbitals(GIAO) method at HF/6-31+G(d) level and B3LYP/6-311G+(2d,p) level,respectively.The 13C NMR chemical shifts calculated at both HF/6-31+G(d) and B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) levels are in agreement with the observed values.By virtue of a series of linear correction equations(δpred.=a+bδcalcd.) of the 13C chemical shifts,accurate prediction of 13C chemical shifts was achieved for the new stilbene compounds.For the 13C NMR chemical shifts calculated at HF/6-31+G(d) level,the linear correlation of δpred.with δexptl.is excellent,and the square of correlation coefficient,r2,is 0.9985.The maximum absolute difference between δpred.and δexptl.,Δδ,is 2.3,and the root-mean-square error between δpred.and δexptl.is 0.98.In the meantime,for those obtained at B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level,the linear correlation of δpred.with δexptl.is also excellent,and the square of correlation coefficient,r2,is up to 0.9987.The maximum absolute difference between δpred.and δexptl.,Δδ,is 2.2,and the root-mean-square error between δpred.and δexptl.is only 0.88.     

Theoretical Study on the NO2＋NO2^— Electron Transfer Reaction

The NO2 NO2^- electron transfer reaction was studied with DFT-B3LYP method at 6-311 G^* basis set level for the eight selected structures:four species favor the structure of “head to head”.The geometry of transition state was obtained by the linear corrdinate method.Three parameters,non-adiabatic activation energy(Ead),coupling matrix element(Hif) and reorganization energy(λ) for electron transfer reaction can be calculated.According to the reorganization energy of the ET reaction,the values obtained from George-Griffith-Marcus (GGM) method(the contribution only from diagonal elements of force constant matrix) are larger than those obtained from Hessian matrix method(including the contribution from both diagonal and off-diagonal elements), which suggests that the coupling interactions between different vibrational modes are important to the inner-sphere reorganization energy for the ET reactions in gaseous phase.The value of rate constant was obtained by using above three activation parameters.     

Theoretical Study on the Structures and Isomerization of Germylenoid GeH2LiCl

Using geometrical optimization and DFT method at the B3LYP/6-311++G (3df,3pd) level, four equilibrium geometries and one transition state of GeH2LiCl were identified, and the structures at the MP2/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level were calculated simultaneously. We also studied the solvent effects on the structures of Germylenoid GeH2LiCl at the B3LYP/6-311++G (3df,3pd) level. The two more stable forms are suggested to be the p-complex and three-membered ring. The vibrational frequencies and infrared intensities were computed at the B3LYP/6-311++G (3df,3pd) level.     

Synthesis,Characterization and Theoretical Studies on a Thiocarbamide Derivative Containing Schiff Base Group

A thiocarbamide derivative containing Schiff base groups,1,5-bis[4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene]thiocarbonohydrazide,has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis,IR,1H NMR,UV and X-ray single-crystal diffraction.Density function theory(DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* and PBE0/6-31G* levels for optimized geometries and electronic transition spectra have been performed.Comparative studies show that both B3LYP/6-31G* and PBE0/6-31G* methods can well reproduce the molecular structure,and the latter is more reliable than the former to simulate electronic spectra.NPA calculational results at the B3LYP/6-31G* level indicate the title compound to be a potential multidentate ligand to the metallic ions.Based on the vibrational analysis,thermodynamic properties at different temperatures have been obtained.     

Prediction of the 13C NMR Chemical Shifts of Fluorenone Analogues by the GIAO Method

After the geometry optimization at B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level,the NMR calcula-tions of a series of fluorenone analogues have been carried out by GIAO method at HF/6-31+G(d) level and B3LYP/6-311G+(2d,p) level,respectively.The 13C NMR chemical shifts calculated at HF/6-31+G(d) level show better agreement with the observed values.By a series of linear correction equations (δpred=a + bδcalc),accurate prediction of 13C chemical shifts was achieved for the new fluorenone compound.The linear correlation of δpred with δexptl is excellent,and the square of correlation coefficient,r2,is up to 0.994.The maximum absolute difference between δpred and δexptl,Δδ,is 4.6 ppm,and the root-mean-square error between δpred and δexptl is only 2.6 ppm.     

Theoretical Study on Hydrogen Interaction between 5-Fluorouracil and Glycine

The geometries,electronic structure,IR spectrum and other properties of hydrogen interaction between 5-fluorouracil and glycine were studied at the B3LYP/6-31+G* level.Single point energy calculations were executed at the B3LYP/6-311++G** and B3LYP/aug-cc-pvdz levels,and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was carried out at the B3LYP/6-31+G* level.Finally,the hydrogen bonds were discussed via AIM electronic density topology analysis.     

Theoretical prediction on heats of formation for polyisocyanocubanes

The heats of formation (HOF) for all the 21 polyisocyanocubanes are calculated systematically with density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP and semiempirical MO(MINDO/3, MNDO, AM1 and PM3) methods. First, the accurate HOFs for the 8 title compounds are obtained by means of designed isodesmic reactions at DFT-B3LYP/6-31G* level, and the cubane cage skeleton has not been broken (i.e. choosing cubane as a reference compound) to produce more accurate and reliable results. It is found that there are good linear relationships between the HOFs calculated using the B3LYP/6-31G* and four semiempirical MO methods, respectively, and all of the linear correlation coefficients are more than 0.9971. The HOFs obtained from PM3 calculation are the best among the four semiempirical MO methods. Then, the accurate HOFs at B3LYP/6-31G* level of other 13 polyisocyanocubanes are obtained by systematically correcting their PM3-calculated HOFs. Polyisocyanocubanes have very high HOFs, and the HOFs increase linearly with the increasing of the number of isocyano groups in a molecule. The results show that polyisocyanocubanes are the new generation explosives with highly potential and exploitable value.     

多氰基立方烷生成热的DFT-B3LYP和半经验MO研究

运用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法和半经验MO(MINDO/3,MNDO,AM1和PM3)方法系统计算了全部21种多氰基立方烷的生成热,首先,在DFT-B3LYP/6-31G^*水平下通过不破裂立方烷笼状骨架(亦即选择立方烷为参考物)的等键反应设计,精确计算了9种多氰基立方烷的生成热;发现B3LYP/6-31G^*结果分别地均与上述四种半经验MO方法求得的生成热之间存在良好的线性关系(相关系数均在0.9994以上),且以AM1生成热与B3LYP/6-31G^*计算值最为接近,其次,其它12种多氰基立方烷的精确生成热借助上述线性关系通过校正对应的AM1结果而获得,多氰基立方烷的生成热很高,且随-CN基数目的增加而线性地增大,表明它们属于极具潜力的“新一低高能炸药”而具开发价值。     

Theoretical studies on heats of formation for cubylnitrates using density functional theory B3LYP method and semiempirical MO methods

The heats of formation (HOF) have been calculated for all the 21 cubylnitrate compounds using the semiemprical molecular orbital (MO) methods (MINDO/3, MNDO, AM1, and PM3) and for 8 of 21 cubylnitrates containing 1–4 ? ONO₂ groups using the density functional theory (DFT) method at the B3LYP/6‐31G* level by means of designed isodesmic reactions. The cubane cage skeletons in cubylnitrate molecules have been kept in setting up isodesmic reactions to produce more accurate and reliable results. It is found that there are good linear relationships between the HOFs of the 8 cubylnitrates calculated using B3LYP/6‐31G* and two semiempirical MO (PM3 and AM1) methods, and the linear correlation coefficients of PM3 and AM1 methods are 0.9901 and 0.9826, respectively. Subsequently, the accurate HOFs at B3LYP/6‐31G* level of other 13 cubylnitrates containing 4–8 ? ONO₂ groups are obtained by systematically correcting their PM3‐calculated HOFs. Compared with noncaged nitrates, all the 21 cubylnitrates have high heats of formation implying that they may be very powerful energetic materials and have highly exploitable value. The relationship between the HOFs and the molecular structures of cubylnitrates has been discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001     

Theoretical studies on the heats of formation and the interactions among the difluoroamino groups in polydifluoroaminocubanes

The heats of formation (HOFs) were calculated for a series of polydifluoroaminocubanes by using density functional theory (DFT), Hartree-Fock, and MP2 method with 6-31G basis set as well as semiempirical methods. The cubane skeleton was not broken in the process of designing isodesmic reactions; i.e., the cubane skeleton was chosen for a reference compound. The contribution of difluoroamino group to the heat of formation deviates from group additivity. The semiempirical MO (MNDO, AM1, and PM3) methods did not produce accurate and reliable results for the HOFs of the title compounds. The relationship between HOFs and molecular structures was discussed. It was found that the HOFs decreased dramatically initially and then gradually with each difluoroamino group attached to the cubane skeleton. The distance between difluoroamino groups influences the values of HOFs. The interacting energies of polydifluoroaminocubanes are in the range 14-20 kJ/mol. The interaction of neighbor difluoroamino groups discords with the group additivity. The average interaction energy between the nearest-neighbor NF(2) group in the most stable conformer of octadifluoroaminocubane is 13.94 kJ/mol at the B3LYP/6-31G level. The NF(2) group can rotate freely around the C-N bond. The relative stability of the title compounds was accessed on the basis of the calculated HOFs, the energy gaps between the frontier orbitals, and the bond order of C-NF(2). These results provide basic information for the molecular design of novel high energetic density materials.     

多硝基金刚烷生成热和稳定性的理论研究

在密度泛函理论（DFT）B3LYP/6-31G水平下，通过不破裂金刚烷分子骨架（即 选择金刚作为参考物）的等键反应设计，比较精确地计算了系列多硝基金金刚烷的 生成热。经验性基团加和法和半经验MO法（AM1，PM3，MNDO，MNDO/3）均不适用于 标题生成熟的估算。4种半经验MO方法中，以MP3计算结果略好些。探讨了生成热和 分子结构的关系，发现桥头C上硝基使生成热减小，而偕二硝基使生成热增大。运 用生成热、前沿轨道能级差和C-NO_2键级等计算结果，阐明了标题的相对稳定性， 为新一代高能量密度材料（HEDM）的分子设计提供了基础数据和规律性。     

Substituent effects on heats of formation, group interactions, and detonation properties of polyazidocubanes

We have calculated the heats of formation (HOFs) for a series of polyazidocubanes by using the density functional theory (DFT), Hartree-Fock, and MP2 methods with 6-31G* basis set as well as semiempirical methods. The cubane skeleton was chosen for a reference compound, that is, the cubane skeleton was not broken in the process of designing isodesmic reactions. There exists group additivity for the HOF with respect to the azido group. The semiempirical AM1 method also produced reliable results for the HOFs of the title compounds, but the semiempirical MINDO3 did not. The relationship between HOFs and molecular structures was discussed. It was found that the HOF increases 330-360 kJ/mol for each additional number of the azido group being added to the cubane skeleton. The distance between azido groups slightly influences the values of HOFs. The interacting energies of neighbor azido groups in polyazidocubanes are in the range of 2.3 approximately 6.6 kJ/mol, which are so small and less related to the substituent numbers. The average interaction energy between nearest neighbor --N3 groups in the most stable conformer of octaazidocubane is 2.29 kJ/mol at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. The relative stability related to the number of azido groups of the title compounds was assessed based on the calculated HOFs, the energy gaps between the frontier orbitals, and the bond orders of the C--N3 and C--C bonds. The predicted detonation velocity of hepta- and octa-derivatives is over 9 km/s, and the detonation pressure of them is ca. 40 GPa or over.     

Theoretical Study of Heterocyclic Nitro Compounds for Use as Novel Explosives and Propellants

The heats of formation (HOFs) of heterocyclic nitro compounds were obtained by using a density functional theory B3LYP method with 6‐31G* and 6‐311+G** basis sets. The isodesmic reactions designed for the evaluation of HOFs keep most of the basic ring structures of the title compounds and thus ensure the credibility of the results. The values of HOFs are 567.90, 874.29 and 975.83 kJ/mol at the B3LYP/6‐31G* level for hexanitrohexazaadamantane ( A ), nonanitrononaza‐tetracyclo[7.3.1.1^3,7.1^5,11] pentadecane ( B ) and tetranitrotetrazacubane ( C ) respectively. The predicted detonation velocities of the title compounds are larger than, and detonation pressures are much larger than that of the widely used 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazacyclooctane (HMX). The dissociation energy for the weakest C‐N bonds in the cage skeleton of the title compounds are 137‐144 kJ/mol at the B3LYP/6‐31G* level.     

Semiempirical PM5 molecular orbital study on chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls: comparison of semiempirical, ab initio, and density functional results

The semiempirical PM5 method has been used to calculate fully optimized structures of magnesium-bacteriochlorin, magnesium-chlorin, magnesium-porphin, mesochlorophyll a, chlorophylls a, b, c(1), c(2), c(3), and d, and bacteriochlorophylls a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h with all homologous structures. Hartree-Fock/6-31G* ab initio and density functional B3LYP/6-31G* methods were used to optimize structures of methyl chlorophyllide a, chlorophyll c(1), and methyl bacteriochlorophyllides a and c for comparison. Spectroscopic transition energies of the chromophores and their 1:1 or 1:2 solvent complexes were calculated with the Zindo/S CIS method. The self-consistent reaction field model was used to estimate solvent shifts. The PM5 calculations predict planar structure of the porphyrin ring and central position of the four coordinated magnesium atoms in all pigments studied, in accord with the experimental, ab initio, and density functional results, a significant improvement as compared to the older semiempirical PM3 approach. Only small differences in PM5 and B3LYP/6-31G* or Hartree-Fock/6-31G* minimum energy geometries of the reference molecules were observed. Calculations show that in 1:1 solvent complexes, where the magnesium atom is five coordinated, the magnesium atom is shifted out of the plane of the porphyrin ring towards the solvent molecule, while the hexa coordinated 1:2 complexes are again planar. The PM5 method gives atomic charges that are comparable with those obtained from the Hartree-Fock/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G* calculations. The single point ZINDO/S CIS calculations with PM5 minimum energy structure gave excellent correlations between calculated and experimental transition energies of the chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls studied. Such correlations may be used for prediction of transition energies of the chromophores in protein binding sites. Calculations also predict existence of dark electronic states below the main Soret absorption band in all chromophores studied. The results suggest that the semiempirical PM5 method is a fairly reliable and computationally efficient method in predicting molecular parameters of porphyrin-like molecules.     

Conformational behavior of some hydroxamic acids

The conformational preferences of a few hydroxamic acids are investigated by the density functional B3LYP/6-311++G**//B3LYP16-31G* and semiempirical AM1 and PM3 methods in this work. It is found that both semiempirical methods give satisfactory results in comparison with sophisticated DFT and ab initio calculations, except for the activation barriers, which are overestimated. Of the two semiempirical methods, while the PM3 method gives better results for relative stabilities, AM1 geometries are in slightly better agreement with the experiments. The keto forms are found to be most stable and the reaction pathways for the interconversion between the keto and enol forms have been deduced. The effect of solvation on the reaction has also been investigated, as has the effect of methyl substitution at the carbon and nitrogen atoms. All the investigated acids exhibit N-acid behavior.     

2,3,7,8-四氯苯并二英分子结构与热力学性质的理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)和从头算(ab initio)方法,在B3LYP/6-31G、 B3LYP/6-31G*、 B3LYP/6-311G*和MP2/6-31G*水平上全优化计算了2,3,7,8-四氯苯并二英(2,3,7,8-TCDD)的几何构型、电子结构和振动频率,并用校正后的频率计算了298～1500 K的标准热力学函数,同时用半经验的PM3 SCF-MO进行了同样的计算,计算结果与实验值及文献值较好地吻合.