The structure and catalytic activity of anatase and rutile titania supported manganese oxide catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

The structure and catalytic properties of anatase and rutile supported manganese oxide catalysts prepared by impregnation method have been studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), H(2) temperature-programmed reduction (H(2)-TPR) and BET surface area measurements combined with activity testing of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH(3). It has been shown that the manganese oxide loadings on the two TiO(2) supports exert great influences on the SCR activity. For the rutile supported manganese oxide catalysts, increasing manganese oxide loading leads to the increase of reducibility of dispersed manganese oxide species and the rate constant k, which reaches a maximum around 9.6 × 10(-6) mol g(Mn)(-1) s(-1) at 0.5 mmol Mn per 100 m(2) TiO(2). When the manganese oxide loading is beyond this value, the existence of amorphous MnO(x) multiple layers will certainly reduce the ratio of manganese oxide species exposed on the surface and the reducibility of dispersed manganese oxide species, resulting in the rapid decrease of rate constant k. The LRS and XPS results have revealed that for the anatase supported manganese oxide catalysts manganese oxide species exist in Mn(+4) as a major species with Mn(+3) species and partially undecomposed Mn-nitrate as the minor species. Under the SCR reaction conditions, Mn(+3) species on anatase are oxidized to Mn(+4) species, inserting in the surface of anatase and promoting the anatase-to-rutile transformation in the surface layers of the anatase support. Since these Mn(4+) cations are actually dispersed on the support with a rutile shell-anatase core structure and its concentration is very near to that of MnO(x)/TiO(2) (R) catalyst, the relation between the rate constant k and the MnO(x) loading on the anatase support is similar to that on the rutile support, and that the rate constant k values for anatase and rutile supported manganese oxide catalysts are very close at the same MnO(x) loading.     

The influence of metal loading and pH during preparation on the CO oxidation activity of Au/TiO2 catalysts

Au/TiO2 catalysts with gold loadings in the range 0.06-1.9 wt.%, prepared by 'deposition-precipitation' at pH 9, have a constant and high specific activity for the oxidation of CO: 3.9(+/- 0.4) x 10(-4) molCO s(-1) gAu(-1) at 243 K.     

铜锆复合氧化物的结构对其催化选 择还原－氧化氮性 能的影响

用浸渍法和共沉淀法分别制得CuO---ZrO~2复合氧化具物有不同的选择还原NO~x的催化性能,采用XRD,BET,EXAFS和H~2---TPR等手段对样品进行了表征,发现浸渍法制备的样品具有的比表面较大,氧化锆被稳定在四方相。EXAFS实验表明,浸渍法制得样品的铜离子填入氧化锆表面空穴中,并以Cu^2+形式存在;500℃焙条件下用共沉淀法引入的铜离子可部分取代锆离子,在氧化锆体相高度分散形成均匀的无定形固溶体,铜离子在氧化锆体相的高度分散是形成表面弧立铜物种的关键。溶入氧化锆体相的铜离子在取代部位由于局部负电荷而使氧化性降低,是共沉淀法制备样品具有较高催化活性的主要原因。     

The effect of aluminium oxide on the reduction of cobalt oxide and thermostabillity of cobalt and cobalt oxide

During precipitation and calcination at 200°C nanocrystalline Co₃O₄ was obtained with average size crystallites of 13 nm and a well developed specific surface area of 44 m² g^?1. A small addition of a structural promoter, e.g. Al₂O₃, increases the specific surface area of the cobalt oxide (54 m² g^?1) and decreases the average size of crystallites (7 nm). Al₂O₃ inhibits the reduction process of Co₃O₄ by hydrogen. Reduction of cobalt oxide with aluminium oxide addition runs by equilibrium state at all the respective temperatures. The apparent activation energy of the recrystallization process of the nanocrystalline cobalt promoted by the aluminium oxide is 85 kJ mol^?1. Aluminium oxide improves the thermostability of both cobalt oxide and the cobalt obtained as a result of oxide phase reduction.      

富氧条件下Co/MOR 催化剂上甲烷选择催化还原NO

采用浸渍法制备了一系列用于甲烷选择催化还原(CH₄-SCR)氮氧化物的Co/MOR催化剂。采用XRD、BET、TG-MS、H₂-TPR、NH₃-TPD和NO-TPD等手段对催化剂进行表征,并对其在甲烷选择催化还原氮氧化物反应中的活性进行评价。结果表明,钴物种以Co₃O₄尖晶石形态存在于Co/MOR催化剂中;与MOR载体相比,引入钴物种后,催化剂的酸性、氧化还原能力和对NO的吸脱附能力均发生了变化。在甲烷选择催化还原氮氧化物反应中,Co/MOR的催化活性与其氧化还原性能和对NO的吸脱附性能直接相关;其中,Co负载量为10%的Co(10)/MOR催化剂的CH₄-SCR脱硝活性最好,在330℃下NO的转化率达54.2%。     

Promoting effect of sol-gel method and pre-treatment on the activity of SnO2/Al2O3 catalyst for NO reduction by propene

SnO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst prepared by sol-gel method showed higher activity than those prepared by impregnation method, and their activity was significantly improved by pre-treatment in the reaction gas. The increased activity is closely related to the agglomeration of SnO₂ species and the re-exposure of Al₂O₃, which was previously covered by dispersed SnO₂ species. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of preparation method on halloysite supported cobalt catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Novel cobalt Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS) catalysts were prepared from natural halloysite nanotubes(HNT) by double-solvent and wetimpregnation methods,and characterized by TEM,XRD,TPR and N2 adsorption-desorption.Comparing with the catalyst prepared by wetimpregnation method,the catalyst prepared by double-solvent method reduces Co3O4 particle migration and agglomeration due to size-induced effect,thus showing higher catalytic activity for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.     

XPS characterization of the reduction and synthesis behaviour of Co/Mn oxide catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Summary The surface composition of Co/Mn oxide catalysts after calcination, reduction and during CO hydrogenation experiments were investigated by XPS. The bulk changes during reduction were studied by Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR). The calcined catalysts showed Co/Mn oxides of different compositions in their surfaces. The Co surface concentration, of the catalysts with high Co content, decreased after calcination compared to the bulk composition, but after reduction the bulk concentration was almost reached again. The catalysts with low Co content showed no decrease in the surface concentrations after calcination. Significant differences in surface concentrations for the catalysts Co20 and Co5 were observed by analysing the Co 2p and 3p levels, respectively; these can be explained by an internal reduction model. After reduction the sample Co100 was completely reduced to metallic cobalt. In the manganese-containing catalysts, after in-situ reduction, Co³⁺ and Co²⁺ were found; all manganese was reduced to Mn²⁺. A comparison of the results of the in-situ reduction and the TPR profiles led to the development of a so called internal reduction model. This model assumes migration of the Co²⁺ ions to the reduction front in inner layers of the catalysts, where they will be reduced to metallic cobalt; this is enriched in the bulk and cannot be found at the surface. The manganese matrix stabilizes the surface oxide layer so that all catalysts exhibited Co/Mn spinels in the surface. Synthesis experiments in the reaction chamber of the XPS apparatus did not lead to changes of the catalyst surfaces as a function of the reaction pressure, synthesis time or synthesis gas composition. The differences in the synthesis behaviour observed for the catalysts must be due to other effects, (i.e. a change in adsorption of hydrogen connected with a change in hydrogenation activity or the different cobalt concentrations).     

Fe-PILC在贫燃条件下催化丙烯选择性还原NO

采用羟基铁离子柱撑Na-Mont制备了铁柱撑黏土催化剂(Fe-PILC),铁物种作为柱撑成分,同时充当活性组分,研究其在贫燃条件下催化丙烯选择性还原NO的特性。通过XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、H_2-TPR、UV-vis、Py-FTIR等方法对催化剂进行物理化学性质表征,进一步研究其反应机理。研究表明,1.0Fe-PILC在450-600℃时NO的转化率超过98%,N_2的选择性可达97%以上,且抗水蒸气和SO_2的能力较强。XRD和N_2吸附-脱附研究表明,Fe-PILC中铁物种柱撑进入Na-Mont层间,使催化剂的比表面积和孔容增大。H_2-TPR研究表明,Fe-PILC在400℃左右还原能力较强,主要体现为Fe~(3+)→Fe~(2+)的还原。UVvis研究表明,Fe-PILC的脱硝活性与铁氧低聚物种FexOy呈正相关。Py-FTIR研究表明,Fe-PILC表面同时含有Lewis酸和Br■nsted酸性位,Lew is酸性位是C_3H_6与NO进行催化反应的主要活性中心。     

金属铁与丙烯共同还原NO的特性与机理

研究了丙烯在金属铁作用下还原NO的特性。采用陶瓷管流动反应器在300-1 100℃研究了不同条件下的NO还原效率,考察了SO_2的影响,采用XRD、SEM和EDS分析了反应后金属铁表面的组分和微观结构特征。结果表明,丙烯在金属铁作用下具有良好的NO还原效果。在N_2气氛,温度超过800℃后,金属铁作用下丙烯还原NO的效率达到了95%以上。在模拟烟气、富燃料条件下,温度高于900℃时,丙烯与金属铁还原NO的效率超过了90%。SO_2对丙烯在金属铁作用下还原NO的效率影响很小。机理分析表明,当丙烯与金属铁共同还原NO时,一方面,NO被金属铁直接还原,同时丙烯还原氧化铁为金属铁;另一方面,丙烯通过再燃机理还原NO,同时再燃中间产物被氧化铁氧化为N_2。     

Influence of cobalt precursors on the catalytic activity of the cobalt oxide/Al2O3 catalysts

Cobalt acetate and cobalt nitrate were employed as precursors to prepare different kinds of Co₃O₄/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The catalysts were used to decompose VOC's such as xylene, isopropyl alcohol and butyl acetate. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Plasma assisted preparation of cobalt catalysts by sol–gel method for methane combustion

Novel cobalt catalysts were prepared by sol–gel method, and enhanced by plasma treatment, for methane catalytic combustion. These samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelactron spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetrical analysis, N₂ Adsorption–desorption, temperature-programmed reduction and hydrogen–oxygen titration technologies. The XPS characterizations suggested that plasma treatment was favorable for the enrichment of surface cobalt, with a value of surface cobalt from 2.2% to 8.5% in mole. The specific surface area of the glow plasma assised sample (Co-Plas-Solgel-2) increased to 320 m²/g comparing with 305 m²/g of the conventional sample (Co-Solgel-1). The ignition temperature (T_10%) of Co-Plas-Solgel-2 catalyst was about 50 °C lower than that of Co-Solgel-1, and its CH₄ conversion was two times higher than that of Co-Solgel-1 during the whole range of catalytic combustion activity test (340–520 °C). With a better dispersion and more active sites, the plasma assisted sample exhibited significant enhancement in catalytic performances.     

Influence of initial reactants in propene ammoxidation on the isomerization activity of complex Mo-containing oxide catalysts

Surface reduction of complex Mo-containing oxide catalysts by the initial reactant in propene ammoxidation increases its activity in isomerization of butene-1 to butene-2. Isomerization and conversion of ammonia, propene and their mixtures are suggested to take place on the same active centers of the catalyst.

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Copper,cobalt and manganese: Modified hydrotalcite materials as catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with ammonia. The influence of manganese concentration

Hydrotalcites containing Cu, Co and Mn with varying manganese contents were prepared by co-precipitation. Manganese was also introduced into the catalysts via adsorption of an Mn–EDTA complex from an aqueous solution. The obtained samples were characterized by room- and high-temperature XRD, low-temperature nitrogen sorption, and FT–IR. Calcination of the catalysts at 500 °C resulted in the formation of mixed oxides with specific surface areas of 166–187 m²/g. The calcined samples were tested as catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with ammonia. It was found that the Mn content strongly influences the product selectivity in SCR–NH₃. Mn–EDTA modified samples exhibited higher selectivity towards N₂ than Mn hydrotalcites obtained by the co-precipitation method. A hydrotalcite sample containing 5.4 wt% of manganese showed the highest catalytic activity and the lowest selectivity to N₂ at the same time.     

Effect of CeO2 preparation method and Cu loading on CuO/CeO2 catalysts for methane combustion

CeO2 was synthesized by sol-gel, hydrothermal, nitrate thermal decomposition methods, respectively, and used as support to prepare CuO/CeO2 catalysts. According to characterization and reaction results, preparation method of CeO2 had a great influence on the physicochemical properties and activities of CuO/CeO2 catalysts. CuO with high dispersion and strong interaction with CeO2 was highly active in methane combustion, while CuO particles less associated with CeO2 showed less activity. The CuO catalyst supported on CeO2 which was prepared via nitrate thermal decomposition method showed the largest area, the smallest particle size, the highest dispersion of copper species and strong support metal interactions. Therefore, it presented the highest redox ability and activity for methane combustion. Activities of the catalysts with different copper content kept increasing until 5% Cu loading and from then on kept constant. Moreover, methane conversion decreased as methane space velocities increased on CuO/CeO2 catalyst. Addition of CO2 to the feed did not produce a significant effect on the catalytic activity, but the presence of H2O provoked a remarkable decrease on the activity of CuO/CeO2 catalyst.     

Effect of preparation of Ag/Co composite oxide on characteristic and activity for carbon monoxide oxidation

We report our results on the development of 1:1 in molar Ag/Co composite oxide prepared by co-precipitation, and the effect of different rates of precipitation and heat treatment on the surface area, pore size and also catalytic activity for CO oxidation. It was observed that slow precipitation of the catalysts gave small pore sizes, high surface area and high activity for CO oxidation at low calcination temperatures. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fe/Al-PILC催化C_3H_6选择性还原NO的实验研究

采用浸渍法制备了负载于铝柱撑黏土的铁基催化剂(Fe/Al-PILC),在固定床反应器上测试其催化C3H6选择性还原NO的性能。通过N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、H2的程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、紫外可见光谱(Uv-vis)、吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-FTIR)等手段对催化剂的物理化学性质进行表征。结果表明,9Fe/Al-PILC在400-550℃能够还原98%以上的NO,而且SO2和水蒸气对其催化性能的影响很小。XRD、N2吸附-脱附表征结果表明,Fe/Al-PILC催化剂中铁氧化物高度分散在载体表面,催化剂有较大的比表面积和孔容。H2-TPR结果表明,催化剂的活性主要由Fe_2O_3物相的还原性能决定。Uv-vis结果表明,催化剂的活性与铁氧低聚物种FexOy呈正相关性。Py-FTIR结果表明,催化剂表面同时存在Lewis酸和Brnsted酸,L酸性位是NO和C3H6反应的主要催化活性中心。     

Tin oxide dependence of the CO2 reduction efficiency on tin electrodes and enhanced activity for tin/tin oxide thin-film catalysts

The importance of tin oxide (SnO(x)) to the efficiency of CO(2) reduction on Sn was evaluated by comparing the activity of Sn electrodes that had been subjected to different pre-electrolysis treatments. In aqueous NaHCO(3) solution saturated with CO(2), a Sn electrode with a native SnO(x) layer exhibited potential-dependent CO(2) reduction activity consistent with previously reported activity. In contrast, an electrode etched to expose fresh Sn(0) surface exhibited higher overall current densities but almost exclusive H(2) evolution over the entire 0.5 V range of potentials examined. Subsequently, a thin-film catalyst was prepared by simultaneous electrodeposition of Sn(0) and SnO(x) on a Ti electrode. This catalyst exhibited up to 8-fold higher partial current density and 4-fold higher faradaic efficiency for CO(2) reduction than a Sn electrode with a native SnO(x) layer. Our results implicate the participation of SnO(x) in the CO(2) reduction pathway on Sn electrodes and suggest that metal/metal oxide composite materials are promising catalysts for sustainable fuel synthesis.     

Oxidation of carbon black,propene and toluene on highly reducible Co/SBA-15 catalysts

Different cobalt loadings (3, 6, 12, 24 wt%) were impregnated using the double-solvent technique on SBA-15 calcined at 500 °C presenting a high specific surface area. The impregnated solids were stabilized at 450 °C in the air. The impregnation of cobalt led to the incorporation of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in the mesoporosity of the SBA-15. The cobalt nanoparticles were easily reducible compared to similar solids prepared by different methods. The presence of these nanoparticles enhanced significantly the reactivity of the catalysts in the considered reaction. The addition of more than 12 wt% of cobalt did not enhance the catalytic reactivity due to the deposition of cobalt oxide species on the surface of the support. The cobalt-impregnated solids are efficient in decreasing the oxidation temperature of different probe molecules and are totally selective towards the formation of CO₂ and H₂O.