On Fundamental Solutions in Clifford Analysis

Euclidean Clifford analysis is a higher dimensional function theory offering a refinement of classical harmonic analysis. The theory is centred around the concept of monogenic functions, which constitute the kernel of a first order vector valued, rotation invariant, differential operator ?{\underline{\partial}} called the Dirac operator, which factorizes the Laplacian. More recently, Hermitean Clifford analysis has emerged as a new branch of Clifford analysis, offering yet a refinement of the Euclidean case; it focusses on a subclass of monogenic functions, i.e. the simultaneous null solutions, called Hermitean (or h−) monogenic functions, of two Hermitean Dirac operators ?_z{\partial_{\underline{z}}} and ?_z^f{\partial_{\underline{z}^\dagger}} which are invariant under the action of the unitary group, and constitute a splitting of the original Euclidean Dirac operator. In Euclidean Clifford analysis, the Clifford–Cauchy integral formula has proven to be a corner stone of the function theory, as is the case for the traditional Cauchy formula for holomorphic functions in the complex plane. Also a Hermitean Clifford–Cauchy integral formula has been established by means of a matrix approach. Naturally Cauchy integral formulae rely upon the existence of fundamental solutions of the Dirac operators under consideration. The aim of this paper is twofold. We want to reveal the underlying structure of these fundamental solutions and to show the particular results hidden behind a formula such as, e.g. ?E = d{\underline{\partial}E = \delta}. Moreover we will refine these relations by constructing fundamental solutions for the differential operators issuing from the Euclidean and Hermitean Dirac operators by splitting the Clifford algebra product into its dot and wedge parts.     

Cauchy Integral Formulae in Quaternionic Hermitean Clifford Analysis

The theory of complex Hermitean Clifford analysis was developed recently as a refinement of Euclidean Clifford analysis; it focusses on the simultaneous null solutions, called Hermitean monogenic functions, of two Hermitean Dirac operators constituting a splitting of the traditional Dirac operator. In this function theory, the fundamental integral representation formulae, such as the Borel?CPompeiu and the Clifford?CCauchy formula have been obtained by using a (2 ×?2) circulant matrix formulation. In the meantime, the basic setting has been established for so-called quaternionic Hermitean Clifford analysis, a theory centred around the simultaneous null solutions, called q-Hermitean monogenic functions, of four Hermitean Dirac operators in a quaternionic Clifford algebra setting. In this paper we address the problem of establishing a quaternionic Hermitean Clifford?CCauchy integral formula, by following a (4?× 4) circulant matrix approach.     

A Hermitian Cauchy formula on a domain with fractal boundary

Euclidean Clifford analysis is a higher dimensional function theory offering a refinement of classical harmonic analysis. The theory is centered around the concept of monogenic functions, i.e. null solutions of a first order vector valued rotation invariant differential operator called Dirac operator, which factorizes the Laplacian; monogenic functions may thus also be seen as a generalization of holomorphic functions in the complex plane. Hermitian Clifford analysis offers yet a refinement of the Euclidean case; it focusses on the simultaneous null solutions, called Hermitian (or h-) monogenic functions, of two Hermitian Dirac operators which are invariant under the action of the unitary group. In Brackx et al. (2009) [8] a Clifford-Cauchy integral representation formula for h-monogenic functions has been established in the case of domains with smooth boundary, however the approach followed cannot be extended to the case where the boundary of the considered domain is fractal. At present, we investigate an alternative approach which will enable us to define in this case a Hermitian Cauchy integral over a fractal closed surface, leading to several types of integral representation formulae, including the Cauchy and Borel-Pompeiu representations.     

The Hermitean Hilbert–Dirac Connection

Hermitean Clifford analysis is a recent branch of Clifford analysis, refining the Euclidean case; it focusses on the simultaneous null solutions, called Hermitean monogenic functions, of two complex Dirac operators which are invariant under the action of the unitary group. The specificity of the framework, introduced by means of a complex structure creating a Hermitean space, forces the underlying vector space to be even dimensional. Thus, any Hilbert convolution kernel in should originate from the non-tangential boundary limits of a corresponding Cauchy kernel in . In this paper we show that the difficulties posed by this inevitable dimensional jump can be overcome by following a matrix approach. The resulting matrix Hermitean Hilbert transform also gives rise, through composition with the matrix Dirac operator, to a Hermitean Hilbert–Dirac convolution operator “factorizing” the Laplacian and being closely related to Riesz potentials. Received: October, 2007. Accepted: February, 2008.     

Generalized Hermitean Clifford–Hermite polynomials and the associated wavelet transform

Clifford analysis is a higher‐dimensional function theory offering a refinement of classical harmonic analysis, which has proven to be an appropriate framework for developing higher‐dimensional continuous wavelet transforms, the construction of the wavelets being based on generalizations to a higher dimension of classical orthogonal polynomials on the real line. More recently, Hermitean Clifford analysis has emerged as a new branch of Clifford analysis, offering yet a refinement of the standard Euclidean case; it focusses on so‐called Hermitean monogenic functions, i.e. simultaneous null solutions of two Hermitean Dirac operators. In this Hermitean setting, Clifford–Hermite polynomials and their associated families of wavelet kernels have been constructed starting from a Rodrigues formula involving both Hermitean Dirac operators mentioned. Unfortunately, the property of the so‐called vanishing moments of the corresponding mother wavelets, ensuring that polynomial behaviour in the analyzed signal is filtered out, is only partially satisfied and has to be interpreted with care, the underlying mathematical reason being the fact that the Hermitean Clifford–Hermite polynomials show a too restrictive structure. In this paper, we will remediate this drawback by considering generalized Hermitean Clifford–Hermite polynomials, involving in their definition homogeneous Hermitean monogenic polynomials. The ultimate goal being the construction of new continuous wavelet transforms by means of these polynomials, we first deeply investigate their properties, amongst which are their connection with the traditional Laguerre polynomials, their structure and recurrence relations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Paracomplex Hermitean Clifford Analysis

Substituting the complex structure by the paracomplex structure plays an important role in para-geometry and para-analysis. In this article we shall introduce the paracomplex structure into the realm of Clifford analysis and establish paracomplex Hermitean Clifford analysis by constructing a paracomplex Hermitean Dirac operator \({\mathcal {D}}\) and establishing the corresponding Cauchy integral formula. The theory of paracomplex Hermitean Clifford analysis turns out to be similar to that of complex Hermitean Clifford analysis which recently emerged as a refinement of the theory of several complex variables. It deserves to be pointed out that the introduction of a single operator \({\mathcal {D}}\) in the paracomplex setting has an advantage over the complex setting where complex Hermitean monogenic functions are described by a system of equations instead of being given as null-solution of a single Dirac operator as in the case of classic monogenic functions.     

Hermitean Clifford-Hermite Polynomials

Orthogonal Clifford analysis in flat m–dimensional Euclidean space focusses on monogenic functions, i.e. null solutions of the rotation invariant vector valued Dirac operator , where ( ) forms an orthogonal basis for the quadratic space underlying the construction of the Clifford algebra . When allowing for complex constants and taking the dimension to be even: m = 2n, the same set of generators produces the complex Clifford algebra , which we equip with a Hermitean Clifford conjugation and a Hermitean inner product. Hermitean Clifford analysis then focusses on the simultaneous null solutions of two mutually conjugate Hermitean Dirac operators, naturally arising in the present context and being invariant under the action of a realization of the unitary group U (n). In this so–called Hermitean setting Clifford–Hermite polynomials are constructed, starting from a Rodrigues formula involving both Dirac operators mentioned. Due to the specific features of the Hermitean setting, four different types of polynomials are obtained, two types of even degree and two types of odd degree. We investigate their properties: recurrence relations, structure, explicit form and orthogonality w.r.t. a deliberately chosen weight function. They also give rise to the definition of the Hermitean Clifford–Hermite functions, and may be used to develop a Hermitean continuous wavelet transform, see [4].     

The Teodorescu Operator in Clifford Analysis

Euclidean Clifford analysis is a higher dimensional function theory centred around monogenic functions,i.e.,null solutions to a first order vector valued rotation invariant differential operator (θ) ca...     

Gel'fand–Tsetlin bases of orthogonal polynomials in Hermitean Clifford analysis

An explicit algorithmic construction is given for orthogonal bases for spaces of homogeneous polynomials, in the context of Hermitean Clifford analysis, which is a higher dimensional function theory centered around the simultaneous null solutions of two Hermitean conjugate complex Dirac operators. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonlinear A-Dirac Equations

This paper is a study of solutions to nonlinear Dirac equations, in domains in Euclidean space, which are generalizations of the Clifford Laplacian as well as elliptic equations in divergence form. A Caccioppoli estimate is used to prove a global integrability theorem for the image of a solution under the Euclidean Dirac operator. Oscillation spaces for Clifford valued functions are used which generalize the usual spaces of bounded mean oscillation, local Lipschitz continuity or local order of growth of real-valued functions.     

A Cauchy kernel for the Hermitian submonogenic system

Hermitian monogenic functions are the null solutions of two complex Dirac type operators. The system of these complex Dirac operators is overdetermined and may be reduced to constraints for the Cauchy datum together with what we called the Hermitian submonogenic system (see [8], [9]). This last system is no longer overdetermined and it has properties that are similar to those of the standard Dirac operator in Euclidean space, such as a Cauchy–Kowalevski extension theorem and Vekua type solutions. In this paper, we investigate plane wave solutions of the Hermitian submonogenic system, leading to the construction of a Cauchy kernel. We also establish a Stokes type formula that, when applied to the Cauchy kernel provides an integral representation formula for Hermitian submonogenic functions.     

Clifford分析中Isotonic柯西型积分的边界性质

本文主要刻画了定义于偶数维欧氏空间中光滑曲面而取值于复Clifford代数的isotonic柯西型积分的边界性质.对具有H(o|¨)lder密度函数的isotonic柯西型积分,得到了Privalov定理和Sokhotskii-Plemelj公式,并证明了多复变函数论中经典Bochner-Martinelli型积分的Privalov定理和Sokhotskii-Plemelj公式为其特殊情形.     

A matrix Hilbert transform in Hermitean Clifford analysis

Orthogonal Clifford analysis is a higher dimensional function theory offering both a generalization of complex analysis in the plane and a refinement of classical harmonic analysis. During the last years, Hermitean Clifford analysis has emerged as a new and successful branch of it, offering yet a refinement of the orthogonal case. Recently in [F. Brackx, B. De Knock, H. De Schepper, D. Peña Peña, F. Sommen, submitted for publication], a Hermitean Cauchy integral was constructed in the framework of circulant (2×2) matrix functions. In the present paper, a new Hermitean Hilbert transform is introduced, arising naturally as part of the non-tangential boundary limits of that Hermitean Cauchy integral. The resulting matrix operator is shown to satisfy properly adapted analogues of the characteristic properties of the Hilbert transform in classical analysis and orthogonal Clifford analysis.     

Half Dirichlet problem for matrix functions on the unit ball in Hermitian Clifford analysis

The simultaneous null solutions of the two complex Hermitian Dirac operators are focused on in Hermitian Clifford analysis, where the Hermitian Cauchy integral was constructed and will play an important role in the framework of circulant (2×2) matrix functions. Under this setting we will present the half Dirichlet problem for circulant (2×2) matrix functions on the unit ball of even dimensional Euclidean space. We will give the unique solution to it merely by using the Hermitian Cauchy transformation, get the solution to the Dirichlet problem on the unit ball for circulant (2×2) matrix functions and the solution to the classical Dirichlet problem as the special case, derive a decomposition of the Poisson kernel for matrix Laplace operator, and further obtain the decomposition theorems of solution space to the Dirichlet problem for circulant (2×2) matrix functions.     

Cauchy-Kowalevski extensions and monogenic plane waves using spherical monogenics

Clifford analysis may be regarded as a direct and elegant generalization to higher dimensions of the theory of holomorphic functions in the complex plane, centred around the notion of monogenic function, i.e. a null solution of the Dirac operator. This paper dealswith axial and biaxialmonogenic functions containing sphericalmonogenics. They are constructed bymeans of two fundamentalmethods of Clifford analysis, namely the Cauchy-Kowalevski extension and monogenic plane waves.     

Riemann Boundary Value Problems for Iterated Dirac Operator on the Ball in Clifford Analysis

In this paper we consider the Riemann boundary value problem for null solutions to the iterated Dirac operator over the ball in Clifford analysis with boundary data given in $\mathbb L _{p}\left(1<p<+\infty \right)$ -space. We will use two different ways to derive its solution, one which is based on the Almansi-type decomposition theorem for null solutions to the iterated Dirac operator and a second one based on the poly-Cauchy type integral operator.     

Integral Formula of Isotonic Functions over Unbounded Domain in Clifford Analysis

In this paper we mainly study the so-called isotonic Dirac system over more general types of unbounded domains in Euclidean space of even dimension. In such systems different Dirac operators in the half dimension act from the left and from the right on the functions considered. We obtain the integral representation of isotonic functions satisfying the decay condition over the unbounded domains, and show that the integral representation formula over the unbounded domains for holomorphic functions of several complex variables and for Hermitean monogenic functions may be derived from it.     

Hartogs Extension Theorem for Functions with Values in Complex Clifford Algebras

A regular extension phenomenon of functions defined on Euclidean space with values in a Clifford algebra was studied by Le Hung Son in the 90’s using methods of Clifford analysis, a function theory which, is centred around the notion of a monogenic function, i.e. a null solution of the firstorder, vector-valued Dirac operator in . The isotonic Clifford analysis is a refinement of the latter, which arises for even dimension. As such it also may be regarded as an elegant generalization to complex Clifford algebra-valued functions of both holomorphic functions of several complex variables and two-sided biregular function theories. The aim of this article is to present a Hartogs theorem on isotonic extendability of functions on a suitable domain of . As an application, the extension problem for holomorphic functions and so for the two-sided biregular ones is discussed.      

Conformally invariant powers of the Dirac operator in Clifford analysis

The paper deals with conformally invariant higher‐order operators acting on spinor‐valued functions, such that their symbols are given by powers of the Dirac operator. A general classification result proves that these are unique, up to a constant multiple. A general construction for such an invariant operators on manifolds with a given conformal spin structure was described in (Conformally Invariant Powers of the Ambient Dirac Operator. ArXiv math.DG/0112033, preprint), generalizing the case of powers of the Laplace operator from (J. London Math. Soc. 1992; 46 :557–565). Although there is no hope to obtain explicit formulae for higher powers of the Laplace or Dirac operator on a general manifold, it is possible to write down an explicit formula on Einstein manifolds in case of the Laplace operator (see Laplacian Operators and Curvature on Conformally Einstein Manifolds. ArXiv: math/0506037, 2006). Here we shall treat the spinor case on the sphere. We shall compute the explicit form of such operators on the sphere, and we shall show that they coincide with operators studied in (J. Four. Anal. Appl. 2002; 8 (6):535–563). The methods used are coming from representation theory combined with traditional Clifford analysis techniques. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.