Potentiometrische Cyanidbestimmung in Gegenwart von Hexacyanochromat(III)

Zusammenfassung Im Konzentrationsbereich 2 · 10^–4–3 · 10^–3 Mol/l lassen sich Cyanidionen in Gegenwart von 0,01 Mol/l [Cr(CN)₆]^3– potentiometrisch bestimmen. Als Indicatorelektrode diente eine Silberjodidmembranelektrode oder eine jodierte Silberelektrode. Zusatz von festem AgJ erhöht die Reproduzierbarkeit.

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Potentiometric determination of cyanide in presence of hexacyanochromate(III)

2×10^–4–3×10^–3 Mol/l of cyanide can be determined in presence of 0.01 Mol/l of [Cr(CN)₆]^3–. Indicator electrode is a silver iodide membrane or an iodized silver electrode. Solid AgI is added for improved reproducibility.

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Herrn Prof. H. L. Schläfer danke ich sehr für sein Interesse an dieser Arbeit.Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft danke ich für finanzielle Unterstützung.     

Chloride estimation by a solid membrane electrode

Summary A solid membrane electrode based on Cr-Zr mixed hydrous oxide gel doped with Sn(II) ion has been proposed for the estimation of chloride ions. The electrode can be used in the concentration range 0.1 to 5×10^–5 M. The selectivity of the electrode system is much better as compared to other electrodes reported for the same ion.

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Chloridbestimmung mit Hilfe einer festen Membran-Elektrode

Zusammenfassung Eine feste Membran-Elektrode auf der Basis einer mit Sn(II)-Ionen gedopten Mischung aus Chrom- und Zirkon-Oxidhydratgel wurde für die Bestimmung von Chloridionen vorgeschlagen. Diese Elektrode läßt sich im Konzentrationsgebiet 0,1 bis 5×10^–5 M verwenden. Die Selektivität ist erheblich besser als diejenige anderer Elektroden.

     

Construction and analytical applications of a liquid-state iodide-selective electrode with a metal complex as exchanging site

Summary A new type of liquid-membrane iodide-selective electrode based on a 0.001M solution of tris(l,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) iodide in 1,2-dichlorobenzene is described. The electrode has Nernstian behaviour down to 7×1O^–6M iodide. It has good selectivity towards halide (k _{I, Cl}=5.3×10^–6 andk _{I, Br}=1.6×10^–4) and other inorganic ions, and a linear response to iodide at pH-values from 3 to 9. It can be used either in direct iodide analyses or in potentiometric titrations. Titration of halide mixtures or of pseudohalides is also possible. The method has been used for determining the free formaldehyde present in dispersing agents.

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Herstellung und analytische Anwendung einer jodid-spezifischen Elektrode mit Flüssigmembran mit einem Metallkomplex als Austauscher

Zusammenfassung Eine neue jodid-spezifische Flüssig-Membran-Elektrode auf der Basis einer 0,001 M Lösung von Tris(1,10-phenanthrolin)-Ruthenium(II)-jodid in 1,2-Dichlorbenzol wurde beschrieben. Sie zeigt Nernstsches Verhalten bis zu 7×10^–8 M Jodid, gute Selektivität gegenüber Halogeniden (k _{I, Cl}=5,3× 10^–6 undk _{I, Br}=1,6×10^–4) und anderen anorganischen Ionen und ein lineares Verhalten gegenüber Jodid bei pH 3–9. Die Elektrode läßt sich für direkte Jodidbestimmungen oder für potentiometrische Titrationen verwenden. Die Titration von Halogenidgemischen oder Pseudohalogeniden ist ebenfalls möglich. Das Verfahren wurde zur Bestimmung von freiem Formaldehyd in Dispersionsmitteln verwendet.

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Presented at the 8th International Microchemical Symposium, Graz, August 25–30, 1980.     

Determination of polyphosphate ions using a lead ion-selective electrode

Summary A lead ion-selective electrode responding to polyphosphate ions, such as pyro-, hexameta- and tripolyphosphate ions, has been developed and successfully used for the determination of these ions in the concentration range of 10^–6–10^–2 Min neutral solution. Almost identical potential-activity curves were obtained and the largest potential change was observed in the concentration range of 10^–6–10^–5 M (about -35 mV per decade of the concentration of each ion at pH 7.0). The response time was 1–3 min.

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Bestimmung von Polyphosphationen mit Hilfe einer Blei-ionenselektiven Elektrode

Zusammenfassung Eine auf Polyphosphationen (Pyro-, Hexameta-, Tripolyphosphat) ansprechende Blei-ionenselektive Elektrode wurde entwickelt und mit Erfolg zur Bestimmung der genannten Ionen im Konzentrationsbereich 10^–6–10^–2 M in neutraler Lösung eingesetzt. Es wurden fast identische Potential-Aktivitäts-Kurven erhalten. Die größte Potentialänderung ergab sich im Bereich von 10^–6–10^–5 M (etwa -35 mV je Zehnerpotenz der Konzentration bei pH 7.0). Die Ansprechzeit betrug 1–3 min.

     

A copper ion-selective electrode with high selectivity prepared by sol-gel and coated wire techniques

A sol-gel electrode and a coated wire ion-selective poly(vinyl chloride) membrane, based on thiosemicarbazone as a neutral carrier, were successfully developed for the detection of Cu (II) in aqueous solutions. The sol-gel electrode and coated electrode exhibited linear response with Nernstian slopes of 29.2 and 28.1 mV per decade respectively, within the copper ion concentration ranges 1.0×10^–5–1.0×10^–1 M and 6.0×10^–6–1.0×10^–1 M for coated and sol-gel sensors. The coated and sol-gel electrodes show detection limits of 3.0×10^–6 and 6.0×10^–6 M respectively. The electrodes exhibited good selectivities for a number of alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. The proposed electrodes have response times ranging from 10–50 s to achieve a 95% steady potential for Cu²⁺ concentration. The electrodes are suitable for use in aqueous solutions over a wide pH range (4–7.5). Applications of these electrodes for the determination of copper in real samples, and as an indicator electrode for potentiometric titration of Cu²⁺ ion using EDTA, are reported. The lifetimes of the electrodes were tested over a period of six months to investigate their stability. No significant change in the performance of the sol-gel electrode was observed over this period, but after two months the coated wire copper-selective electrode exhibited a gradual decrease in the slope. The selectivity of the sol-gel electrode was found to be better than that of the coated wire copper-selective electrode. Based on these results, a novel sol-gel copper-selective electrode is proposed for the determination of copper, and applied to real sample assays.     

An ion-extractive liquid-membrane anionic surfactant sensitive electrode and its analytical applications

Summary An electrode having as active substance bis (diphenylglyoxime)-o-phenanthroline-cobalt(III) dodecylsulphate (10^–3 M) in o-dichlorobenzene, responds to dodecylsulphate anion with a slope of about 48 mV/decade in the 3×10^–6–4×10^–3M concentration range. Common inorganic and organic anions do not interfere. The extraction constants of anionic surfactants in the membrane rise as their hydrocarbon chain gets longer, so that the higher members of the alkylsulphate homologous series do interfere. The surfactant-extractive electrode enables the potentiometric titration of anionic surfactants in the pH-range 1–11, in aqueous media and in the presence of alcohols. The differential titration of some binary mixtures of anionic surfactants is also possible.

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Eine auf anionische Tenside ansprechende ionen-cxtraktive Flüssigkeits-Membranelektrode und ihre analytischen Anwendungen

Zusammenfassung Die beschriebene Elektrode besitzt als aktive Substanz Bis(diphenylglyoxim)-o-phenanthrolinkobalt(III)-dodecylsulfat (10^–3 M) in o-Dichlorbenzol und spricht auf das Dodecylsulfatanion mit 48 mV/Dekade im Konzentrationsbereich von 3 · 10^–6 bis 4 · 10^–3 an. Übliche anorganische und organische Anionen stören nicht. Die Extraktionskonstanten von anionischen oberflächenaktiven Substanzen nehmen mit der Länge der Kohlenwasserstoffkette zu, so daß die höheren Glieder der Alkylsulfatreihe stören. Die Elektrode ermöglicht die potentiometrische Titration anionischer oberflächenaktiver Substanzen im pH-Bereich 1–11 in wäßrigem Medium und in Gegenwart von Alkoholen. Eine differentielle Titration einiger binärer Gemische ist ebenfalls möglich.

     

Determination of ascorbic acid by differential pulse voltammetry

Summary A new approach to the determination of ascorbic acid has been realized with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) on the carbon paste electrode (CPE). The problems of the reproducibility of the surface of this electrode have been resolved by using always the same surface after its conditioning. The developed method has been applied to the direct determination of vitamin C in pharmaceutical tablets and in different types of fruit juices. Limits of determination are 1.5 ×10^–7 M, 8×10^–7 M and 1×10^–5 M for tablets, dehydrated and liquid juices, respectively.

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Bestimmung von Ascorbinsäure durch Differential-Puls-Voltammetrie

Zusammenfassung Als neues Verfahren zur Ascorbinsäurebestimmung wird die Differential-Puls-Voltammetrie mit Hilfe der Kohlepasteelektrode vorgestellt. Das Problem der Reproduzierbarkeit der Elektrodenoberfläche wurde dadurch gelöst, daß nach Konditionierung immer dieselbe Oberfläche verwendet wurde. Das Verfahren wurde zur Analyse von pharmazeutischen Tabletten und Fruchtsäften angewendet. Die Bestimmungsgrenzen liegen bei 1,5·10^–7 M, 8·10^–7 M und 1·10^–5 M für Tabletten, dehydratisierte bzw. flüssige Säfte.

     

Determination of traces of chloride and bromide ions by potentiometric titration

Summary A method is presented for the determination of chloride and bromide in the range of 10^–3 to 10^–6 M by potentiometric titration in nonaqueous medium using a commercial type platinum indicator electrode. ThisF procedure is more convenient and more accurate than the conventional method which uses silver electrode.

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Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung von 10^–3 bis 10^–6 Mol Chlorid und Bromid durch potentiometrische Titration in nichtwäßrigem Medium mit Hilfe einer handelsüblichen Platin-Indikator-Elektrode wurde vorgeschlagen. Es ist einfacher und genauer als die übliche Methode mit einer Silberelektrode.

     

Electrochemical behavior of dopamine at a quercetin-SAM-modified gold electrode and analytical application

A stable quercetin–thioglycolic acid-modified gold electrode (Qu–TCA/Au) was prepared as a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and its electrochemical behavior was investigated by electrochemical methods. In 0.05-M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0) quercetin exhibits quasi-reversible signals at the Qu–TCA/Au electrode. The stability of the quercetin-modified gold electrode is very good. The quercetin self-assembled monolayer is an effective mediator for the oxidation of dopamine, which was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Ascorbic acid does not interfere with determination of dopamine at an electrode modified with a mixture of quercetin–thioglycolic acid and quercetin–11-mercaptoundecanoic acid. This modification allows dopamine to be determined in the presence of ascorbic acid in the range from 3×10^–5 to 3×10^–4 M. The detection limit is 1×10^–6 M. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was employed to study the electrochemical performances of the modified gold electrode indicating different feedback modes at differently modified surfaces.     

Zur automatisch-potentiometrischen Titration von Halogeniden mit Quecksilber(II)-nitrat

Zusammenfassung Die bei potentiometrischen Titrationen mit Quecksilber(II)-salzen auftretenden Elektrodenschwierigkeiten lassen sich durch Verwendung einer Silberamalgamelektrode beseitigen. Ein registrierendes Verfahren wird beschrieben, welches noch 10^–2 mVal Chlorid, 2 · 10^–3 mVal Bromid und 10^–4 mVal Jodid in 100 ml zu titrieren erlaubt. Jodid/Bromid und Jodid/Chlorid können nebeneinander bestimmt werden.

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Summary The electrode problems involved in potentiometric titrations of halides with mercury(II) salts can be avoided by the use of a silver amalgam electrode. A recording method is described, which allows the determination of 10^–2 mval of chloride, 2×10^–3 mval of bromide and 10^–4 mval of iodide. Iodide/bromide and iodide/chloride can be determined in presence of each other.

     

Voltammetric Determination of Rubeanic Acid

Procedures for the voltammetric determination of rubeanic acid (RA) at a mercury-film electrode were proposed. They are based on the oxidation of RA at –0.70 to –0.80 V or on the reduction of mercury sulfide, the product of RA oxidation, at –0.82 to –0.85 V (versus a saturated silver–silver chloride electrode) in a 1 M NaOH solution. The oxidation and reduction currents are linear functions of RA concentration in the ranges from 9 × 10^–6 to 3 × 10^–4 M and from 5 × 10^–6 to 3 × 10^–4 M, respectively.     

Polarographic study of a benzodiazepinooxazole: Oxazolam

Summary The polarographic behaviour of 10-chloro-2,3, 7,11b-tetrahydro-2-methyl-11b-phenyloxazolo-[3,2-d][1,4]-benzodiazepin-6(5H)-one (Oxazolam) was studied in the pH range 1–12. The reduction processes of Oxazolam and its hydrolysis product are irreversible and their currents are predominantly diffusion-controlled. The linear relationship between current and Oxazolam concentration in sulphuric acid medium permits its polarographic determination up to 6.08×10^–5 mol/l. The detection limit was 1.52×10^–7 mol/l (50 ppb). The reproducibility of the method in terms of relative standard deviation was 1.74% and 1.85% for ten determinations at 1.48×10^–5 mol/l and 1.37×10^–6 mol/l levels, respectively. The method developed was applied to the determination of the compound in its formulations, Hializan-10 mg, obtaining errors lower than 2%.

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Polarographische Untersuchung eines Benzodiazepinoxazols: Oxazolam

     

Cobalt Hexacyanoferrate-Modified Electrode for Amperometric Assay of Hydrazine

A graphite electrode modified with cobalt hexacyanoferrate by mechanical immobilization was used for amperometric determination of hydrazine. The modified electrode exhibits good catalytic activity for the oxidation of hydrazine at a reduced overpotential with remarkable sensitivity. The modified electrode showed a linear response for hydrazine in the concentration range of 2.0 × 10^–5 to 2.8 × 10^–4 M. The detection limit was 9.8 × 10^–6 M (S/N = 3). The proposed modified electrode was simple, sensitive, rapid, stable and promising.     

Determination of oxytetracycline in urine and human serum by differential pulse polarography

Summary A differential pulse polarographic method for the determination of oxytetracycline in urine and human serum in acid media (HClO₄ of pH 2) is proposed. The effects of the amount of sample taken and the concentration of HClO₄ present were investigated. The detection limit was 5.5×10^–6 mol/l. The standard deviation of the determination of 5.5×10^–5 mol/l of oxytetracycline in 2 ml of urine was 1.7×10^–6 mol/l and that of the determination of 5.5×10^–5 mol/l of oxytetracycline in 2 ml of human serum was 1.9×10^–6 mol/l.

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Bestimmung von Oxytetracyclin in Urin und Humanserum durch Differential-Pulspolarography

     

A miniature enzyme electrode sensitive to urea

Summary Miniature enzyme electrodes sensitive to urea have been made with tip diameters ranging from 50 to 500m by immobilizing the enzyme urease on the tip of an antimony electrode. These electrodes give a linear response in the concentration range of 1.0×10^–4-1.0×10^–2 M urea with a slope of 40–45 mV per decade change in concentration. The response time of these electrodes is less than 1 min and the wash time is 1–2 min. This type of electrode has a minimum life time of 3 months.

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Eine kleine, harnstoffempfindliche Enzymelektrode

Zusammenfassung Harnstoff-sensitive Enzymelektroden mit Spitzendurchmessern zwischen 50 und 500m wurden durch Immobilisierung des Enzyms Urease auf der Spitze einer Antimon-Elektrode hergestellt. Diese Elektroden verhielten sich linear im Konzentrationsbereich 1,0×10^–4–1,0×10^–2 M, und hatten eine Steigerung von 40–45 mV pro Dekade der Konzentrationsänderung. Die Antwortzeit dieser Elektroden liegt unter 1 min und die Auswaschzeit beträgt l–2 min. Diese Art Elektroden hat eine Lebensdauer von mehr als 3 Monaten.

     

Polarographic and voltammetric determination of trace amounts of 2-nitronaphthalene

The polarographic behaviour of 2-nitronaphthalene was investigated by DC tast polarography (DCTP) and differential pulse polarography (DPP), both at a dropping mercury electrode, and differential pulse voltammetry and adsorptive stripping voltammetry, both at a hanging mercury drop electrode. Optimum conditions have been found for the determination of 2-nitronaphthalene by the given methods in the concentration ranges of 2×10^–6–1×10^–4, 2×10^–7–1×10^–4, 1×10^–8–1×10^–4 and 2×10^–9–1×10^–8 M, respectively. Practical applicability of these techniques was demonstrated by the determination of 2-nitronaphthalene in drinking and river water after its preliminary separation and preconcentration using liquid–liquid and solid-phase extraction with limits of determination of 3×10^–10 M (drinking water) and 3×10^–9 M (river water).     

Schnelle coulometrische Mikrobestimmung einzelner Polythionate

Zusammenfassung Das neue Mikrobestimmungsverfahren beruht auf der coulometrischen Titration von S₂O₃ ^2– nach vorheriger Abbaureaktion der Polythionate mit Sulfit bzw. Cyanid. Es werden 10 ml Probelösung (S₄O₆ ^2–: 5 · 10^–5 bis 1 · 10^–3 M; S₅O₆ ^2–; 2,5 · 10^–5 bis 1· 10^–3 M; S₆O₆ ^2–: 1,66 · 10^–5 bis 1 · 10^–3 M) benötigt. Die Titrationskurve wird von einem Schreiber registriert. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der jeweiligen Einzelbestimmung liegt bei VK _p±0,1 bis ± 1,6%.

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Rapid coulometric microdetermination of individual polythionates

The method described is based on the coulometric titration of S₂O₃ ^2– after a preceding degradation of the polythionates with sulphite or cyanide. 10 ml of sample solution are required (S₄O₆ ^2–: 5× 10^–5 to 1×10^–3 M; S₅O₆ ^2– : 2.5×10^–5 to 1×10^–3 M; S₆O₆ ^2–: 1.66×10^–5 to 1×10^–3 M). The titration curve is recorded. The reproducibility of a single determination is VK _p±0.1 to ± 1.6%.

     

Determination of Selenium(IV) by Stripping Voltammetry at a Mercury-Film Electrode

A procedure was proposed for the determination of selenium(IV) by stripping voltammetry on a mercury-film electrode at an electrolysis potential of +0.4 V versus the saturated silver–silver chloride reference electrode in a 1 M H₂SO₄ solution. The current of the cathodic peak is a linear function of the selenium(IV) concentration in the range from 5 × 10^–3 to 3 × 10^–1 mg/L (6.3 × 10^–8 to 3.8 × 10^–6 M) at a time of electrolysis of 30 s (t _el). The detection limit for selenium is 1 × 10^–4 mg/L (1.3 × 10^–9 M) at t _el = 300 s. It was shown that selenium(IV) can be determined in the presence of 10 mg/L Zn(II), 1 mg/L Cd(II), 0.5 mg/L Pb(II), and 0.2 mg/L Cu(II). A procedure for the determination of selenium in natural, mineral, and potable water was proposed.     

Voltammetry of a Benzoquinone–Hydroquinone Redox Couple at Electrodes Modified with a Polyvinylpyridine Film Doped with Cobalt Phthalocyanine

The electrochemical properties of a glassy-carbon electrode coated with a polyvinylpyridine film doped with incorporated cobalt phthalocyanine were studied in a reaction involving a benzoquinone–hydroquinone redox couple. It was found that poly-(2-vinylpyridine) film applied to the electrode and cobalt phthalocyanine deposited onto it or incorporated in the polymeric film exhibited electrocatalytic activity on the oxidation of hydroquinone. Conditions were selected for obtaining a polyvinylpyridine film doped with cobalt phthalocyanine on the electrode surface providing a maximum catalytic effect. The current of the hydroquinone oxidation peak and the current of the reverse benzoquinone reduction peak at the chemically modified electrode were linear functions of their concentrations in the range from 1 × 10^–6 to 1 × 10^–3 M.     

Analytical study of a cadmium ion-selective ceramic membrane electrode

Summary A cadmium ion-selective membrane electrode has been developed by applying a hot-pressing method. The membrane contains cadmium sulphide, silver sulphide, and copper(I)-sulphide.The best response was obtained with a membrane containing less than 30% of copper(I) sulphide and more than 5% of cadmium sulphide. The Nernstian slope was secured over an activity range of 10^–1 to 10^–6 M, and potentiometric analysis could be carried out over a concentration range of 10^–1-10^–7 M. The potentials were maintained at constant values over more than 6 months. Also, the potentials satisfied the Nernst's factor 2.303 RT/2F at the temperature range between 0 and 95°C. Among the common ions, silver, copper(II), iron(III), mercury(II), sulphide, and iodide ions interfered seriously. However, about 10–100 times of lead and bromide ions and more than 1000 times of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, zinc, aluminium, nickel, cobalt, manganese(II), perchlorate, and nitrate ions did not interfere at all.

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Analytische Untersuchung einer cadmiumionenselektiven keramischen Membranelektrode

Zusammenfassung Die Membran wurde durch Pressen von Cd-, Ag und Cu(I)-sulfid bei 200–500°C und 3–7 t/cm² hergestellt. Die beste Ansprechempfindlichkeit ergab sich bei einem Gehalt von <30% Cu₂S und >5% CdS. Die Nernstsche Gleichung war gültig im Bereich von 10^–1–10^–6 M, der analytische Bereich war 10^–1–10^–7 M. Die Potentiale konnten mehr als 6 Monate auf einem konstanten Wert gehalten werden. Sie entsprachen dem Nernstschen Faktor, 2,303·R·T/2 F, im Temperaturbereich von 0–95°C. Erhebliche Störungen werden durch Ag⁺-, Cu²⁺-, Fe³⁺-, Hg²⁺-, S^2– und J^–-Ionen verursacht. Jedoch verursachen etwa 10–100fache Mengen von Pb²⁺- und Br^–-Ionen sowie mehr als 1000fache Mengen von Alkali-, Erdalkali-, Zn²⁺-, Al³⁺-, Ni²⁺-, Co²⁺-, Mn²⁺-, ClO₄ ^–- und NO₃ ^–-Ionen keine Störungen.

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The authors thank Dr. S. Kisaka, Dr. K. Sugihara, Dr. S. Hayakawa and Dr. S. Mori for their encouragement in this work.